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Seedling stage is the most important stage of plant development and plays a critical role in the forest regeneration. Species composition, seasonal dynamics and spatial distribution of the tree seedlings in the 20 hm² Ailaoshan forest dynamic plot were studied. The forest dynamic plot was built in a mid-mountain moist evergreen broad- leaved forest in Ailaoshan. Within the plot, 450 seedling quadrats of size 1m x 1m were established. Species composition, seasonal recruitment, seasonal mortality and spatial distribution of tree seedlings were investigated for four years (from 2019 to 2022). The results were as follows: (1) A total of 2 928 seedlings of 58 species were recorded, belonging to 42 genera and 26 families. There were 817 recruits of 47 species and 1 181 dead seedlings of 50 species. (2) The importance values of tree seedlings varied among different tree species across years. Symplocos ramosissima and Machilus bombycina were the dominant species, with importance values consistently in the Top 2 in four years, while the importance value of the pioneer species Viburnum cyclindricum declined continuously. (3) Significant differences in species richness, average seedling species richness in quadrat, species diversity (Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index), seedling number, recruits, recruitment rate, mortality and mortality rate of tree seedlings were not found between different seasons. (4) The majority of species exhibited restricted distribution within the plot, only a few species displayed a broader distribution across the plot. Tree seedlings had higher species richness, density and diversity (Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson index) in the flat topography compared to the ridge and valley of the plot. In conclusion, there are not significant differences in species composition, recruitment and mortality of tree seedlings between different seasons. Topography influences the spatial distribution and diversity of tree seedlings. The study reveals the dynamics of recruitment and mortality of tree seedlings, and provides the theoretical reference for biodiversity conservation and forest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) is one of the essential elements for plant growth and is a key factor in maintaining the productivity of subtropical forest ecosystems. Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) is mainly distributed in subtropical areas of China, and its soil acidification and phosphorus utilization efficiency are low. It is of great significance to study the effects of Chinese fir plantation transformation on soil P for the stability of ecosystem and sustainable forest management. In this study, the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils were collected from the replanted Chinese fir plantation, Castanopsis hystrix plantation, Mytilaria laosensis plantation and the mixed plantation of Castanopsis hystrix and Mytilaria laosensis on the cutting-blank of Chinese fir plantation in South Asia, and the effects of soil P component and transformation on the transformation of Chinese fir plantation into broad-leaved forest were studied. The results were as follows: (1) The content of microbial biomass phosphorus and the activity of acid phosphatase in rhizosphere and non- rhizosphere soil of the modified Castanopsis hystrix plantation, Mytilaria laosensis plantation and the mixed plantation of Castanopsis hystrix and Mytilaria laosensis were significantly higher than those of Chinese fir plantation. The contents soil total phosphorus of Castanopsis hystrix plantation and the mixed plantation of C. hystrix and Mytilaria laosensis were more easily converted to quick available phosphorus than those of Chinese fir plantation and M. laosensis plantation. (2) The contents of calcium chloride extraction phosphorus in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of Castanopsis hystrix plantation and the mixed plantation of C. hystrix and Mytilaria laosensis were significantly higher than those of Chinese fir plantation and M. laosensis plantation, and the contents of enzyme extraction phosphorus, hydrochloric acid extraction phosphorus and citric acid extraction phosphorus in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of M. laosensis plantation and Castanopsis hystrix/Mytilaria laosensis mixed plantation were significantly higher than those of Chinese fir plantation and Castanopsis hystrix plantation. (3) RDA results showed that soil water content and microbial biomass carbon were the key factors regulating P components in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, respectively. In summary, the transformation of Chinese fir plantation into broad-leaved forest is conducive to the storage and supply of forest soil P, and this study provides an important scientific reference for tree species selection and management strategies to improve soil P availability in south subtropical plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining an appropriate grain size is crucial in landscape pattern analysis and ecological research. In order gain deeper insights into the spatial diversity and dynamic characteristics of landscape pattern, based on the survey data of the 12 hm² large plot in Jiangxi Guanshan National Nature Reserve in 2015 and 2020, the grain size effect of landscape indices in eight different landscape types within the range of 5-50 meters were analyzed; the variation coefficients were used to reveal the changing characteristics of different landscape pattern indices as the grain size increased, and the optimal grain size was selected based on the inflection points of changes in various landscape indices. The results were as follows: (1) Based on the importance value analysis, eight different landscape types were identified in the arbor layer of the plot, including forest gap, bamboo forest, Cunninghamia lanceolata forest, Pinus massoniana forest, broad-leaved forest, bamboo and Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed forest, bamboo and Pinus massoniana mixed forest, Cunninghamia lanceolata and Pinus massoniana mixed forest. (2) The overall distribution of patches in the landscape was relatively balanced, and the distribution pattern remained relatively stable. At larger spatial grain size, the aggregation of each landscape type increased, leading to a higher probability of landscape merging. In contrast, at smaller granularity, there was a noticeable trend of fragmentation in landscape types, providing a more comprehensive display of the quantity, density, and shape of each landscape type. Patch density (PD), number of patches (NP), edge density (ED), landscape shape index (LSI), mean fractal dimension index (FRAC_MN), contagion index (CONTAG) exhibited significant negative correlations with increasing grain size, while mean patch area (AREA_MN), Shannon's diversity index (SHDI), Shannon's evenness index (SHEI) exhibited significant positive correlations with increasing grain size. (3) The coefficients of variation for landscape indices PD, NP, ED, LSI, and AREA_MN were the highest, combining landscape structural stability and diversity, the changes in different landscape indices were primarily concentrated around the inflection point at 5 meters. These results illustrate the diversity of landscape types, with the coefficient of variation reflecting the most sensitive characteristics of landscape pattern changes. This study suggests that a grain size of 5 meters is optimal for studying the landscape pattern of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests in Guanshan, Jiangxi. This study provides favorable evidence for the restoration of forest resources and stand stucture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shiwandashan is one of the hotspots of biodiversity in Guangxi, and its main vegetation type is mountain evergreen broad-leaved forest. In order to understand the current community status and the development status of dominant species population structure of mountain evergreen broad-leaved forests in the region, this study was conducted in a fixed monitoring sample plot of 1 hm² established within the evergreen broad-leaved forest community in the Shiwandashan. Woody plants with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 1 cm in the sample plot community were used as the research objects to analyze their species compositions, diameter class structures, tree height structures, and the spatial distribution patterns of dominant species using the g(r) function. The results were as follows: (1) There were 7 517 woody plants with DBH ≥ 1 cm in the community, belonging to 52 families, 108 genera and 153 species. The dominant species in the community were Clethra delavayi, Schima argentea, Hartia villosa, Castanopsis hystrix, Engelhardtia roxburghiana, Ardisia quinquegona, Itea chinensis, Symplocos adenophylla, Eurya subintegra, Ilex pubescens, but the dominant position of dominant species was not obvious. (2) The overall average DBH of the community was 5.51 cm, and the distribution of diameter class and tree height was approximately an inverted "J" shape. The diameter class distribution of dominant species was mostly an inverted "J" or "L" shape, and the community had a large number of small and medium-sized diameter class standing trees, indicating a strong self-renewal ability of the community. (3) Dominant species coexisted stably in the community; the dominant species exhibited aggregated distribution in the sample plot, but there were differences in the location of aggregated distribution among dominant species. Overall, the community is currently in a good state of renewal, with the existence of dominant species in the top level community. However, the community has certain secondary characteristics and has not yet reached a stable top level community state. The dominant species can coexist stably and have the potential to inherit towards a stable top level community. Therefore, it is necessary to continue to strengthen management and promote the renewal and survival of the evergreen broad-leaved forest community in the Shiwandashan areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial structure evolution of forests in karst areas is a key scientific issue in global forest research. In order to explore the dynamics of spatial structure in karst evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forests, a study was conducted in Mulun National Nature Reserve, focusing on a fixed monitoring plot of 2 hm2. Based on data from three surveys conducted in 2007, 2012, and 2017, the dynamics of community spatial structure were analyzed using the spatial structure parameters, i. e., angular scale(Wi), mixing degree(Mi), and size ratio(Ui). The results were as follows:(1)The univariate distribution results of spatial structure parameters revealed that the forest structure gradually shifted towards a slightly clumped distribution state as the stand age increased between 2007 and 2017. The mixing degree was at a level of strong mixing and showed a tendency towards extreme mixing. In terms of the size ratio, the stand exhibited a moderate state, shifting towards subdominance as the stand grew.(2)The study of spatial structure for different diameter classes of trees showed that the anglular scale, size ratio, and mixing degree of trees in diameter classes 1-15 cm gradually increased with stand growth. As the diameter class increased, the values of the size ratio showed a decreasing trend while the mixing degree showed an increasing trend.