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Objectives: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune bleeding disorder caused by increased platelet destruction and altered production. Despite the well-described pathophysiological background of immune dysregulation, current treatment guidelines consist of monotherapy with different drugs, with no tool to predict which patient is more suitable for each therapeutic modality., Methods: In our study, we attempted to determine differences in the immune setting, comparing the patients' responses to administered therapy. During 12-month follow-up, we assessed blood count, antiplatelet autoantibodies, and T lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood in 35 patients with ITP (newly diagnosed or relapsed disease)., Results: Our data show that the value of antiplatelet autoantibodies, the percentage of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and the immunoregulatory index (IRI, CD4+ / CD8+ T cell ratio) differ significantly by treatment response. Responders have a higher IRI (median 2.1 vs. 1.5 in non-responders, P  = 0.04), higher antiplatelet autoantibodies (median 58 vs. 20% in non-responders, P  = 0.01) and lower relative CD8+ T cells count ( P  = 0.02) before treatment., Discussion: The results suggest that immunological parameters (antiplatelet autoantibodies, relative CD8+ T cell count and IRI) could be used as prognostic tools for a worse clinical outcome in patients with ITP., Conclusion: These biomarkers could be utilized for stratification and eventually selection of treatment preferring combination therapy.