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A 49-year-old female was incidentally found to have a left renal tumor during a medical check-up. The tumor was too small to be fully diagnosed using computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Since it was small and showed a homogenous enhancement pattern on contrast-enhanced CT, which made it difficult for us to distinguish the malignancy of the tumor, we performed regular CT follow-up. On the fifth year of her regular follow-up, the tumor had grown apparently larger and showed a heterogenous enhancement pattern, which suggested a malignant tumor. Since the tumor was exophytic, we decided to perform a laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. The operation was performed without any serious complications, and her renal function remained unchanged. The histopathology of the tumor was leiomyoma. Here, we discuss the characteristics of this tumor and the role of immunohistopathology in the diagnosis.

A 70-year-old man visited a private hospital with the chief complaint of right lower limb pain. Fluorodeoxyglucose-emission tomography (FDG-PET) showed abnormal uptake in the pubic bone, right femur, and ascending colon. The patient was referred to our hospital for further evaluation. The following tumor marker levels were found : prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 20.57 ng/ml, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) 108.5 ng/ml, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) 1,002.1 U/ml. An open pubic bone biopsy was performed. The pathological diagnosis was metastatic adenocarcinoma from prostate cancer. Prostate and ascending colon cancers were clinically diagnosed as T2bN0M1b and T2N0M0, respectively. Laparoscopic colectomy was performed. Androgen deprivation therapy started immediately and the serum PSA level was maintained at <0.2 ng/ml during the follow-up period. However, the CEA and CA19-9 were higher than the normal level 2 years after the surgery. In addition, the FDG-PET revealed abnormal uptake in the pubic bone. Thus, a pubic bone biopsy was performed again. The histological diagnosis was metastatic adenocarcinoma from the ascending colon cancer. Although the patient received combination chemotherapy, he died of colon cancer.

Ten years ago, a seventy-year-old female underwent extirpation of a left retroperitoneal tumor that was 58×36 mm in size. The pathological diagnosis was malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) at that time. The patients visited our hospital with the chief complaint of back pain at ten years after surgery. Computer tomography (CT) showed recurrent tumors at the pancreas and the left kidney. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed because of the possibility of pancreatic tumor. The pathological diagnosis was the recurrence of MPNST. The patient underwent extirpation of the recurrent tumors along with the pancreatic body and tail, transverse colon, spleen and left kidney. The definitive diagnosis was dedifferentiated liposarcoma with murine double minute 2 (MDM2) gene amplification and positive of p16Ink4 (p16). The previously resected tumor also revealed MDM2 gene amplification and positive of p16. Based on these results, our diagnosis in this case was recurrence of dedifferentiated liposarcoma. At 6 months after surgery, the patient had no local recurrence or distant metastases.

The patient underwent laparoscopic left radical nephrectomy for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). After surgery, the patient had multiple lung metastases and underwent the combination therapy of radiofrequency ablation, interferon-alpha, and inteleukin-2. Thereafter, computed tomography showed multiple lymph node and brain metastases. The patient was administered targeted therapy and radiation. Eventually, the patient suddenly complained of dyspnea. An echocardiogram, coronary angiography and magnetic resonance imaging suggested acute heart failure and pericardial effusion due to a metastatic tumor in the cardiac anteroseptal and posterior wall. Nivolumab was administered for cardiac metastases. The patient has been in stable condition with no progression of cardiac metastases after the administration of nivolumab for 22 months.

Sorafenib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) used for advanced renal cell carcinoma. Treatment with sorafenib prolongs progression-free survival in patients with advanced clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. However, in spite of its therapeutic efficacy, sorafenib causes a wide range of adverse events. Cardiovascular adverse events have been observed when sorafenib was used with targeted agents. Although these adverse events like hypertension, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, cardiac ischemia or infarction were manageable with standard medical therapies in most cases, some had a poor clinical outcome. We report three cases of acute myocardial infarction associated with sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

The management of urinoma after blunt renal trauma is still controversial, ranging from percutaneous drainage or ureteral stent placement for the symptomatic urinoma and waiting for spontaneous vanishment of the asymptomatic urinoma. We present two cases of symptomatic urinoma and a case of asymptomatic urinoma after renal laceration. All patients underwent selective renal arterial embolization for vascular complications, including active bleeding, pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula. Urinomas, which had been observed in all cases gradually reduced and vanished 1-24 months later. All cases were successfully managed without catheterization or percutaneous drainage for urinoma.