(3)The study of spatial structure for dominant tree species revealed that, during the period from 2007 to 2017, all five dominant tree species groups exhibited a slightly clumped distribution. The size ratio showed a tendency towards subdominance and a moderate distribution state, while the mixing level was at a high degree and gradually shifted towards extreme mixing. In conclusion, the karst evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest in Mulun currently exhibits a slightly clumped distribution, a strong degree of mixing, and a tendency towards subdominance. The community is relatively stable, the stand regeneration is in good condition, and the forest is gradually transitioning towards a climax community. The analysis of the dynamic changes in vegetation structure in karst evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forests is of great significance for predicting the future development and changes of forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explain the difference of survival response of plants at different levels in evergreen broad-leaved forest to the Phyllostachys edulis expansion from the perspective of ecological stoichiometry homeostasis, this study used the method of space-time substitution, a typical P. edulis evergreen broad-leaved forest interface including P. edulis forest, P. edulis broad-leaved mixed forest and evergreen broad-leaved forest was selected in Jinggangshan National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi Province. The N and P contents of soil and leaves of P. edulis, broad-leaved trees, shrubs and herbaceous layer plants in each forest were compared and analyzed. The results were as follows:(1)From bamboo forest to evergreen broad-leaved forest, the soil N content and N:P increased, while soil P content decreased; the leaf P contents of tree species(Machilus thunbergii, Alniphyllum fortunei and Daphniphyllum macropodum)decreased and the N:P increased. Unlike the trees, the leaf N and P stoichiometric characteristics of plants both in shrub and herbaceous layers showed no significant change, except the shrub tree Lindera erythrocarpa.(2)The soil N:P was positively correlated with the leaf N:P of trees, negatively correlated with that of shrubs and had no correlation with that of herbaceous plants, respectively.(3)The leaf N and P contents and N:P for P. edulis remained stable. In conclusion, P. edulis expansion changes plant leaf N and P stoichiometric characteristics by altering the soil N and P stoichiometric characteristics. Shrubs and herbaceous plants are less affected, however, it causes the imbalance of plant N and P stoichiometric characteristics of tree layer plants, which may be an important reason for the survival of tree species in evergreen broad-leaved forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plants that comprise the vegetation of Chinese subtropics are diverse with respect to geographical distribution patterns. Understanding how the plants with different geographical distribution patterns that live together in this region differ in their ecological niches, would advance our knowledge of species coexistence mechanisms. Here, based on the data of woody angiosperm community composition in eight broad-leaved forest dynamics plots widely distributed in the Chinese subtropics, by adopting statistical methods such as phylogenetic linear model and analysis of variance (ANOVA), we examined the differences in life history traits, including leaf habit and growth form, as well as ecological behaviors (i.e., Ellenberg indicator values), between the plants of temperate distribution pattern genera and the plants of tropical distribution pattern genera. The results were as follows: (1) For the 265 study genera, distribution pattern genus showed a significant phylogenetic signal (i.e., Pagel’s λ = 0.935, P＜ 0.001) . (2) The temperate distribution pattern genera comprised a higher ratio of deciduous broad-leaved plants and trees than the tropical distribution pattern genera, and there were more evergreen broad-leaved plants and shrub in tropical distribution pattern. (3) The plants of temperate distribution pattern genera exist in environments with high light, low temperature and water compared with the plants of tropical distribution pattern genera, regardless of the effects of leaf habit and growth form were controlled or not. (4) For all the plants, or for each leaf habit or growth form group separately, the ratio of species richness of the temperate distribution pattern genera to the tropical distribution pattern genera in the forest was controlled by mean annual temperature (MAT) . The findings imply that the plants of temperate and tropical distribution pattern genera differe in both their life history traits as well as their ecological behaviors, and the geographical turnover of plants of these two distribution patterns in the Chinese subtropical broad-leaved forests is largely controlled by MAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant species can adapt to heterogeneous habitats through variations in functional traits. For the plants with different growth forms, how to adjust their phenotypes to adapt to the environment has been one of the core topics in ecology. To clarify the response mechanisms of plant species with different growth forms to heterogeneous habitats in south subtropical forests, we measured a total of eight functional traits involving four structural traits(leaf thickness, leaf length/width ratio, leaf dry matter content and specific leaf area)and four stoichiometric traits(leaf nitrogen content, leaf phosphorus content, SymboldA@ 13C and SymboldA@ 15N)of five dominant trees(2 canopy species and 3 understory species)and their diameter at breast height, in 27 quadrats(20 m × 20 m)at different elevations and convexity along three mountain ridges within the 20 hm2 south subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest plot at Dinghu Mountain in Guangdong Province. We analyzed and compared the differences in responses of the canopy and understory species to different elevations and convexity in terms of functional traits. The results were as follows:(1)There existed some leaf functional traits in each tree species that were significantly correlated with altitude, but for convexity, only the leaf area of Cryptocarya chinensis was positively correlated with convexity and the leaf nitrogen content of Blastus cochinchinensis was negatively correlated with convexity.(2)Specific leaf area, leaf thickness and SymboldA@ 15N were generally more responsive to elevation, while leaf length/width ratio and leaf dry matter content were less responsive.(3)There were significant differences in specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content and leaf nitrogen content between canopy and understory tree species in heterogeneous habitats. Compared with canopy tree species, understory tree species had lower leaf thickness, leaf dry matter content and SymboldA@ 13C. Moreover, canopy and understory species responded to elevation and convexity to different extents, with understory species having more functional traits with significant differences in different types of habitats. The results indicate that the degree of response to the environment varied greatly between plants with different growth forms, i.e., the dominant understory tree species had greater plasticity in the heterogeneous habitats than the dominant canopy species in the forest plot. In addition, specific leaf area, leaf thickness and SymboldA@ 15N are important and effective traits indicating plant adaptation and responses to the environment in the south subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explain the geographical displacement law and the dominant climate variables between humid evergreen broadleaved forests(HEBF)and semi-humid evergreen broadleaved forests(SHEBF), Cyclobalanopsis glauca and C. glaucoides were selected as research objects because the both species are the typical dominant tree species of the HEBF and SHEBF, then the specimens data of the both species and the 19 bio-climate variables map layer were collected to simulate their distribution area using MaxEnt model. Moreover, the niche differences were quantitatively analyzed by the kernel density analysis, discriminant function analysis(DFA)and analysis of variance(ANOVA)to reveal the dominant climate variables which affect the niche differentiation between the both species, then the geographical displacement law and the dominant climate variables between the HEBF and SHEBF were analyzed. The results were as follows:(1)The AUC values of C. glauca and C. glaucoides were 0.995 and 0.986 respectively, which accurately predicted the potential distribution of the both species; C. glauca was suitable for the subtropical and north-tropical regions of 20°to 30° N, but C. glaucoides was mainly distributed in subtropical area of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.(2)The results of DFA and ANOVA were consistent, and the mean diurnal range(bio2), isothermality(bio3)and the precipitation seasonality(bio15)were the climate variables that promoted the niche differentiation of the two species.(3)Kernel density analysis showed the mean diurnal range(bio2), isothermality(bio3)and temperature seasonality(bio4)were the dominant temperature variables affecting the niche differentiation of the both species; and the precipitation seasonality(bio15), annual precipitation(bio12), precipitation of the driest month(bio14), precipitation of the driest quarter(bio17)and precipitation of the coldest quarter(bio19)also significantly affected the niche differentiation of the both species. All the above results indicate that isothermality, the seasonal differences of temperature and precipitation are the main variables determining geographical displacement distribution of the HEBF and SHEBF from the niche simulation of C. glauca and C. glaucoides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deciduous broad-leaved forests are one of the typical forest vegetation types in the subtropical karst hills. In order to understand the community type and composition structure of this type of forest vegetation, we established forty-nine 20 m × 20 m random plots in deciduous broad-leaved forests with typical karst habitats in Yangshuo County and Lingchuan County of Guilin. We conducted an in-depth analysis of the coupling relationship from different community types, structures, and environmental factors. The results were as follows:(1)The deciduous broad-leaved forests in the karst hills could be classified into three community types based on quantitative methods, Ass. Choerospondias axillaris-Camptotheca acuminata+ Croton tiglium (Association Group A), Ass. Swida wilsoniana-Camptotheca acuminata(Association Group B), Ass. Quercus acutissima-Loropetalum chinense(Association Group C).(2)The species richness, species abundance, basal area, and the importance value for evergreen and deciduous species were different for each community type. Deciduous species were dominant in the tree layer for all three association groups. Shrub layer for Association Group A and Group B were also dominated by deciduous species, while Association Group C was dominated by evergreen species.(3)The species richness, species abundance, basal area and importance value of deciduous species in Association Group A and Group B were greater than evergreen species within the 1-5 cm and 5-10 cm diameter classes. In Association Group C, all indicators were greater for evergreen species than deciduous species for the 1-5 cm and 5-10 cm diameter classes. For the ≥10 cm diameter class, deciduous species were dominant for all indicators in all three association groups except for the species richness in Association Group B.(4)The rock bare rate, soil water content, elevation, aspect, pH, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available potassium, canopy openness and human disturbance gradient were the dominant factors affecting the distribution of different types of communities in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the bole epiphytic bryophytes in the tropical rainforest and the tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest in Xishuangbanna, aimed to reveal their composition, diversity patterns, and maintenance mechanisms. The study site is located in Mengla County. Ten sampling plots(20 m × 20 m)of each vegetation type were chosen, and about ten tree individuals were sampled in each plot to survey the bole epiphytic bryophytes. The results were as follows:(1)In total, 60 species belonging to 39 genera and 20 families were recorded. Among them, 48 species belonging to 33 genera and 19 families were recorded in the tropical rainforest, and 19 species belonging to 14 genera and 9 families were recorded in the tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest.(2)The dominant family of the tropical rainforest is Neckeraceae, while the dominant family of the tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest is Sematophyllaceae.(3)The species richness, β and γ diversities of the tropical rainforest were higher than the tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest.(4)The coverage of epiphytic bryophytes was significantly different among different diameter classes and bark roughness.(5)Pendants, fans, wefts, and rough mats prefer the tropical rainforest, while turfs, cushions, smooth mats gather in the tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest.(6)The results of redundancy analysis showed that host characteristics, especially bark roughness, significantly affected the composition and distribution of life forms. Tropical rainforest provide a greater diversity of microhabitats than tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest, and thus harbor more epiphytic bryophyte species than the latter. Considering different bryophyte life form were recorded in different vegetation types or host characteristics, life forms can be considered as an important indicator for forest monitoring and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gutianshan National Nature Reserve ( GNNR) preserves a large expanse of low elevation typical EBLFs. ln order to understand how species composition of evergreen board-leaved forests ( EBLFs) vary al the regional scale and the underlying drivers, we investigated species composition of 29 20 m x 20 m plots in GNNR, and collected data of other 14 typical EBLFs that distributed across subtropical eastern China, then we investigated the species composition difference between 15 typical EBLFs, as well as how geographical and physical environments drove these differences. The results were as follows: ( 1) GNNH EBLFs composed a variety of community types, such as Gastannpsis forest and Cyclobalanopsis forest de. Species composition of GNNR EBLFs was representative in subtropical eastern China. ( 2) Species composition ( r3 diversity) largely differed between EBLFs. Physical environments, instead of geographical distance, was the most in11uential factor of EBLFs species composition. EBLF species composition was the most in11uenced by the minimum temperature of the coldest month ( MTCM). ( 3) Composition of leaf life forms of 15 typical evergreen broad-leaved forests was the most strongly influenced by the minimum temperature of the coldest month ( MTCM), then by the maximum temperature of the coldest month ( MT\VM). These results indicate that habitat filtering is the main driver of the difference of woody plants species composition among eastern typical EBLFs, and suggest cold temperature is the most important determinant of eastern typical EBLFs comm1mities, would provide guidance for conservation and restoration of EBLFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schima superba is a dominant species in the lower subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest community at Dinghushan. In order to understand the construction mechanism of lower subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest community, we have established a 20 hm2 forest biodiversity monitoring plot at Dinghushan National Nature Reserve. The data presented in this paper are based on four field investigations of all S. superba individuals from 2005 to 2017. We further analyzed the distribution characteristics of its death rate according to diameter class and habitat type. The results were as follows:(1)The number of S. superba individuals was largely reduced from 2005 to 2017.(2)Mortality rate and growth rate of S. superba showed different patterns depending on diameter class. The relative growth rate of the individuals of 1-10 cm DBH was high and rapidly decreased, while the mortality rate increased and maintained at a high level. With the increase of DBH class, the relative growth rate of the individuals of 10-50 cm DBH rose and decelerated, and then decreased, while the mortality rate decreased. The mortality rate of those individuals above 50 cm DBH was large while the growth rate was little.(3)The mortality rate of the individuals in each habitat in 2010 was not apparently different. However, in 2015, the mortality rate of individuals in high-altitude habitats(high slopes, ridges, and valleys)was greater than those in low-altitude habitats(low slopes and valleys), while those in low-altitude habitats in 2017 were higher than those in the high-altitude habitats.(4)The mortality rate was significantly positively correlated with soil pH and negatively correlated with soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available potassium, and available nitrogen content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore ecological adaptation strategies of bryophytes for different water conditions, we determined the water loss characteristics during natural desiccation and water use efficiency of dominated or common bryophyte species from terrestrial, trunk and branch in a moist evergreen broad-leaved forest in Ailao Mountains. Our results demonstrated that weft, fan and pendant life-forms were dominated in terrestrial, bole epiphytic and branch epiphytic bryophytes respectively. Bryophytes from different microhabitats exhibited great variances of water-holding capacity and water loss rate: Water-holding capacity of bryophytes from three microhabitats was 476%DW, 210.98%DW and 238.95%DW respectively; Water-holding capacity and water loss rate of terrestrial bryophytes were higher than these of the trunk- and branch-dwellers. Compared with branch-dwellers, the bole epiphytic bryophytes had lower water-holding capacity and higher water loss rate. Water holding capacity and water loss rate of bryophytes among different life-forms also exhibited significant differences: Weft life-form bryophytes exhibited higher water-holding capacity and higher water loss rate, indicating their weaker water retention capacity, followed by pendant bryophytes, and fan bryophytes had lowest water holding capacity and highest water loss rate. Water use efficiency of terrestrial bryophytes and bole epiphytic bryophytes were significantly higher than branch-dwellers. Weft and fan life-form bryophytes had higher water use efficiency than that of pendant bryophytes. The results indicated that water-holding capacity and water use efficiency of terrestrial bryophytes was higher while water retention capacity was poor; Water retention capacity of branch-dwellers was higher while water-holding capacity and water use efficiency was lower; Water use efficiency of trunk-dwellers was higher while both water-holding capacity and water retention capacity was poor. Life-form composition and water characteristics of bryophytes from terrestrial bryophytes, bole and branch epiphytic bryophytes indicated their adaptation strategies to different habitats to a certain extent. The results would provide a scientific reference for elucidating hydrological features of bryophytes under different microhabitats, and understanding ecological adaptation strategies of bryophyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The change features for distribution pattern of tree species under different sampling areas and growth stages to explore the influence of topographic factors on the distribution pattern of tree species were analyzed. As the mid-montane humid ever-green broad-leaved forest in the Gaoligong Mountains National Nature Reserve of Yunnan Province was taken as the research object, such approaches as diffusion coefficient, variance analysis and multiple comparison were adopted, based on the topographic data and community survey data of 200 m × 200 m dynamic monitoring plots. The results showed that the majority trees in the community exhibited aggregated distributions and a few species were randomly distributed. The distribution pattern of most tree species had nothing to do with the sampling area, most of which exhibited aggregated distributions under each sampling area; the distribution pattern of a few tree species was affected by sampling area, and they were randomly distributed in small areas and exhibited aggregated distributions in large areas. The distribution pattern of about half of the trees in the community was independent of its growth stage, most of which exhibited aggregated distributions in all growth stages. On the other hand, the distribution pattern of the other half species was affected by the growth stage: most young trees exhibited aggregated distribution, and middle trees and large trees showed random distribution. The variance analysis demonstrates that terrain heterogeneity has an important effect on aggregated distribution of most tree species, and that the differentiation of tree species in resource niche is the controlling factor, while the terrain redistribution of hydrothermal resources is an important factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf unfolding phenology in plants can be determined by genetic factors, biotic and abiotic environmental factors. However, limited information was available about the leaf unfolding phenology of evergreen broad-leaved forest, and its phylogenetic conservatism has not been investigated. In order to better understand the maintaining mechanism of species coexistence in lower subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest and to predict species responses to global changes, we used the phenological data of 44 species containing 112 individuals of trees, which obtained from Dinghushan (DHS) Arboretum, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), to explore the effects of climate, phylogenetic and the intra- and inter-specific variations on leaf unfolding date. The results showed that leaf unfolding date in DHS National Nature Reserve peaked in the period from March to June, and had been little influenced by climate factors. There were distinct intraspecific variation between different species, and Craibiodendron scleranthum var. kwangtungense showed the greatest coefficient of variation (CV, 0.74), while Machilus kwangtungensis had the smallest coefficient of variation (CV, 0.09). According to the phylomatic tree based on APG Ⅲ, no significant effect of phylogeny on the leaf unfolding date was detected, indicating that close related species did not have the tendency to leaf-out at similar time. This study suggests that exploring the intra- and inter-specific variations of leaf unfolding phenology is important for understanding the ecosystem processes, such as the carbon cycle, the material and energy flow, and the adaptation of different tree species to climate changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ｓｏｉｌ ｅｎｚｙｍｅ ａｎｄ ｍｉｃｒｏｂｉａｌ ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅ ｏｒｇａｎｉｃ ｍａｔｔｅｒ ｄｅｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔ ｒｅｌｅａｓｅ, ｗｈｉｃｈ ｉｎ ｔｕｒｎ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ ｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔ ｓｔａｔｕｓ ｏｆ ｆｏｒｅｓｔ ｓｏｉｌｓ. Ｗｅ ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄ ｆｉｅｌｄ ｓｕｒｖｅｙ ａｎｄ ｃｏｍｐｌｉｍｅｎｔａｒｙ ｌａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙ ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ ｏｆ ｓｏｉｌｓ ｏｆ ａ ｓｅｃｏｎｄａｒｙ ｂｒｏａｄ-ｌｅａｖｅｄ ｆｏｒｅｓｔ ｉｎ Ｓｈｉｗａｎ Ｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎ, Ｇｕａｎｇｘｉ, Ｃｈｉｎａ, ｉｎ ２０１２. Ｗｅ ｑｕａｎｔｉｆｉｅｄ ｓｏｉｌ ｕｒｅａｓｅ, ｓｕｃｒｏｓｅ, ａｃｉｄ ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ ａｎｄ ｃａｔａｌａｓｅ ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ ａｎｄ ａｓｓｅｓｓｅｄ ｂａｃｔｅｒｉａｌ, ａｃｔｉｎｏｍｙｃｅｔｅｓ ａｎｄ ｆｕｎｇａｌ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ ｉｎ ０－１０, １０－２０ ａｎｄ ２０ －３０ ｃｍ ｓｏｉｌ ｌａｙｅｒｓ. Ｗｅ ａｌｓｏ ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄ ｍｏｉｓｔｕｒｅ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｓｏｉｌｓ. Ｓｏｉｌ ｅｎｚｙｍｅ ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ ｏｆ ｃａｔａｌａｓｅ, ｕｒｅａｓｅ, ｓｕｃｒａｓｅ ａｎｄ ａｃｉｄ ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ ｗｅｒｅ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ ｈｉｇｈｅｒ (Ｐ<０.