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Objective: Subclinical leaflet thrombosis (SLT) develops in 15% of patients undergoing trans-catheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). TAVR is a procedure in which a faulty aortic valve is replaced with a mechanical one. An aortic valve replacement can be done with open-heart surgery; this is called surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). A significant problem is defining the best course of treatment for asymptomatic individuals with SLT post-TAVR, including the use of oral anticoagulation (OAC) in it., Study Design: Systematic review., Method: The most pertinent published research (original papers and reviews) in the scientific literature were searched for and critically assessed using the online, internationally indexed databases PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane Reviews. Keywords like "Transcatheter valve replacement" and "Subclinical leaflet thrombosis" were used to search the papers. Selected studies were critically assessed for inclusion based on predefined criteria., Results: The review examined the prevalence and characteristics of SLT after TAVR. To note, the incidence of SLT is seen to be higher in TAVR compared SAVR. Dual antiplatelet therapy, which is utilized in antithrombotic regimens post-TAVR, can possibly hasten SLT progression which could result in the impaired mobility of leaflets and the worsening of pressure gradients., Conclusion: The use of dual antiplatelet drugs in routine antithrombotic therapy tends to accelerate initial subclinical leaflet thrombosis after TAVI, which results in a developing restriction of leaflet mobility and an increase in pressure differences., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2024 The Author(s). Health Science Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Given that there is already evidence of a neural network that connects the brain and gut and that the gut microbiota actively modulates gut health, it is crucial to know which foods, supplements, and medications to use or avoid when treating any disease that causes dementia or cognitive impairment. Previous research has examined the relationships between vitamins, antibiotics, and gut microbiota and the correlations between these factors and dementia. The question arises of how these three factors interact together and if evidence suggests one element is more important than the others in the pathogenesis and development of dementia., Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) standards were followed when conducting this review. The papers' publication dates varied from (2012-2022). Cochrane/EMBASE, PEDro, and PubMed/Medline databases were searched. The precise terms "gut microbiota," vitamins," antibiotics," and "dementia" were included in the search method, along with the conjunctions "OR" and "AND.", Results: Gut dysbiosis has a significant impact on cognition, brain function, and the development and progression of dementia. The two most popular probiotics used in studies linked to cognition benefits were Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Numerous scales were used to evaluate cognition, but the mini-mental state examination was the most popular, and the most prevalent impairment was Alzheimer's disease. The supplements with the most significant impact on gut microbiota were vitamin B-12 and folic acid., Conclusion: This systematic review concluded that vitamins, gut microbiota and antibiotics have a close association with the development of dementia. More research is required to establish causality and elucidate the underlying mechanisms because there is still little evidence connecting the interactions of vitamins, medications, and microbiota with dementia. The complexity of interactions between genetics, lifestyle factors, and comorbidities, as well as the heterogeneity of dementia, may make it more challenging to interpret the findings., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Health Science Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) play a vital role in delivering care and are frequently exposed to the risk of acquiring infections within the hospital setting. Around 15% of hospitalized patients suffer from these infections globally. However, the role and awareness of HCWs in the transmission of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) or nosocomial infections is still unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) toward high-risk microbial infections among HCWs on a global scale to identify measures to address this problem., Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted between 2022 and 2023, with HCWs selected as the study population. Data concerning KAP were collected through a self-administered online survey questionnaire, using a nonprobability convenience sampling method. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were used to analyze the data., Results: A total of 743 HCWs from various countries participated in the study, with the majority of respondents being doctors (64.9%). Data were mainly obtained from Saudi Arabia (26.78%), Iraq (25.84%), India (15.7%), the United States of America (15.2%), and Africa (Sudan, Nigeria) (13.98%). The frequency of good KAP scores among physicians (KAP: 82.5, 80.66, and 70.5), nurses (KAP: 74.1, 73.07, and 88.7), medical practitioners (KAP: 87.2, 77.58, and 75.1), and technicians (KAP: 76.1, 74.38, and 89.6) were obtained as mentioned. With respect to experience, HCWs showed good KAP scores in 1-5 years (KAP: 82.4, 83.3, and 74.1), 5-10 years (KAP: 80.6, 74.54, 83), 10-20 years (KAP: 74.7, 79.1, and 82.7), and >20 years (KAP: 84.6, 78.8, and 82.8) categories., Conclusion: This study suggests that HCWs have good KAP regarding infection prevention, but there is still room for improvement. Educational seminars and awareness programs can provide better adherence to barrier protection measures such as hand washing, use of gloves, and hand disinfection., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2023 The Authors. Health Science Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Primary-progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) are two frequent multiple sclerosis (MS) subtypes that involve 10%-15% of patients. PPMS progresses slowly and is diagnosed later in life. Both subtypes are influenced by genetic and environmental factors such as smoking, obesity, and vitamin D insufficiency. Although there is no cure, ocrelizumab can reduce symptoms and delay disease development. RRMS is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation, demyelination, and disability. Early detection, therapy, and lifestyle changes are critical. This study delves into genetics, immunology, biomarkers, neuroimaging, and the usefulness of ocrelizumab in the treatment of refractory patients of PPMS., Method: In search of published literature providing up-to-date information on PPMS and RRMS, this review conducted numerous searches in databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, and Scopus. We looked into genetics, immunology, biomarkers, current breakthroughs in neuroimaging, and the role of ocrelizumab in refractory cases., Results: Our comprehensive analysis found considerable advances in genetics, immunology, biomarkers, neuroimaging, and the efficacy of ocrelizumab in the treatment of refractory patients., Conclusion: Early detection, timely intervention, and the adoption of lifestyle modifications play pivotal roles in enhancing treatment outcomes. Notably, ocrelizumab has demonstrated potential in symptom control and mitigating the rate of disease advancement, further underscoring its clinical significance in the management of MS., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2023 The Authors. Health Science Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)