R eview E ssay “C rusades S cholarship” The Experience of Crusading Volume 1, Western Approaches. Edited by Marcus Bull and Norman Housley. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Pp. xvi, 307. $60.00.) The Experience of Crusading Volume 2, Defining the Crusader Kingdom. Edited by Peter Edbury and Jonathan Phillips. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Pp. xv, 311. $65.00.) Saint Louis University Reviewed by Thomas F. Madden A frica and the M iddle E ast Searching for a Different Future: The Rise of a Global Middle Class in Morocco. By Shana Cohen. (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004. Pp. xiii, 177. $21.95.) University of South Carolina Reviewed by Kenneth J. Perkins God's Rule: Government and Islam, Six Centuries of Medieval Islamic Political Thought. By Patricia Crone. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004. Pp. x, 462. $39.50.) Loyola University, Chicago Reviewed by Zouhair Ghazzal Warlords and Merchants: The Lebanese Business and Political Establishment. 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Bluegrass Community and Technical College Reviewed by Steven Jay White The Second Great Awakening and the Transcendentalists. By Barry Hankins. (Westport: Greenwood Press, 2004. Pp. xx, 200. $45.00.) Duquesne University Reviewed by Michael Cahall Armies without Nations: Public Violence and State Formation in Central America, 1821–1960. By Robert H. Holden. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Pp. x, 336. $55.00.) University of Kansas Reviewed by Charles L. Stansifer An Absolute Massacre: The New Orleans Race Riot of July 30, 1866. By James G. Hollandsworth Jr. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001. Pp. xviii, 168. $28.95.) Louisiana State University Reviewed by John C. Rodrigue Downtown America: A History of the Place and the People Who Made It. By Alison Isenberg. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. Pp. xv, 441. $32.50.) University of Wisconsin, Marathon County Reviewed by Cornelia F. Sexauer Singing in My Soul: Black Gospel Music in a Secular Age. 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Pp. ix, 91. $19.95.) Elizabethtown College Reviewed by David S. Brown Glory, Darkness, Light: A History of the Union League Club of Chicago. By James D. Nowlan. (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2004. Pp. 290. $29.95.) University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Reviewed by Robert McColley Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society, 1874–1947. By Michael J. Pfeifer. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004. Pp. x, 246. $35.00.) Montana State University, Billings Reviewed by Norton H. Moses Inside the Pentagon Papers. Edited by John Prados and Margarett Pratt Porter. (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2004. Pp. xi, 248. $29.95.) New York University Reviewed by Marilyn B. Young Franklin D. Roosevelt. By Patrick Renshaw. (Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2004. Pp. xxx, 223. $26.99.) Rothermere American Institute, Oxford Reviewed by M. J. Heale Minding the Machine: Languages of Class in Early Industrial America. By Stephen P. Rice. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. Pp. xiii, 230. $49.95.) Brown University Reviewed by David R. Meyer Women at the Front: Hospital Workers in Civil War America. By Jane E. Schultz. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. Pp. xiv, 360. $39.95.) Temple University Reviewed by Elizabeth R. Varon Bound by a Mighty Vow: Sisterhood and Women's Fraternities, 1870–1920. By Diana B. Turk. (New York: New York University Press, 2004. Pp. v, 245. $20.00.) Hofstra University Reviewed by Susan M. Yohn Race, Nation, and Market: Economic Culture in Porfiran Mexico. By Richard Weiner. (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2004. Pp. xi, 167. $39.95.) Ohio Wesleyan University Reviewed by Jeremy Baskes The Origins of the Southern Middle Class, 1800–1861. By Jonathan Daniel Wells. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. Pp. xv, 321. $22.50.) Denison University Reviewed by Mitchell Snay Chains of Love: Slave Couples in Antebellum South Carolina. By Emily West. (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2004. Pp. 184. $30.00.) Radford University Reviewed by Sharon A. Roger Hepburn Doomed to Fail: The Built-in Defects of American Education. By Paul A. Zoch. (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2004. Pp. ix, 237. $26.95.) Florida State University Reviewed by Victoria-María MacDonald A sia and the P acific The History of New Zealand. By Tom Brooking. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2004. Pp. xxxv, 250. $45.00.) Victoria University of Wellington Reviewed by Giselle M. Byrnes Stitches on Time: Colonial Textures and Postcolonial Tangles. By Saurabh Dube. (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004. Pp. xv, 259. $84.95.) Edmond, Oklahoma Reviewed by Henry F. Dobyns Pacific Places, Pacific Histories: Essays in Honor of Robert C. Kiste. Edited by Brij V. Lal. (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2004. Pp. vii, 345. $57.00.) University of Hawai’i Reviewed by Keith L. Camacho The Class of 1761: Examinations, State, and Elites in Eighteenth-Century China. By Iona D. Man-Cheong. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004. Pp. xii, 298. $55.00.) Johns Hopkins University Reviewed by William T. Rowe The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Rebellion and the Blasphemy of Empire. By Thomas H. Reilly. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2004. Pp. xi, 235. $45.00.) Pace University, New York Reviewed by Joseph Tse-Hei Lee Gandhi: Behind the Mask of Divinity. By G. B. Singh. (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2004. Pp. 355. $32.00.) Illinois State University Reviewed by Manfred B. Steger Relics of the Buddha. By John S. Strong. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004. Pp. xxii, 290. $39.50.) Academia Sinica Reviewed by John Kieschnick Taiwan's Imagined Geography: Chinese Colonial Travel Writings and Pictures, 1683–1895. By Emma J. Teng. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004. Pp. 400. $49.95.) Baruch College, City University of New York Reviewed by Murray A. Rubinstein E urope Napoleon in Egypt. Edited by Irene A. Bierman, with an introduction by Afaf Lutfi Al-Sayyid Marsot. (Reading, UK: Ithaca Press, 2003. Pp. v, 187. $49.50.) University of York Reviewed by Alan Forrest Parliament and Foreign Policy in the Eighteenth Century. By Jeremy Black. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. xiii, 261. $70.00.) University of Illinois at Chicago Reviewed by James J. Sack The Great Deception: The Secret History of the European Union. By Christopher Booker and Richard North. (New York: Continuum, 2003. Pp. xiii, 474. $39.95.) University of Trenton Reviewed by Mark Gilbert The Politics of the Poor: The East End of London 1885–1914. By Marc Brodie. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Pp. xii, 240. $95.00.) Ohio State University, Marion Campus Reviewed by Vladimir Steffel Alexander the Great: A New Life. By Paul Cartledge. (New York: Overlook Press, 2004. Pp. 352. $28.95.) Baylor University Reviewed by Carol J. King The Long Sexual Revolution: English Women, Sex, and Contraception, 1800– 1975. By Hera Cook. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Pp. xiv, 412. $55.00.) University of Victoria Reviewed by Angus McLaren Athenian Democratic Origins and Other Essays. By G. E. M. de Ste. Croix. Edited by David Harvey and Robert Parker, with the assistance of Peter Thonemann. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Pp. vii, 464. $145.00.) University of Alberta Reviewed by Frances Pownall The Family on Trial in Revolutionary France. By Suzanne Desan. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. Pp. xiv, 456. $50.00.) Norfolk State University Reviewed by Charles H. Ford To the Scaffold: The Life of Marie Antoinette. By Carolly Erickson. (New York: St. Martin's Griffin Press, 2004. Pp. 384. $17.95.) University College Dublin Reviewed by Hugh Gough George Sand. By Elizabeth Harlan. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004. Pp. xx, 359. $35.00.) Bowling Green State University Reviewed by Deborah Houk Schocket A Social History of Soviet Trade: Trade Policy, Retail Practices, and Consumption, 1917–1953. By Julie Hessler. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004. Pp. xvi, 366. $39.50.) University of Kent Reviewed by Richard Sakwa The Deeds of Pope Innocent III by an Anonymous Author. Translated with an introduction and notes by James M. Powell. (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2004. Pp. xlv, 286. $ 59.95.) Calvin College Reviewed by Frans van Liere Procopius of Caesarea: Tyranny, History, and Philosophy at the End of Antiquity. By Anthony Kaldellis. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004. Pp. 305. $49.95.) Rice University Reviewed by Michael Maas French Salons: High Society and Political Sociability from the Old Regime to the Revolution of 1848. By Steven Kale. (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. Pp. 308. $48.00.) Baylor University Reviewed by David Longfellow The Last Medieval Queens: English Queenship 1445–1503. By J. L. Laynesmith. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Pp. xviii, 294. $52.00.) University of Wales, Aberystwyth Reviewed by Diane Watt Ludwig Erhard: A Biography. By Alfred Mierzejewski. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. Pp. xv, 278. $49.95.) Florida State University Reviewed by Christopher Griffin People and Politics in France, 1848–1870. By Roger Price. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. x, 477. $95.00.) University of Denver Reviewed by Eric A. Arnold Jr. United We Stand: A History of Britain's Trade Unions. By Alastair J. Reid. (London: Allen Lane, 2004. Pp. xvii, 471. $45.00.) Youngstown State University Reviewed by Lowell J. Satre Max Weber: An Intellectual Biography. By Fritz Ringer. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. Pp. 307. $19.00.) Cornell University Reviewed by Richard Swedburg Rome at War: Farms, Families, and Death in the Middle Republic. By Nathan Rosenstein. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. Pp. x, 339. $45.00.) Rutgers University, Newark Reviewed by Gary D. Farney The Affair of the Poisons: Murder, Infanticide and Satanism at the Court of Louis XIV. By Anne Somerset. (New York: St Martin's Press, 2003. Pp. xxi, 377. $27.95.) James Madison University Reviewed by Philip F. Riley The First World War. By Hew Strachan. (New York: Viking, 2004. Pp. xviii, 365. $27.95.) University of Scranton Reviewed by F. X. J. Homer A Science for the Soul: Occultism and the Genesis of the German Modern. By Corinna Treitel. (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. Pp. x, 366. $16.95.) Liverpool John Moores University Reviewed by B. J. Gibbons Lafayette. By Harlow Giles Unger. (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2002. Pp. xxiii, 452. $30.00.) University of Massachusetts, Boston Reviewed by Jonathan M. Chu Hitler's Prisons: Legal Terror in Nazi Germany. By Nikolaus Wachsmann. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004. Pp. xv, 538. $45.00.) Texas A&M University Reviewed by Arnold Krammer The Battle That Stopped Rome. By Peter S. Wells. (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003. Pp. 256. $24.95.) California State University, Long Beach Reviewed by David Hood Stalin's Empire of Memory: Russian-Ukrainian Relations in the Soviet Historical Imagination. By Serhy Yekelchyk. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004. Pp. xi, 231. $50.00.) Brown University Reviewed by Patricia Herlihy G eneral, C omparative, H istoriographical Tolkien and the Invention of Myth: A Reader. Edited, with an introduction, by Jane Chance. (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2004. Pp. xx, 340. $35.00.) Saint Vincent College Reviewed by Wulfstan Clough Maritime History as World History. Edited by Daniel Finamore. (Salem, Mass.: Peabody Essex Museum and Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004. Pp. xii, 216. $59.95.) Barnard College, Columbia University Reviewed by Robert A. McCaughey New Approaches to Socialist History. Edited by Keith Flett and David Renton. (Cheltenham: New Clarion Press, 2002. Pp. viii, 175. $19.95.) University of Warwick Reviewed by Gerd-Rainer Horn The Household and the Making of History: A Subversive View of the Western Past. By Mary S. Hartman. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. xi, 297. $70.00.) University of Guelph Reviewed by Jacqueline Murray Angels and Monsters: Male and Female Sopranos in the Story of Opera, 1600–1900. By Richard Somerset-Ward. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004. Pp. xiv, 325. $21.00.) Ohio Wesleyan University Reviewed by Timothy Roden A Brief History of the Olympic Games. By David C. Young. (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing, 2004. Pp. xiv, 184. $54.95.) University of Western Ontario Reviewed by Nigel B. Crowther [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]