０５) ｉｎ ０－１０ ｃｍ ｓｏｉｌ ｔｈａｎ ｔｈｏｓｅ ｉｎ １０－２０ ｃｍ ａｎｄ ２０－３０ ｃｍ ｓｏｉｌｓ. Ｗｅ ｆｏｕｎｄ ｔｗｏ ｐｅａｋｓ ｏｆ ｃａｔａｌａｓｅ ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ, ｉｎ ｓｐｒｉｎｇ ａｎｄ ｉｎ ａｕｔｕｍｎ ａｔ ａｌｌ ｔｈｒｅｅ ｄｅｐｔｈｓ. Ｉｎ ｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔ, ｕｒｅａｓｅ ａｎｄ ｓｕｃｒａｓｅ ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ ｓｈｏｗｅｄ ｏｎｅ ｐｅａｋ ｉｎ ｓｕｍｍｅｒ ａｔ ａｌｌ ｄｅｐｔｈｓ. Ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ ｏｆ ａｃｉｄ ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄ ａ ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇ ｔｒｅｎｄ ｆｒｏｍ ａｕｔｕｍｎ ｔｏ ｗｉｎｔｅｒ: ａｕｔｕｍｎ>ｓｕｍｍｅｒ>ｓｐｒｉｎｇ>ｗｉｎｔｅｒ. Ｂａｃｔｅｒｉａ, ａｃｔｉｎｏｍｙｃｅｔｅｓ ａｎｄ ｆｕｎｇｉ ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｄ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ (Ｐ<０.０５) ｗｉｔｈ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇ ｓｏｉｌ ｄｅｐｔｈ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅｉｒ ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｄ ｆｒｏｍ ｓｕｍｍｅｒ ｔｏ ｗｉｎｔｅｒ ａｓ ｆｏｌｌｏｗｓ ｓｕｍｍｅｒ>ａｕｔｕｍｎ>ｓｐｒｉｎｇ> ｗｉｎｔｅｒ. Ｓｅａｓｏｎａｌ ｃｈａｎｇｅｓ ｉｎ ｒａｉｎｆａｌｌ ａｎｄ ｓｏｉｌ ｍｏｉｓｔｕｒｅ ｗｅｒｅ ａｔｔｒｉｂｕｔａｂｌｅ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｃｈａｎｇｅｓ ｉｎ ｓｏｉｌ ｅｎｚｙｍｅ ａｎｄ ｍｉｃｒｏｂｉａｌ ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｉｓ ｆｏｒｅｓｔ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔ ｐｌａｎｔ ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓ ｈａｖｅ ｇｒｅａｔ ａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｔｏ ａｄａｐｔ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ ａｎｄ ｕｓｅ ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ, ａｎｄ ｔｈｅｙ ｐｌａｙ ａ ｄｅｃｉｓｉｖｅ ｒｏｌｅ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ ａｎｄ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ. Ｗｈａｔ'ｓ ｍｏｒｅ, ｔｈｅ ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ ｎｉｃｈｅ ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃ ｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｓ ｔｈｅ ｕｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ ｆｒｏｍ ａ ｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ. Ｉｎ ｏｒｄｅｒ ｔｏ ｅｘｐｌｏｒｅ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐ, ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｅａｃｈ ｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔ ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ ｉｎ ａｎ ｅｖｅｒｇｒｅｅｎ ｂｒｏａｄ-ｌｅａｖｅｄ ｆｏｒｅｓｔ ｏｆ Ｂａｉｓｈａｎｚｕ, ｎｉｎｅ ｓｕｂｐｌｏｔｓ ｏｆ ２０ ｍ×２０ ｍ ｒｅｇｕｌａｒｌｙ ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅ ５ ｈｍ２(２５０ ｍ×２００ ｍ) ｐｌｏｔ ｗｈｉｃｈ ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ ｉｎ ２００３ ｗｅｒｅ ｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ, ｗｈｅｒｅ ａｌｌ ｔｒｅｅｓ ｗｉｔｈ ＤＢＨ≥１ ｃｍ ｗｅｒｅ ｔａｇｇｅｄ, ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｄ, ａｎｄ ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄ ｔｏ ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ. Ｔｈｅ ｎｉｃｈｅ ｂｒｅａｄｔｈｓ, ｎｉｃｈｅ ｓｉｍｉｌａｒｉｔｉｅｓ ａｎｄ ｎｉｃｈｅ ｏｖｅｒｌａｐｓ ｏｆ １３ ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ (ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅ ｖａｌｕｅ ｌａｒｇｅｒ ｔｈａｎ １ ) ｗｅｒｅ ａｎａｌｙｚｅｄ ｑｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅｌｙ ｂａｓｅｄ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｄａｔａ ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄ ｉｎ ２０１３. Ｔｈｅ ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ ｄｅｍｏｎ-ｓｔｒａｔｅｄ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ ｎｉｃｈｅ ｂｒｅａｄｔｈｓ ｏｆ Ｃｙｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓｉｓ ｍｕｌｔｉｎｅｒｖｉｓ, Ｒｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ ｌａｔｏｕｃｈｅａｅ ａｎｄ Ｅｕｒｙａ ｒｕｂｉｇｉｎｏｓａ ｖａｒ. ａｔｔｅｎｕａｔｅ ｗｅｒｅ ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｌｙ ｌａｒｇｅｒ, ｗｉｔｈ Ｈｕｒｌｂｅｒｔ ｎｉｃｈｅ ｂｒｅａｄｔｈ ｖａｌｕｅｓ (Ｂａ) ｂｅｉｎｇ ０.８７８, ０.８２５, ０.８０６, ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ, ｗｈｉｌｅ ｔｈｅ ｎｉｃｈｅ ｂｒｅａｄｔｈｓ ｏｆ Ｃｌｅｙｅｒａ ｐａｃｈｙｐｈｙｌｌａ, Ｆａｇｕｓ ｌｕｃｉｄａ ａｎｄ Ｓｙｃｏｐｓｉｓ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｌｙ ｓｍａｌｌｅｒ, ｗｉｔｈ Ｂａ ｖａｌｕｅｓ ｂｅｉｎｇ ０.３４１, ０.３２０, ０.２７２, ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ. Ｔｈｅ ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ ｎｉｃｈｅ ｂｒｅａｄｔｈ ｗａｓ ｎｏｔ ｒｅｌａｔｅｄ ｔｏ ｉｔｓ ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅ ｖａｌｕｅ, ｂｕｔ ｗａｓ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅｌｙ ｃｏｒｒｅｌａｔｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｅｖｅｎｎｅｓｓ ｏｆ ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅ ｖａｌｕｅｓ ａｃｒｏｓｓ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｐｌｏｔｓ. Ｔｈｅ ｎｉｃｈｅ ｓｉｍｉｌａｒｉｔｙ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ Ｃｙｃｌｏｂａｌａｎｏｐｓｉｓ ｍｕｌｔｉｎｅｒｖｉｓ ａｎｄ Ｃａｍｅｌｌｉａ ｃｕｓｐｉｄａｔｅ ｗａｓ ｔｈｅ ｌａｒｇｅｓｔ, ｂｅｉｎｇ ０.８３２, ｗｈｉｌｅ ｔｈａｔ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ Ｉｌｅｘ ｅｄｉｔｉｃｏｓｔａｔａ ａｎｄ Ｓｙｃｏｐｓｉｓ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｗａｓ ｔｈｅ ｓｍａｌｌｅｓｔ, ｂｅｉｎｇ ０.２４８. Ｄｅｓｐｉｔｅ ｏｆ ｓｍａｌｌ ｎｉｃｈｅ ｂｒｅａｄｔｈｓ, ｉｎ ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎ, ｔｈｅ ｎｉｃｈｅ ｓｉｍｉｌａｒｉｔｙ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ Ｃｌｅｙｅｒａ ｐａｃｈｙｐｈｙｌｌａ ａｎｄ Ｆａｇｕｓ ｌｕｃｉｄａ ｗａｓ ｈｉｇｈ (０.７５８) ｄｕｅ ｔｏ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｓｉｍｉｌａｒ ｈａｂｉｔａｔ ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｍｅｎｔｓ. Ｌｏｗ ｎｉｃｈｅ ｓｉｍｉｌａｒｉｔｉｅｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｆｏｕｎｄ ｉｎ ｔｗｏ ｐａｉｒ ｏｆ ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｓａｍｅ ｇｅｎｕｓ: ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ Ｃｌｅｙｅｒａ ｍｕｌｔｉｎｅｒｖｉｓ ａｎｄ Ｃ. ｓｔｅｗａｒｄｉａｎａ, ａｎｄ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ Ｉｌｅｘ ｆｏｒｍｏｓａｎａ ａｎｄ Ｉ. ｅｄｉｔｉｃｏｓｔａｔａ. Ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ ｗｉｔｈ ｗｉｄｅ ｎｉｃｈｅ ｂｒｅａｄｔｈ ｏｆｔｅｎ ｈａｄ ｈｉｇｈ ｄｅｇｒｅｅｓ ｏｆ ｎｉｃｈｅ ｏｖｅｒｌａｐ ｗｉｔｈ ｏｔｈｅｒ ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ, ａｎｄ ｌａｒｇｅ ｎｉｃｈｅ ｓｉｍｉｌａｒｉｔｙ ｗａｓ ｏｆｔｅｎ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ｈｉｇｈ ｄｅｇｒｅｅｓ ｏｆ ｎｉｃｈｅ ｏｖｅｒｌａｐ. Ｌｏｗ ｄｅｇｒｅｅｓ ｏｆ ｎｉｃｈｅ ｏｖｅｒｌａｐ ｗｅｒｅ ｆｏｕｎｄ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ Ｃｌｅｙｅｒａ ｍｕｌｔｉｎｅｒｖｉｓ ａｎｄ Ｃ. ｓｔｅｗａｒｄｉａｎａ, ａｎｄ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ Ｉｌｅｘ ｆｏｒｍｏｓａｎａ ａｎｄ Ｉ. ｅｄｉｔｉｃｏｓｔａｔａ. Ｉｎ ａ ｗｏｒｄ, ｌｏｗ ｄｅｇｒｅｅｓ ｏｆ ｎｉｃｈｅ ｏｖｅｒｌａｐ ｆｏｕｎｄ ｉｎ ｔｈｉｓ ｓｔｕｄｙ ｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｅｄ ｗｅａｋ ｉｎｔｅｒｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ ｃｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｉｏｎ ａｍｏｎｇ ｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔ ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ ａ ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｌｙ ｓｔａｂｌｅ ｐｌａｎｔ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ ｉｎ ｔｈｉｓ ｆｏｒｅｓｔ. Ｔｈｉｓ ｐａｐｅｒ ｒｅｖｅａｌｅｄ ｔｈｅ ｎｉｃｈｅ ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ ｏｆ ｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔ ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓ ａｎｄ ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒａｌ ｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ, ａｎｄ ｉｔ ｗｏｕｌｄ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ ｔｈｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌ ｂａｓｉｓ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ ｏｆ ｂｉｏｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎ, ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｉｏｎ, ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ ｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ. Ａｎｄ ｉｔ ａｌｓｏ ｃｏｕｌｄ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ ｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｎａｔｕｒｅ ｒｅｓｅｒｖｅ ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎ ｔｏ ａｄｊｕｓｔ ａｎｄ ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅ ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎ ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ ｃｏ-ｅｘｉｓｔｅｎｃｅ ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍｓ ｈａｖｅ ｌｏｎｇ ｂｅｅｎ ｏｎｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｒｅ ｔｏｐｉｃｓ ｉｎ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ ｅｃｏｌｏｇｙ. Ｔｏ ｅｘｐｌｏｒｅ ｔｈｅ ｃｈａｎｇｅｓ ｉｎ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ｏｆ Ｄｉｎｇｈｕｓｈａｎ ｅｖｅｒｇｒｅｅｎ ｂｒｏａｄ-ｌｅａｆ ｆｏｒｅｓｔ ｕｎｄｅｒ ｔｈｅ ｈｅｔｅｒｏｇｅｎｅｏｕｓ ｈａｂｉｔａｔｓ ａｎｄ ｔｏ ｆｉｎｄ ｏｕｔ ｔｈｅ ｍａｉｎ ｄｒｉｖｉｎｇ ｆａｃｔｏｒｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ｖａｒａｔｉｏｎｓ, ｂａｓｅｄ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｓｅｃｏｎｄ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ ｓｕｒｖｅｙ ｄａｔａ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ２０ ｈｍ２ ｆｏｒｅｓｔ ｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓ ｐｌｏｔ ｉｎ Ｄｉｎｇｈｕｓｈａｎ Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ Ｎａｔｕｒｅ Ｒｅｓｅｒｖｅ, ２７ ｓｕｂｐｌｏｔｓ (２０ ｍ×２０ ｍ) ｗｅｒｅ ｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｃｈａｎｇｅｓ ｏｆ ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅ ｅｌｅｖａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｔｏｐｏｇｒａｐｈ. Ｔｈｅｓｅ ２７ ｓｕｂｐｌｏｔｓ ｃａｎ ｓｔａｎｄ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｈｅｔｅｒｏｇｅｎｅｏｕｓ ｈａｂｉｔａｔｓ ｉｎ Ｄｉｎｇｈｕｓｈａｎ ｅｖｅｒｇｒｅｅｎ ｂｒｏａｄ-ｌｅａｖｅｄ ｆｏｒｅｓｔ. Ｌｅａｆ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｔｒａｉｔｓ ｏｆ ａｌｌ ｔｈｅ ｔｒｅｅｓ ｗｉｔｈ ＤＢＨ (ｄｉａｍｅｔｅｒ ａｔ ｂｒｅａｓｔ ｈｅｉｇｈｔ)≥１ ｃｍ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ２７ ｓｕｂ-ｐｌｏｔｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｄ ｔｏ ｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｅ ｔｈｅ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ (ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｄｉｓｐｅｒｓｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ ｗｅｉｇｈｔｅｄ ｍｅａｎ ａｒｅ ｃａｃｕｌａｔｅｄ ａｓ ｔｈｅ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ｉｎ ｔｈｉｓ ｐａｐｅｒ) ｄｕｒｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｓｕｍｍｅｒ ｏｆ ２０１３. Ｔｈｅ ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｄ ｔｒａｉｔｓ ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｄ ｍｏｒｐｈｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ ｔｒａｉｔｓ (ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃ ｌｅａｆ ａｒｅａ, ｌｅａｆ ｄｒｙ ｍａｔｔｅｒ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ, ｌｅａｆ ａｒｅａ ａｎｄ ｌｅａｆ ｌｅｎｔｈ ｔｏ ｌｅａｆ ｗｉｄｔｈ ｒａｔｉｏ) ａｎｄ ｓｔｏｉｃｈｉｏｍｅｔｒｉｃ ｔｒａｉｔｓ (ｌｅａｆ ｃａｒｂｏｎ, ｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎ, ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ). Ｃｏｍｂｉｎｉｎｇ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｔｏｐｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃ ａｎｄ ｓｏｉｌ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ, ｗｅ ａｎａｌｙｓｅｄ ｔｈｅ ｍａｉｎ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ ｆａｃｔｏｒｓ ｔｈａｔ ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ ｔｈｅ ｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ. Ｔｏ ｅｌｕｃｉｄａｔｅ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅ ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅ ｏｆ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ ｆｉｌｔｅｒｉｎｇ ａｎｄ ｃｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｉｖｅ ｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｓ ｆｏｒ ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ ｃｏ-ｅｘｉｓｔｅｎｃｅ ｏｆ Ｄｉｎｇｈｕｓｈａｎ ｅｖｅｒｇｒｅｅｎ ｂｒｏａｄ-ｌｅａｖｅｄ ｆｏｒｅｓｔ, ｗｅ ｉｎｆｅｒｒｅｄ ｔｈｅ ｓｈｉｆｔｓ ｉｎ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓ ａｃｒｏｓｓ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ ｇｒａｄｉｅｎｔｓ. Ｔｈｅ ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｄ ｔｈａｔ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｄｉｖｅｒｇｅｎｃｅ ａｎｄ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ-ｗｅｉｇｈｔｅｄ ｍｅａｎ ｗｅｒｅ ｉｎ ｃｌｏｓｅ ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎ ｗｉｔｈ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ ｆａｃｔｏｒｓ, ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ ｅｌｅｖａｔｉｏｎ, ｃｏｎｖｅｘｉｔｙ ａｎｄ ｓｏｉｌ ｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｔｙ. Ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｏｐｔｉｍａｌ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ (ｈｉｇｈ ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅ ｅｌｅｖａｔｉｏｎ, ｈｉｇｈ ｃｏｎｖｅｘｉｔｙ ａｎｄ ｈｉｇｈｅｒ ｓｏｉｌ ｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ), ｐｌａｎｔｓ ａｄｏｐｔ ｔｈｅ ｓｉｍｉｌａｒ (ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｄｉｖｅｒｇｅｎｃｅ ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｄ) ａｄａｐｔｉｖｅ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙ ｏｆ ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔ ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔ (ｌｏｗ ＳＬＡ, ｈｉｇｈ ＬＤＭＣ), ｗｈｉｃｈ ｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｅｄ ｔｈａｔ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ ｆｉｌｔｅｒｉｎｇ ｐｌａｙｅｄ ａ ｓｔｒｏｎｇｅｒ ｒｏｌｅꎻ ｗｈｉｌｅ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ａｄｖｅｒｓｅ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ (ｌｏｗ ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅ ｅｌｅｖａｔｉｏｎ, ｌｏｗ ｃｏｎｖｅｘｉｔｙ ａｎｄ ｌｏｗｅｒ ｓｏｉｌ ｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ), ｔｈｅ ｔｒａｉｔｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｖａｒｉｏｕｓ (ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｄｉｖｅｒｇｅｎｃｅ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ) ａｎｄ ｕｓｅ ｆａｓｔ ｇｒｏｗｉｎｇ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙ (ｈｉｇｈ ＳＬＡ, ｌｏｗ ＬＤＭＣ), ｓｉｎｃｅ ｃｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｉｖｅ ｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｓ ｍｉｇｈｔ ｐｌａｙ ａ ｋｅｙ ｒｏｌｅ. Ｔｈｅ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｄｉｖｅｒｇｅｎｃｅ ｏｆ ｌｅａｆ ａｒｅａ ａｎｄ ｌｅａｆ ｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ ｉｎ ｂｅｔｔｅｒ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ (ｈｉｇｈ ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅ ｅｌｅｖａｔｉｏｎ, ｈｉｇｈ ｃｏｎｖｅｘｉｔｙ ａｎｄ ｈｉｇｈｅｒ ｓｏｉｌ ｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ), ａｎｄ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｔｗｏ ｔｒａｉｔｓ (ｌｅａｆ ａｒｅａ ａｎｄ ｌｅａｆ ｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ) ｗｅｒｅ ｏｐｐｏｓｉｔｅ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｏｔｈｅｒｓ (ｓｐｅｃｆｉｃ ｌｅａｆ ａｒｅａ, ｌｅａｆ ｄｒｙ ｍａｔｔｅｒ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ, ｌｅａｆ ｌｅｎｇｔｈ ｔｏ ｌｅａｆ ｗｉｄｔｈ ｒａｔｉｏ, ｌｅａｆ ｃａｒｂｏｎ ａｎｄ ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ). Ｔｈｅｓｅ ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｄ ｔｈａｔ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｎｉｃｈｅ ａｘｅｓ (ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓ) ｈａｄ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｃｈａｎｇｅｓ ｉｎ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｔｒａｉｔｓ ｄｉｓｐｅｒｓｉｏｎ, ａｎｄ ｉｌｌｕｓｔｒａｔｅｄ ｔｈａｔ ｗｅ ｃｏｕｌｄ ｕｓｅ ｐｌａｎｔｓ ｄｉｖｅｒｓｅ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓ ｔｏ ａｄａｐｔ ｔｏ ｈｅｔｅｒｏｇｅｎｅｏｕｓ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓ ｉｎ ｌｏｃａｌ ｓｃａｌｅ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ ｏｆ ｅｌｅｖａｔｅｄ ａｃｉｄ ｒａｉｎ ｏｎ ｆｏｒｅｓｔ ｓｏｉｌ ｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｉｏｎ ｃａｎ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ ｕｓｅｆｕｌ ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ ｆｏｒ ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ ｏｆ ｃａｒｂｏｎ ｃｙｃｌｅ ｏｆ ｆｏｒｅｓｔ ｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ ａｎｄ ｉｔｓ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ ｔｏ ｇｌｏｂａｌ ｃｈａｎｇｅ. Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ, ａ ｓｉｍｕｌａｔｅｄ ａｃｉｄ ｒａｉｎ ( ＳＡＲ) ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔ ｗａｓ ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄ ｉｎ ａ ｍｏｎｓｏｏｎ ｅｖｅｒｇｒｅｅｎ ｂｒｏａｄ-ｌｅａｖｅｄ ｆｏｒｅｓｔ ａｔ ｔｈｅ Ｄｉｎｇｈｕｓｈａｎ Ｎａｔｕｒｅ Ｒｅｓｅｒｖｅ. ＳＡＲ ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｓ ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｄ ＣＫ (ｔｈｅ ｌｏｃａｌ ｌａｋｅ ｗａｔｅｒ, ｐＨ４.５), Ｔ１(ｐＨ４.０), Ｔ２(ｐＨ３.５), Ｔ３(ｐＨ３.０) ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｒｅｅ ｒｅｐｌｉｃａｔｅｓ. ＳＡＲ ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｉｎｉｔｉａｔｅｄ ｉｎ Ｊｕｎｅ ２００９ ａｎｄ ｗｅｒｅ ｓｐｒａｙｅｄ ｔｗｉｃｅ ａ ｍｏｎｔｈ ｄｕｒｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｓｔｕｄｙ ｐｅｒｉｏｄ. Ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｓ ｏｆ ｓｏｉｌ ｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｉｏｎ ｔｏ ＳＡＲ ｗｅｒｅ ｓｔｕｄｉｅｄ ｆｒｏｍ Ａｐｒｉｌ ２０１０ ｔｏ Ｍａｒｃｈ ２０１２ ｗｉｔｈ ａ ＬＩ-８１００ ｓｏｉｌ ＣＯ２ ｅｆｆｌｕｘ ｓｙｓｔｅｍ. Ｔｈｅ ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ ｓｈｏｗｅｄ ｔｈａｔ ｍｅａｎ ａｎｎｕａｌ ｓｏｉｌ ｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｉｏｎ ｒａｔｅｓ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ＣＫ, Ｔ１, Ｔ２, ａｎｄ Ｔ３ ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｓ ｗｅｒｅ (３.０７±０.０８), (３.０６±０.１７), (２.７８±０.２９), (２.５６±０.０８) μｍｏｌ􀅰ｍ-２􀅰ｓ-１, ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ, ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ Ｔ３ ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ ｗａｓ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ ｌｏｗｅｒ ｔｈａｎ ｔｈｅ ＣＫ ａｎｄ Ｔ１ ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｓ (Ｐ<０.０５), ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｉｎｇ ｔｈａｔ ｓｏｉｌ ｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｉｏｎ ｗａｓ ｄｅｐｒｅｓｓｅｄ ｕｎｄｅｒ ＳＡＲ. Ｔｈｅｓｅ ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｅｖｉｄｅｎｔ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｗａｒｍ-ｗｅｔ ｓｅａｓｏｎｓ (Ｐ<０.０５), ｂｕｔ ｎｏｔ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｏｌ-ｄｒｙ ｏｎｅｓ. Ｉｎ ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎ, ｂｙ ａｎａｌｙｚｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ａｎｎｕａｌ ｓｏｉｌ ｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｅａｃｈ ｙｅａｒ, ｗｅ ｆｏｕｎｄ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ ｈａｄ ｂｅｅｎ ｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｅｎｅｄ ｏｖｅｒ ｔｉｍｅ ｗｉｔｈ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ ａｍｏｎｇ ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｓ ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄ ｏｎｌｙ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｓｅｃｏｎｄ ｙｅａｒ. Ｔｈｅ ｄｅｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｓｏｉｌ ｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｉｏｎ ｍａｙ ｂｅ ｒｅｌａｔｅｄ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｈｅｔｅｒｏｔｒｏｐｈｉｃ ｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ＣＯ２ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ｆｒｏｍ ｌｉｔｔｅｒ ｃａｕｓｅｄ ｂｙ ｓｏｉｌ ａｃｉｄｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｕｎｄｅｒ ＳＡＲ, ａｓ ｗｅ ｆｏｕｎｄ ｔｈａｔ ｓｏｉｌ ｐＨ ｖａｌｕｅ ａｎｄ ｓｏｉｌ ｍｉｃｒｏｂｉａｌ ｂｉｏｍａｓｓ ｃａｒｂｏｎ ａｎｄ ｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｄ ａｆｔｅｒ ｅｘｐｏｓｕｒｅ ｔｏ ＳＡＲ ｆｏｒ ｔｗｏ ｙｅａｒｓꎻ ａｎｄ ｌｉｔｔｅｒ ｄｅｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ ｒａｔｅ ｗａｓ ａｌｓｏ ｄｅｐｒｅｓｓｅｄ ｄｕｒｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｓｔｕｄｙ ｐｅｒｉｏｄ. Ｃｏｉｎｃｉｄｅ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｓｏｉｌ ｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｉｏｎ, ｔｈｅ ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ ＳＡＲ ｏｎ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｉｎｄｅｘ ｈａｄ ｂｅｅｎ ｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｅｎｅｄ ｏｖｅｒ ｔｉｍｅ ｗｉｔｈ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ ａｍｏｎｇ ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｓ ｍｏｓｔｌｙ ｏｃｃｕｒｒｉｎｇ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｌａｔｅｒ ｓｔａｇｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｓｔｕｄｙ ｐｅｒｉｏｄ. Ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｍｏｒｅ, ｗｅ ｆｏｕｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ ｏｆ ＳＡＲ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ ｏｆ ｓｏｉｌ ｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｉｏｎ, ｗｉｔｈ ａ ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅ ｉｎ Ｑ１０ ｄｕｒｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｓｔｕｄｙ ｐｅｒｉｏｄ, ｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｉｎｇ ｔｈａｔ ＳＡＲ ｗｏｕｌｄ ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅ ｔｈｅ ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ ｓｅｎｓｉｔｉｖｉｔｙ ｏｆ ｓｏｉｌ ｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｉｏｎ. Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｉｓ ｓｔｕｄｙ, ｓｏｉｌ ｃａｒｂｏｎ ｉｎ ｆｏｒｅｓｔｓ ｏｆ ｓｕｂｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌ Ｃｈｉｎａ ｗｏｕｌｄ ａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｅ ａｓ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｓｏｉｌ ｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｉｏｎ ｕｎｄｅｒ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄ ａｃｉｄ ｒａｉｎ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｆｕｔｕｒｅ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to gain insight into the species diversity and functional diversity of forest vegetation in karst hills and their relationships with environmental factors. We analyzed the species diversity and functional diversity of deciduous broad-leaved forest, mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest, and evergreen broad-leaved forest in karst hills of Guilin through community investigation, determination of functional traits and environmental factors. And in combination with statistical methods such as one-way analysis of variance, multiple comparisons, and redundancy analysis to investigate the impact mechanisms of environmental factors on the species diversity and functional diversity of different vegetation types. The results were as follows:(1)The Patrick richness index was significantly higher in evergreen broad-leaved forest than that in deciduous broad-leaved forest, and mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest. The Pielou evenness index of mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest was the highest, followed by deciduous broad-leaved forest and the lowest in evergreen broad-leaved forest.(2)The functional richness index of evergreen broad-leaved forest was significantly higher than that of mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest; the functional evenness index was the highest in mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest, the second in deciduous broad-leaved forest, and the lowest in evergreen broad-leaved forest.(3)Redundancy analysis combined with Monte Carlo random replacement test results indicated that species diversity of deciduous broad-leaved forest was mainly affected by canopy openness and soil water-soluble calcium. Functional diversity was affected by soil water-soluble calcium and rock exposure rate. Rock exposure rate and soil thickness were the main restricting factors that affect species diversity and functional diversity of mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest. In addition, species diversity was significantly affected by soil available nitrogen. The influencing factors of species diversity and functional diversity of evergreen broad-leaved forest were consistent, and they were all significantly affected by rock exposure rate, soil water content and soil thickness. The results of this study reveal the effects of species diversity and functional diversity of different forest vegetations on non-biological environmental changes, expand the understanding of species diversity and functional diversity of karst hills, and provide further reference for biodiversity protection of karst hills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the effects of planting tea trees under Phyllostachys edulis forest on soil organic carbon storage and carbon components, we took pure bamboo forest, bamboo-tea mixed forest and evergreen broad-leaved forest as the study objects, collected the surface soil(0-10 cm)of these three forest types, and measured soil organic carbon(SOC), carbon components, biotic and abiotic factors. The results were as follows:(1)The diversity of understory plants in bamboo-tea mixed forest was significantly lower than that in pure bamboo forest, but there was no significant differences in soil organic carbon density[(22.54 ± 2.09)t·hm-2 ] and carbon composition between bamboo-tea mixed forest and pure bamboo forest(P>0.05). Mineral-associated organic carbon(MOC)was(20.13 ± 1.83)g · kg-1, accounting for 92.66% of total organic carbon. The soil organic carbon density of evergreen broad-leaved forest was 41.15% and 41.00% higher than that of bamboo-tea mixed forest and pure bamboo forest(P>0.05).(2)Soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC)content, 16S rRNA gene abundance, cbbL gene abundance and microbial carbon use efficiency of these forest types were(0.58 - 3.08)g·kg-1,(2.18×1010 - 5.65×1010)copies·g-1,(0.37×108-1.10×108)copies·g-1, 0.03 - 0.28, respectively. But there were significant differences about these microbial indicators between three forest types(P>0.05).(3)SOC of the three forest types was significantly negatively correlated with soil pH, gravel content and aboveground litter biomass, and significantly positively correlated with soil clay content, silt content, total nitrogen, C:N, total phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen(P<0.05).