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Oral contraceptive pills are conventionally prescribed in a manner that causes monthly withdrawal uterine bleeding (lunar month). The reasons for this are historical without an inherent medical need. According to our literature search, there are patients' demands for less frequent menstrual cycles. We have learned from patients who were given the pill continuously for long periods due to medical or social indications that continuous administration of the contraceptive pill is feasible and safe. In the current review, the authors have searched the literature regarding extended cycle oral contraception for periods of time up to one year. This way of administration of the pill is not compromising the efficacy of pregnancy prevention, nor is it detrimental in terms of cardiovascular and hemostatic complications or endometrial malignancy. It is known that there is a slightly increased risk of breast cancer in users of oral contraceptives up to 10 years, regardless of the mode of administration. From a few studies of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women, there is concern that continuous treatment may be deleterious, while sequential is not. Extended cycle contraceptive treatment has a few side effects, mainly increased breakthrough bleeding but decreased withdrawal bleeding. Other side effects were less prevalent than in conventional administration.

Background: The possible problems of an adolescent breast include a large spectrum of phenomena such as changes which may cause aesthetic problems, infectious diseases and in rare cases, malignant tumors. Young adolescents and their mothers tend to consult with a gynecologist usually due to developmental abnormalities of the growing breast such as asymmetry of the breast, agenesis or hypoplasia of one breast. Cysts and tumors are usually worrisome and warrant attention and precise diagnosis., Purpose: The aim of this paper is to review the recent studies and data concerning breast diseases in adolescents and to summarize by presenting symptoms, diagnostic procedures and the most up-to-date treatment modalities., Method: A comprehensive and updated literature review., Results and Conclusions: A large variety of abnormal phenomena in the breast during adolescence have been described. Abnormal breast development in adolescents may present themselves as an aesthetic problem only, but other symptoms such as breast tumors or cysts may arouse suspicion of malignancy of the breast. These findings may be the initiative for the first clinical visit to a gynecologist, initiated by the patient herself or by her parent. Malignancy of the breast in adolescence is very rare, especially when there are no risk factors such as family history or previous X-ray radiation to the breast region. In any case, detailed medical history should be recorded and meticulous physical examination performed in order to rule out any breast pathology that may necessitate prompt treatment. Usually, breast problems in adolescents are benign disorders and only require follow-up without additional treatment. In any aesthetic problem or developmental abnormality, surgery should be postponed until the breast has completed the adolescent stage.

Coma in pregnancy and labor is a rare and complicated situation. One of the causes is severe head trauma, which requires neurosurgical consultation and possibly urgent transfer to a neurosurgical unit. This should follow stabilization, confirmation of fetal viability, and cesarean section when indicated. A 38-year-old primigravida at term and in labor, with severe head injury from a vehicular accident is reported. Emergency cesarean section was performed for severe fetal distress during resuscitation. Fetal distress in a comatose parturient with severe head injury may require a short delay in referral to a tertiary trauma center to allow for an emergency cesarean section.