A 41-year-old woman with an incidental tumor of the urinary bladder was referred to our hospital. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed a tumor in the urinary bladder wall with expansive growth. Under the suspicion of leiomyoma, we performed transurethral resection of the tumor. Pathological examination of tumor specimens revealed patternless arrangements of spindle cells. Immunochemical analysis revealed tumor cells positive for CD34 and bcl-2. The final diagnosis was a solitary fibrous tumor.

A 59-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease of diabetic nephropathy who had been on maintenance hemodialisis for 4 years, underwent a living-unrelated renal transplantation 6 years ago. She was admitted to our hospital, because of a low grade fever and edema. Ultrasonography revealed the cyst with heterogeneity structure in the upper pole of the transplanted kidney. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a high-intensity cystic mass measuring 68×53 mm. As fever and laboratory data did not improve sufficiently by the treatment with antibiotics, echo-guided puncture and drainage were performed for the abnormal structure in the upper pole of the transplanted kidney. In the culture of the purulent aspirate drained from renal cyst, Escherichia coli was isolated. To our knowledge, this is the first report of infected renal cyst of the graft in a renal transplant recipient in the world.

We retrospectively reviewed the records of 35 patients with penile cancer, who had been treated at Gifu University Hospital and its affiliated hospitals between July 1994 and January 2009. The mean values of follow-up periods, ages, serum squamous cell carcinoma levels and maximum diameters of the tumor were 23.7±28.0 months, 72.3±10.5 year-old, 4.5±4.3 ng/ml, and 4.0±2.6 cm, respectively. Systemic chemotherapy and local radiotherapy were performed in six, and three cases, respectively. Ten patients died of penile cancer. By univariate analyses, maximum tumor diameter (＜- 4.3 cmvs ＞4.3 cm), T factor (＜T3 vs ＞- T3) and N factor (＜N2 vs ＞- N2) were significantly associated with cancer-specific survival. The five-year survival of stage N2 cases (28.6%) were significantly lower than that of stage N0 and N1 cases (68.4%) (p＝0.0003). By multivariate analyses N factor (＜N2 vs ＞- N2) was significantly associated with cancer specific survival (p＝0.020). We concluded that the development of effective systemic chemotherapy might be crucial to improve the prognosis of patients with metastatic diseases.

A 31-year-old male visited our hospital with a complaint of left scrotal pain that began suddenly one week before the visit. The results of scrotal examination, blood cell count and biochemical examination were normal. Enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a well-defined avascular lesion of the left testis with rim enhancement. With the suspicion of a segmental testicular infarction, left testicular biopsy and bilateral orchiopexy were performed. Pathological examination demonstrated a testicular infarction. One month after surgery, enhanced MRI showed normal testis.

We retrospectively reviewed the discrepancy in Gleason score between needle biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimens. Specimens from 153 patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy at Gifu University Hospital and 9 community-based institutions between January 2001 and December 2005, were studied. Gleason score was determined by the general pathologist at each institution. The coincidence rate of Gleason score between biopsy and prostatectomy specimens was 49.7%. In contrast, 37.4% of biopsy specimens were undergraded. In biopsy specimens given a Gleason score of 5 or less, the Gleason score was coincident or undergraded compared with prostatectomy specimens. In biopsy specimens given a Gleason score of 6, the coincidence rate was 39.6%. In 56% in biopsy specimens of cancers with a Gleason score of 6 the Gleason score was undergraded compared with the prostatectomy specimen. In this group, extra-prostatic extention was found significantly more often than in other groups (p = 0.04). In patients, who underwent extended biopsy, or had a more positive biopsy core (> or = 25%), the coincidence rate was significantly greater (p = 0.03). We should be aware of the limitations of Gleason scores based on biopsy specimens, and give treatment opinions careful consideration.

A 56-year-old Japanese man consulted a urologist because of urethral bleeding. He had been undergoing hemodialysis for the past 15 years due to polycystic kidney disease. Computed tomography revealed an irregular cyst wall in the left kidney. Since a neoplasm could not be ruled out, we removed the left kidney, by laparoscopic radical nephrectomy after obtaining the patient's consent. Histopathologic diagnosis was renal cell carcinoma. Fourteen months after the operation, urethral bleeding recurred. Further examination of the bladder and the urethra revealed no significant abnormalities. The patient insisted on right nephrectomy. Therefore, laparoscopic radical nephrectomy was performed. Histopathologic diagnosis was also renal cell carcinoma. Renal cell carcinoma in patients with end-stage renal disease is fairly common and is associated with acquired cystic kidney disease. However, renal cell carcinoma associated with polycystic kidney disease is extremely rare.