(4)In terms of different carbon fractions, particulate organic carbon(POC)and MOC were significantly negatively correlated with soil pH, gravel content and root biomass, and significantly positively correlated with soil water content, clay content, silt content, total nitrogen, C:N, total phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen(P<0.05). In conclusion, the mixed transformation of bamboo and tea will cause the decrease of understory vegetation diversity in the original pure bamboo forest, but it will not cause the decrease of soil carbon storage; compared with evergreen broad-leaved forest, it is necessary to improve the management measures of bamboo to improve its carbon sink efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park is located in the middle mountainous region of Hainan Province, and it has a diverse landscape with 95.56% forest coverage. Studying the evolutionary aspects of the landscape pattern in time and space in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park is extremely important for preserving and enhancing Hainan Province's ecological security barrier. The landscape pattern index, single-motion landscape dynamic attitude and landscape transfer matrix were used to examine the geographical and temporal evolution features of the landscape pattern of 10 land cover patterns in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park between 2015 and 2020. This study used ground cover data from the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park between 2015 and 2020 to develop a landscape pattern distribution system based on actual ecological situations. Other elements that affected the evolution of the landscape pattern in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park included policies, climate and other natural and human factors. The results were as follows:(1)The overall landscape fragmentation of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park reduced from 2015 to 2020, increasing spatial agglomeration of the landscape, decreasing integrated dynamic attitude, and generally steady development of landscape patterns.(2)The area of evergreen broad-leaved forest in the tropical rainforest increased in five years, with an increase of 531.38 km2, a decrease in fragmentation, and a positive growth trend, and the landscape tends to be concentrated in patches; on the other hand, the area of needle-leaved forest and shrubwood significantly reduced, with losses of 189.53 km2 and 294.74 km2 respectively; there was also a partial transformation of water, and the area of the water landscape had been somewhat reduced, and the patches tended to be concentrated and spread; the remainder of the landscape patterns accounted for a relatively modest amount, and developed and changed in the direction of natural succession.(3)The landscape pattern evolution of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park was primarily based on natural succession of the rainforest, followed by a comprehensive impact of policy, climate and other factors, which reduced human factors on the tropical rainforest landscape interference and was conducive to improving the rainforest ecosystem's self-healing capacity. To summarize, the landscape pattern of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park has been stable since the commencement of the pilot project, and policy direction has played an essential constructive role. The targeted conservation and restoration of the tropical rainforest landscape will help to the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park's sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species abundance distribution (SAD) combines species richness with species abundance in a community and is an important indicator of community structure. Although many studies have applied mathematical models to fit the SADs of plant communities, there are still few studies on the changes in the shape of SAD (i.e., the skewness of the SAD curves) along the environmental gradient. Especially for forest communities, it is still unclear whether the model fitting and shape change of SADs are consistent in different vegetation types. Here, 28 plots of 20 m × 20 m were set up in Hynobius amjiensis National Nature Reserve according to the main forest vegetation types. The species composition and abundance of each species were surveyed in each plot. The logseries model and the lognormal model were fitted to the SAD in each plot, and then the best-fit model was selected based on the corrected Akaike's Information Criteria (AICc). The a value in Gambin model and the η value in Weibull model were calculated to reflect the shape of SAD in each plot. The A value in Weibull model was calculated to reflect the scale of SAD (i.e., the range observed in abundance). The relationship between altitude and the shape and scale of SAD was analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) The logseries model fitted SAD better than the lognormal model. (2) When all plots were included, there was no significant correlation between SAD shape (a and n) and altitude, but there was a significant positive correlation between the A value and altitude. (3) There was a negative correlation between altitude and a and η values in the mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forests, and there was a significant positive correlation between the a value and altitude in the deciduous broad-leaved forests, while there was no significant correlations between both a value and n value and altitude. The results indicate that the model fitting and shape change of SADs along the environmental gradient are related to the vegetation types of the forest community. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the vegetation types when analyzing the relationship between SAD and impact factors in plant communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A better understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of species composition and biodiversity provides significant insights into the distribution patterns of biodiversity and the prediction of biodiversity fate in a global change context. However, how species and phylogenetic diversity change along elevational gradient with temporal scale in mountain ecosystems is still unknown. In this study, we used census data (2004, 2008 and 2013) of an elevational transect (elevational range 9602878 m) covering eastern and western slopes of Gaoligong Mountains, SW China, to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of forest arbor layer (DBH≥5 cm) species composition, species diversity and phylogenetic diversity. The results were as follows: (1) Species diversity was hump-shaped along the elevational gradient, while the phylogenetic diversity increased with increasing elevation. Clustering phylogenetic structure was observed at low elevations, and over dispersed or random structure was detected at high elevations. (2) Overall, temporal species and phylogenetic beta diversity analysis showed no significant difference among these three investigation time points. However, we found a higher clustering of phylogenetic structure along the temporal scale. (3) Spatial beta diversity showed that there was a significant loss of species at low elevations (960 1 381 m) on the eastern slope, where the vegetation had been disturbed or completely converted into farmland. The main lost species including Terminalia chebula, Quercus acutissima, Pistacia weinmanniifolia, Hovenia acerba and Ilex wattii. In contrast, the change in the western slope was mild at low elevations, only observing species abundance increasing, which including Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon, Symplocos chinensis, and Taiwania cryptomerioides. Therefore, we speculated that the dynamic changes in species and phylogenetic diversity of the arbor layer of subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest might be related to communities succession process and climatic change in middle and high elevations, while the communities at low elevations were seriously impacted by human activities in Gaoligong Mountains. The results deepen the understanding of the mechanisms of plant community dynamics in Gaoligong Mountains, and provide new insights to guide precise conservation strategies in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widely occurred on diverse habitats from hot dry deep valleys to cold temperate mountains, the sclerophyllous evergreen broad-leaved forest dominated by Quercus species(Fagaceae), is an unique vegetation type in Yunnan. The forest is similar to sclerophyllous oak forests in the modern Mediterranean regions on physiognomy. It differs obviously from the other subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests in Yunnan by its particular physiognomy, structure, characteristic tree species and geographical distribution, and is named as “sclerophyllous evergreen broad-leaved forest” in the vegetation classification of Yunnan. The sclerophyllous forest is a special vegetation type developed to adapt to the new environment during uplift of the Himalayas. The dominant tree species of the forest show Mediterranean floristic affinity, but they presently distribute mostly in southwestern China. Except Quercus species, its floristic composition is the same as other neighbor vegetations. The community structure of sclerophyllous evergreen broad-leaved forest is simple. The typical forest community has a profile of tree-shrub-herb layers as common forests, but hemicryptophyte plants absolutely dominate in the communities on cold temperate mountains, and herbaceous plants dominate in the communities at hot dry valleys in its life form. The sclerophyllous oak species fossils recorded in moist tropical-subtropical evergreen broad-leaf forests in Tethys region before Miocene. Until Pliocene epoch, the modern Mediterranean climate formed and drought-resistant Mediterranean flora arose, while the sclerophyllous evergreen broad-leaved forest evolved from the former tropical-subtropical evergreen broad-leaf forests with the Himalayas uplift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Guihaia is the property of Guihaia Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Holcoglossum kimballianum is a rare and endangered orchid, and its wild populations are in urgent need of conservation. Endophytic fungi and bacteria are important to the growth and development of orchids. In order to assess the diversity of H. kimballianum endophytes and the impact of sampling methods on the endophytes, high-throughput sequencing technology was used to study the diversity of endophytes in fresh and silica gel-dried roots of H. kimballianum in ex-situ conservation. The results were as follows:(1)The species compositions of endophytic fungi and endophytic bacteria were distinctly different in fresh and silica gel-dried roots of H. kimballianum. There were total of 6 phyla 46 families 51 genera of endophytic fungi and 15 phyla 105 families 178 genera of endophytic bacteria annotated in the roots of the H. kimballianum. After silica gel-dried, the endophytic fungi of the H. kimballianum had total of 6 phyla, 88 families, 116 genera, and the endophytic bacteria had total of 21 phyla, 154 families, 336 genera.(2)Endophytes in the roots of H. kimballianum in ex-situ conservation were of richness and diversity of endophytic bacterial community was much higher than that of endophytic fungal community. After silica gel-dried, the α diversity indices of endophytic fungi increased and the β diversity indices decreased, while the α diversity indices of endophytic bacteria decreased and the β diversity indices increased.