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The past decades have seen increased integration of South Asia into the global economy, yet the study on management practices in this region is behind its expansion of business. This study explores the impact of tribalism and collectivism on ethically questionable negotiation strategies in two of the most important emerging economies in South Asia – India and Pakistan. The empirical results show that participants from Pakistan consider ethically questionable negotiation strategies to be more appropriate than those from India due to high tribalism in Pakistan. In addition, this study further shows that collectivism is significantly related to the perceived appropriateness of ethically questionable negotiation strategies in Pakistan but not in India. Implications and future research for contextualizing international business research and human management practices in South Asia are then discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has become one of the most important economies in the global market, but negotiating with the Chinese remains a great challenge for most Westerners. This study is to help better understand Chinese business negotiation styles with an indigenous perspective by exploring the impact of Confucian ideal personality on business negotiation process in China. This study tests the effects of three key components of Confucian ideal personality-benevolence (Ren), wisdom (Zhi), and courage (Yong) on Chinese negotiation behaviors and further on negotiation outcomes with 200 business students in a simulated negotiation exercise. The results support the significant effects of benevolence and courage on Chinese business negotiation styles but wisdom is not found to have any significant impact in China. The overall pattern of the results substantiates the strong influence of Confucianism on Chinese negotiation styles, and provides an important supplement to negotiation theories developed in the West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is always a challenge to deal with ethical dilemmas in negotiations and it is even more difficult when the other party is from a different culture. Understanding the differences between what is ethically appropriate and what is not in an international context has thus become important for a better understanding of different negotiation practices across the globe. This study explores the likelihood of Chinese negotiators' using unethical strategies in negotiations by examining Chinese managerial employees' perceived appropriateness of five categories of ethically questionable strategies. The results show that, in comparison with their counterparts from the USA, Chinese managers are more likely to consider it appropriate to use ethically questionable negotiation strategies in all five categories except the traditional bargaining strategies. In addition, contrary to the West where women tend to maintain higher ethical standards, no gender difference is found in China in the perceived appropriateness of using these strategies in all but one category. Implications for negotiation practitioners and international managers that often participate in international negotiations with the Chinese are then discussed, along with potential future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]