(3)Significantly different fungi Psathyrella candolleana and Colletotrichum tofieldiae only existed in the endophytic fungal communities of fresh roots. The significantly different bacteria in roots of fresh Hocoglossum kimballianum was Marseilla, and the significantly different bacteria in the silica gel-dried roots included Beijerinckiaceae, Xanthobacteraceae and Bradyrhizobium. (4)Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that the dominant species and interaction patterns in the endophytic communities of the roots of Hocoglossum kimballianum were changed after silica gel-dried. In summary, different sampling treatments can affect the community structure of the endophytes in the roots of H. kimballianum, and it is advisable to use fresh root samples when studying the endophytes of orchids. The results provide an endophytic data basis for wild populations conservation and artificial cultivation of H. kimballianum, and also provide a reference for sampling methods of endophytic microorganisms in orchids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Phosphorus is the key nutrient factor for limiting the plant growth and production in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. lt is of great significance to study on the molecular mechanism of dominant species response to low phosphorus stress in the forest community. Castanopsis chinensis is the dominant species in 20 hm² lower subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest plot in Dinghushan and plays very important role in forest community assembly, and maintenance of biodiversity. ln this study, high-throughput sequencing technology combine d with bioinformatics software's were used to deep analyze the genome sequence of C. chinernis. Sequencing quality was assessed by Fast QC and clean data was demultiplexed by Slacks. The assembly of reference sequence of C. chinensis genom was preliminarily completed by dDocenl and the fasla formal file of genomic reference sequence totally contained 1 488 conlig sequences including forward strand and reverse strand. Sequencing alignment was conducted by llowlie2 and the individual sequence information was completely aligned lo reference sequence. the results were. as follows: ( 1) Pearnon condition analysis was performed using the data of soil available phosphorus content in Dinghushan plot with the result of sequence alignment matrix and the result showed that 37 significant phosphorus-responsive genes were detected. the GO function annotation analysis of the phosphorus-responsive genes found that among the 29 GO annotation classifications, there were 13 genes in the molecular functional class and the predicting functions included NAPE-specific phospholipase D activity, cytochrome-c oxidase activity, electron transporter and peroxidase activity. ( 2) The predicting function of 11 genes in the class of biological process class involved in HNA splicing, oxidative phosphorylation, photosynthetic electron transport in photosystem II. Cellular component contained nine genes, including chloroplast, integral component of membrane and photosystem II. Moreover, the result of KEGG analysis showed that the KEGG terns of 37 genes were significantly enriched lo the metallic pathway of photosynthesis and psbD was the major gene participated in the regulatory process. This study reveals that many phosphorus-responsive genes are involved in the regulation of various biological pathways in the growth stage of C. chinensis under low phosphorus stress psbD gene is a major phosphorus-responsive gene adjusting plant growth by regulating photosynthesis in leaves. The specific function of psbD gene in C. chinernis needs lo be fur1her verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reveal the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of vegetation net primary productivity(NPP)in the Haihe River Basin and the driving mechanisms of its spatio-temporal heterogeneity, we studied the spatio-temporal pattern evolution characteristics of vegetation NPP in the Haihe River Basin from 2000 to 2020 using coefficient of variation, trend analysis, and Hurst index, based on MOD17A3HGF dataset. Driving factors from natural and human aspects and their influence were also quantitatively explored for vegetation NPP variations using correlation analysis and the Geodetector model. The results were as follows:(1)The temporal variation of vegetation NPP in the Haihe River Basin presented a significant growth trend form 2000 to 2020, with a rate of 1.73 Tg C·a-1, and the annual average NPP was 326.75 g C·m-2·a-1; the average NPP of coniferous forests, broad-leaved forest, shrub, grassland and farmland were 313.59, 385.28, 353.03, 320.12, 295.22 g C·m-2·a-1.(2)In terms of spatial distribution, the high-value areas of vegetation NPP were mainly located in the northwest mountains, and the low-value areas were mainly located in the southeast plain; the overall situation of vegetation NPP was relatively stable, with an average coefficient of variation of 0.17; the future trend of NPP was anti-continuity and might decrease.(3)The correlation analysis showed that vegetation NPP was negatively correlated with temperature, and positively correlated with precipitation that was the main climate factor; NPP showed an “increase-decrease” trend with elevation and slope increasing; the conversion of farmland to grassland resulted in the largest increment of NPP at 732.22×10-3 Tg C.(4)From 2000 to 2020, the average influence value of different drivers was 0.2, and the order was precipitation > elevation > slope > humidity > temperature > sunshine duration > land use > wind speed. Overall, the results indicated that vegetation NPP in the Haihe River Basin was improving during the study period; productivity varied among different vegetation types, with the strongest being broad-leaved forest and shrubland; the dominant factors affecting the spatial distribution of vegetation NPP were precipitation, elevation and slope, and the influence of human factors was lower than that of natural factors. The results of this study provide some scientific reference and decision basis for the treatment of ecological environment such as soil erosion and vegetation degradation in the Haihe River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Guihaia is the property of Guihaia Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Guihaia is the property of Guihaia Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ｗｕｍｅｎｇ Ｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎ ｉｓ ｌｏｃａｔｅｄ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｊｏｉｎｔ ｚｏｎａｔｉｏｎ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ ｓｅｍｉ￣ｈｕｍｉｄ ｅｖｅｒｇｒｅｅｎ ｂｒｏａｄ￣ｌｅａｖｅｄ ｆｏｒｅｓｔ ａｎｄ ｅａｓｔｅｒｎ ｈｕｍｉｄ ｅｖｅｒｇｒｅｅｎ ｂｒｏａｄ￣ｌｅａｖｅｄ ｆｏｒｅｓｔ ｉｎ Ｃｈｉｎａ. Ｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ Ｃａｓｔａｎｏｐｓｉｓ ｐｌａｔｙａｃａｎｔｈａ, Ｓｃｈｉｍａ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｉｓ ａ ｔｙｐｉｃａｌ ｆｏｒｅｓｔ ｉｎ ｔｈｉｓ ａｒｅａ ｗｉｔｈ ｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ ａｎｄ ｄｉｖｅｒｓｅ ｔｙｐｅｓ ｔｈａｔ ａｒｅ ｏｎｌｙ ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅ ｏｆ Ｙｕｎｎａｎ. Ｉｎ ｏｒｄｅｒ ｔｏ ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｉｓ ｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ ｉｎ ｍｏｒｅ ｄｅｔａｉｌｓ, ａｎｄ ｔｏ ｆｉｎｄ ｏｕｔ ｉｔｓ ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｅａｓｔｅｒｎ ｍｏｉｓｔ ｅｖｅｒｇｒｅｅｎ ｂｒｏａｄ￣ｌｅａｖｅｄ ｆｏｒｅｓｔ, ｉｎ ｔｈｉｓ ｐａｐｅｒ, ｗｅ ｍａｄｅ ｃｌｕｓｔｅｒｉｎｇ ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｂａｓｉｓ ｏｆ ｃａｎｏｐｙ ａｎｄ ｓｈｒｕｂ ｌａｙｅｒ ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ. Ａｎｄ ｔｈｅｎ, ｗｅ ａｎａｌｙｚｅｄ ｔｈｅ ｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔ ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ ｉｎ ｔｒｅｅ ａｎｄ ｓｈｒｕｂ ｌａｙｅｒｓ ｂｙ ＤＢＨ ｃｌａｓｓ ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ, ｈｅｉｇｈｔ ｃｌａｓｓ ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ, ａｎｄ ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅ ｖａｌｕｅ, ａｎｄ ｃａｒｒｉｅｄ ｏｕｔ ｏｒｄｉｎａｔｉｏｎ ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ ｂｙ ＤＣＡ, ＣＣＡ, ａｎｄ ＤＣＣＡ ｔｏ ｒｅｖｅａｌ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ ｆｅａｔｕｒｅｓ ａｎｄ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ ｇｒａｄｉｅｎｔｓ. Ｆｉｎａｌｌｙ, ｗｅ ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｓｉｍｉｌａｒ ｏｎｅｓ ｉｎ Ｅｍｅｉ Ｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎ. Ｔｈｅ ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ ｗｅｒｅ ａｓ ｆｏｌｌｏｗｓ: (１) Ｃａｓｔａｎｏｐｓｉｓ ｐｌａｔｙａｃａｎｔｈａ, Ｓｃｈｉｍａ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ ｉｎ Ｗｕｍｅｎｇ Ｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎ ｃｏｕｌｄ ｂｅ ｄｉｖｉｄｅｄ ｉｎｔｏ ｓｉｘ ｔｙｐｅｓ: Ｃａｓｔａｎｏｐｓｉｓ ｐｌａｔｙａｃａｎｔｈａ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ, Ｃａｓｔａｎｏｐｓｉｓ ｐｌａｔｙａｃａｎｔｈａ, Ｓｃｈｉｍａ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ,Ｃａｓｔａｎｏｐｓｉｓ ｐｌａｔｙａｃａｎｔｈａ, Ｄｉｐｅｎｔｏｄｏｎ ｓｉｎｉｃｕｓ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ, Ｆａｇｕｓ ｌｏｎｇｉｐｅｔｉｏｌａｔａ, Ｓｃｈｉｍａ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ, Ｃａｓｔａｎｏｐｓｉｓ ｐｌａｔｙａｃａｎｔｈａ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ, Ｓｃｈｉｍａ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ, Ｌｉｔｈｏｃａｒｐｕｓ ｈａｎｃｅｉ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ, ａｎｄ Ｄｉｐｅｎｔｏｄｏｎ ｓｉｎｉｃｕｓ, Ｓｃｈｉｍａ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ. (２) Ｔｈｅｒｅ ｗａｓ ａ ｌａｒｇｅ ｐｒｏｐｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ Ｃａｓｔａｎｏｐｓｉｓ ｐｌａｔｙａｃａｎｔｈａ ｔｒｅｅｓ ｉｎ ｏｌｄ ａｇｅ, ａｎｄ ａ ｇｒｅａｔ ｎｕｍｂｅｒ ｏｆ ｓｅｅｄｌｉｎｇｓ ｏｆ Ｓｃｈｉｍａ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ. Ｍｅａｎｗｈｉｌｅ, ｂａｍｂｏｏ ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｔｙｉｐｉｃａｌ ｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｓｈｒｕｂ ｌａｙｅｒ. (３) Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ ｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｍａｉｎｌｙ ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｄ ｂｙ ｅｌｅｖａｔｉｏｎ, ｓｌｏｐｅ, ａｎｄ ａｎｎｕａｌ ｓｏｌａｒ ｒａｄｉａｔｉｏｎ. (４) Ｄｏｍｉｎａｔｅ ｔｒｅｅ ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ’ ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｓ ｏｆ ｓｉｍｉｌａｒ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ ｉｎ Ｅｍｅｉ Ｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎ ｗｅｒｅ ｓｔａｔｉｏｎａｒｙ ｏｒ ｅｘｐａｎｓｉｖｅ ｔｙｐｅ, ｂｕｔ ｔｈｏｓｅ ｗｅｒｅ ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ ｏｆ ｃｏｎｓｔｒｉｃｔｉｖｅ ｔｙｐｅ ｉｎ Ｗｕｍｅｎｇ Ｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vegetation of mainland Southeast Asia is less known to science. This article introduces the studies up to now on the vegetation of mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina peninsula), and describes the main forest vegetation types based on fragmentary information and field visits. Seven main terraneous and wet land forest vegetation types, including coniferous forest, coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest, tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest, tropical rain forest, tropical seasonal moist forest, tropical monsoon forest, and dry thorny thickets/woodland (savanna), are recognized. Of them, the coniferous forest includes two subtypes; temperate coniferous forest and tropical coniferous forest; the coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest includes also two subtypes; warm temperate and temperate coniferous-broadleaved mixed forests; and the tropical rain forest includes four main vegetation subtypes: tropical lowland evergreen rain forest, tropical seasonal rain forest (tropical lowland semi-evergreen rain forest) , tropical montane rain forest, and peat swamp forest. The study history of the vegetation in the region, its classification, physiognomic characteristics, and dominant species composition, are also concisely introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We took the original plants and vegetation communities of Emeishan World Heritage Site as the study object and assessed the outstanding universal value from the aspects of species diversity, species composition, floristic composition, vegetation type and vertical distribution pattern, and briefly summarized the current situation of the endangered plants and the problems in protection and development in Emeishan World Heritage Site, based on the world heritage documents and vast literature. The results were as follows:(1)Emeishan World Heritage Site had more than 3 200 plant species belonging to 242 families as well as a large number of endemic species and tertiary-relic species.(2)Compared with the vertical band spectrum of other humid subtropical mountain forests in China, the subtropical forest vegetation types of Emeishan World Heritage Site was complete. Moreover, the eastern type of evergreen broad-leaved forest occupied a significant position in the vertical forest zones of Emeishan. It was particularly important that its upper limit of altitude was the highest and the span was the largest. The characteristics of the forest community in the eastern subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest were typical.(3)The flora was complex and diverse, including tropical, subtropical and temperate plant elements, and the geographical distribution of China-Japan and China-Himalaya.(4)However, due to the effects of human being activities, such as tourism development, infrastructure construction, and natural disturbances including climate warming, geological disasters on the vegetations and communities of the world heritage site, the plant diversities decreased obviously, the rare and endangered plants were increasingly threatened, the typical community area degenerated and the stability was reduced in the Emeishan World Heritage Site. Therefore, for the purpose of protecting its outstanding universal value and realizing the sustainable development of the world heritage site, we suggest that plant diversities, environmental factors and anthropogenic activities should be monitored dynamically in Emeishan area, on the basis of delineating rare plant protected areas and specialized protection of the plant habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the mechanism of species coexistence based on functional traits has become a hot topic of community ecology in recent yews. This study was aimed to understand the reasons for the establishment of the vertical structure, and to investigate the functional traits of plant leaves at different layers of the semi-humid evergreen broad-leaf forest in Qiongzhu Temple, Kunming. The results were as follows: ( 1) All plant functional traits showed varying degrees of trends at different layers. (2) The Castarwpsis orthacantha community was divided into three layers according to plant life forms, i.e. tree, shrub, and herb, which were consistent with the clustering results of functional traits. (3) The S.E.S PW values at the tree, shrub and herb layers were all < 0, indicating that the functional structure in the community exhibited a significant divergence. In summary, the adaptation of leaf functional trails of different species in plant communities to different combinations of light and water conditions in the vertical direction of the community, was the main influence on the establishment of the vertical structure, which supporting habitat filtering is the main ecological process in the establishment of the vertical milldam. Species at different layers had different functional trails, and the species diversity at the same layer increased through the varying degrees of competitive exclusion. The formation of community vertical structure was the result of changes in environmental factors in the vertical direction within the community; species with different needs for resources were distributed at different heights, and vertical structure was an effective use of resources, and increased species diversity within the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest is very common in subtropical regions. Studying the community succession characteristics and regeneration rules of the secondary coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest will provide a scientific basis for vegetation restoration and forest management in this area. Using two datasets (2013 and 2018) from a permanent 1 hm² secondary coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest plot in Dongbaishan (DRS), we analyzed the community composition and structure dynamics of tree species composition, community species diversity, species importance values, and size class structure and so on. The results were as follows: (1) Species richness and individual numbers were significantly reduced in the community during 2013-2018 (P<0.05) ; (2) In the plot, 1 505 individuals DBH≥1 cm died, with an annual average mortality of 6.40%, and 71 new individuals recruited, with an annual average recruitment rate of 0.35%; (3) The community species diversity indexes declined significantly (P<0.05), of which Margalef richness index changed greatly, decreased by 25.03%, and Shannon-Wiener index decreased by 11.88%; (4) The dominant position of evergreen broad-leaved tree species were strengthening, while coniferous tree species were gradually reduced; (5) During the five years, the proportion of large and medium size class plants gradually increased, while the proportion of small size class plants gradually decreased. In general, the community composition and structure dynamics of the secondary coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest community in MS changed significantly during 2013-2018. The community is in a rapid succession stage from secondary coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest to evergreen broad-leaved forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Guihaia is the property of Guihaia Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Camellia kweichowensis is a rare 5-locular capsule-bearing representative species of the section Camellia with biological importance and economic value. In order to explore the reasons for its endangered status, we studied the quantitative characteristics of population structure dynamics and future development trend by combining the sample investigation and actual measurement methods, the analysis of population age structure and survivability. The results were as follows:(1)The primary vegetation of C. kweichowensis had typical characteristics of subtropical humid evergreen broad-leaved forests. While the mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest were the main stands, and the coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest of Pinus armandii + Betula luminifera + Liquidambar formosana + Nyssa sinensis + Camellia sp. + Eurya sp. + Schima sp. was common.(2)The growth population of C. kweichowensis dominated the growth structure. The points were mainly concentrated in the small and medium tree stages, and the sum of the proportion constituted 73.02% of the overall population. Deevey-Ⅱ type characteristic of the population survival curve was obvious, the life expectancy of C. kweichowensis was the maximum at the seedling stage. The change trend of mortality and the vanishing curves of the same plot were approximately the same. The quantitative dynamic analysis indicated that the three plots had abundant seedling pools, but were sensitive to the disturbance outside the habitat. The probability of surviving to Ⅶ age-class dropped significantly to 36.17%. On the whole, the population structure showed the characteristics of “growth in the early stage and decline in the late stage of Ⅳ age-class”.(3)After the growth period of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 diameter scales, the C. kweichowensis population dynamics tilted toward the succession of middle trees(Ⅴ-Ⅶ age-class), big trees(Ⅷ-Ⅹ age-class), and aged trees(Ⅺ-ⅩⅢ age-class). In conclusion, due to the limited habitat resources and space, intraspecific and interspecific competition intensifies, which reduces the survival rate of population seedlings and the number of young, and increased the mortality of adult plants caused by human predatory logging. As a result, the population renewal and diffusion are hindered, the distribution area is narrow, and the species tend to be endangered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Guihaia is the property of Guihaia Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Guihaia is the property of Guihaia Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Guihaia is the property of Guihaia Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Guihaia is the property of Guihaia Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Epiphytes are one of the biological groups with extremely high species diversity and extremely fragile and sensitive biological groups in tropical and subtropical forest ecosystems.Light is considered to be a key factor that promotes the evolution of epiphytes from terrestrial groups and determines their growth and distribution. However, due to the proximity to the forest canopy and the limitation of standardized sampling, the relationship between epiphytes and light still needs to be elucidated. Plants (forest canopy woody: buckthorn leaf sorrel, cotton rhododendron, forest canopy herbs: Fritillaria angustifolia, hairy lip single garlic orchid, trunk area herbs: Polygonatum, ginger) as the object. The stomata characteristics and plasticity of leaves grown under four light treatment gradients were compared and analyzed. The results showed that: (1) The stomata area (SA), stomata density (SD), and potential stomatal conductance index ( Both PCI) and epidermal cell density (ECD) respond significantly to changes in light intensity.The SA of the two epiphytic orchids is the largest, while the SD is the smallest.The light response trends of SD and ECD of epiphytic tree leaves are more similar to those of terrestrial plants. On the other hand, epiphytic herbs have differences between species.(2) The stomata, epidermal cell characteristics and phenotypic plasticity of the six epiphytic plants are among the herb-woody, evergreen -deciduous plants, canopy -trunk area. There is no significant difference.(3) The stomatal characteristics of epiphytes and the average plasticity index of epidermal cells are lower than those of terrestrial plants. The above results show that the adaptability of epiphytes in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests to changes in light environment is relatively weak. The epiphytes can adapt to high light intensity by increasing leaf SD and ECD to varying degrees, and double regulation of SD and SA to increase the potential photosynthetic capacity to deal with low light stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Guihaia is the property of Guihaia Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The negative air ion（NAI） is one of the most important indicators of air quality,and is of great significance to human being’s living environment. The authors selected 10 typical observation sites in Guangdong Chebaling National Nature Reserve and measured the NAI concentrations in summer and autumn. The results showed that NAI concentrations in the reserve was relatively high,with the NAI concentrations at all the observation sites above 700 ions·cm-3. The NAI near waters was the highest,followed by those in forest,lawn and building in a decreasing sequence. NAI concentrations in autumn at the ten sites exhibited a decreasing order of river near the museum（Site10）,starting point of drift（Site 7）,waterfall（Site 8）,waterfall pillar（Site 9）,conifer-broad leaved forest（Site5）,coniferous forest（Site 6）,lawn near the museum（Site 3）,Danzhu Pit（Site 1）,suspension bridge（Site 2） and office（Site 4）. There was a significant difference in NAI concentration between sites 7,8,9,10 and sites 1,2,3,4,5,6. In summer,the NAI concentrations at the ten sites showed a decreasing order of sites 8,10,9,7,5,6,1,3,2 and 4. NAI at sites 7,8,9,10 was significantly higher than other sites. NAI at sites 5,6 was significantly higher than sites 1,2,3,4. Site 4 was significantly lower than other sites. Season,water and vegetation type were found to influence the NAI concentrations in the reserve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orchidaceae resources census is the basis of mastering regional background data, and it is of great significance to the study of the geographical distribution and resource diversity of Orchids. Two newly recorded species of Orchidaceae, Bulbophyllum raskotii J. J. Verm., Schuit. & de Vogel and Panisea panchaseensis Subedi, are reported from southeastern Tibet, China for the first time. They grow on trees or rocks in evergreen broad-leaved forest at elevations of 2 000 m. Descriptions and photos for diagnostic characters are provided. Key to Panisea species occurring in China is provided. This study enriched the records of Orchidaceae in China, and provided basic data for studies of Orchidaceae diversity and conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]