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The problems of the creation of the basic reasons of Ukrainian nation’s political identity in the context of cultural and political dimension have been revealed in the article. It has been found that Cyril and Methodians understood the reasons of political division, which had historical and spiritual background. It has been shown that members of Cyril and Methodiy’s company tried to determine the variations of directions in the development of national and political unity and to determine the Ukrainian national - cultural priorities. They argued that the Ukrainian mentality had been formed on the basis of the following dominant principles: respect to the family, esthetical love to their native land, rational and ethical attitude and respect to human life. It has been indicated, that Cyril and Methodians had proven the idea about the state of the national culture, which had transformed into the global culture through Russian culture, although Ukrainian and Russian culture had perceived differently the importance of global processes. Big attention has been paid to the fact that free Ukrainian people had the experience of struggling for the affirmation of present national character, they did not want to form unions that would destroy freedom. The achievements of Ukrainian national freedom have been described primarily in the implementation of the “freedom” of the individual. Statements of the human freedom being the need of self-expression inside the individual freedom by means of obtaining a sign of social freedom have been suggested. It can be provided when collectivism has no pressure on the will of the individual and cannot influence its intellectual potential. The emphasis has been referred to the fact that the psychology of self-defense is based on Ukrainian cultural achievements being the part of its national identity. The forms of language development, the construction of temples, traditional rituals of rural life have been developed. The “live” power laid in national and cultural achievements of Ukrainians as they borrowed the values from other cultures and adapted to their minds. This happened due to the fact that national culture was formed as a specific element of the current world culture and withstand the pressure of “great power.” It has been noted that Ukrainians contributed to the development of Russian culture, they dissolved this so-called Little Russian mentality in the Russian public sphere and popularized Ukrainian spirit. The impact of ideas of European Slavophiles Decembrists, Ukrainian philosophers to the attitudes of Cyril and Methodius has been reviewed. Theoretical and methodological basis to analyze the maturing political identity formed work of contemporary philosophers, political scientists, cultural studies, where they were identified and developed fundamental categories methodology regarding patterns of political thinking Ukrainian nation.

Paper deals with investigation of deconstructive concept of quasi-transcendental in the context of general thematization of transcendental philosophy framework of which deconstruction is thought as a representational version. It was established that quasi-transcendental thinking amounts to such a re-interpretation of theoretical foundation of transcendental discourse in the frame of which moments of critique and hyperbolizing are united. Author brings to light and explores main topics of transcendental thought primarily and foremost subjected to the quasi-transcendental reflection: namely, the problem of relationship between transcendental and empirical and the problem of conditions of possibility. In the first case, an ambivalence of “transcendental-empirical” relation, inherent to transcendental discourse turns out to be sharpened. This relation combines in itself characteristics of opposition and juxtaposition, up to reciprocal conditioning. Transcendental becomes such only with regard to empirical and vise versa. In the second case, questioning on conditions of possibility is reshaped in discourse on conditions of impossibility, which proves to be both critical restriction and hyperbolic extension of the former. Paper shows that development of idea of quasi-transcendental in deconstructive philosophy is an outcome of mutual work of Derrida himself and his eminent commentators. The function and basic senses of concept “quasi”, which it obtains within the scope of deconstructive version of transcendentalism, are determined. In particular, an affinity of Derridian “quasi” with Kantian als ob is ascertained, as well as its connection with both critical attitude and discursive realm of fiction. A peculiarity of concept of ultra-transcendental as variation of notion “quasi-transcendental” is found out. Author explores the relation of quasi-transcendental discourse to empirism and gives reasons for priority of transcendental realm over empirical in Derridian thought. Paper lays bare the relationship of quasi-transcendental thinking with discourse of other, as a fundamental theme of deconstructive philosophy. In sum author claims that (1) importance of the theme of (quasi)transcendental in deconstructive discourse and (2) personal Derrida’s self-identification as quasi-transcendental philosopher serve as crucial reasons for investigation of deconstructive philosophy as a prominent version of transcendental thinking.

This paper proposes a theoretical interpretation of social activism and its role in the practices of forming networked social movements. In today’s information society, the importance of solidarity practices for agents in social networks is increasing. The terms «activism», «online activism», «activism», «communication activism», «media activism», «collectivism» and so on have become widespread. They are used as markers of new practices for shaping social and political activist movements in social networks. However, the issue of social activism is not a sufficiently relevant topic in sociology. Discussions regarding the place and role of social activism in the practices of network social movement formation are more popular than scientific. Technological innovations of the information society have influenced forms of social interaction, communication, and solidarity of different levels of the agency. They transform and create innovative modes of social activism - from networking resources to collaborative activities to art-activism. Social networks are an active dynamic configuration space for various forms of social activism because they contain constantly updated information content created by network community agents in the form of comments, replies, likes, posts, and more. Networks are becoming a practical mechanism for social consolidation amid a crisis of legitimacy and trust in government. There is a shift in the practices of social and political activist movements into the internet space and social networks. The problem of new social movements has become especially relevant in recent years in connection with the proliferation of protest movements in the globalized society, which require relevant theoretical and methodological principles to study them. The paper deals with the consideration of social activism from the standpoint of the theory of the information society of M. Castels, the pragmatic sociology of L. Boltanski and L. Teweno and the theoretical developments of G. Reingold and S. Harrebi.

Problem setting. In most states, the territorial issues were accompanied by the establishment of a sovereign power, the inviolability of borders, the preservation of the independence of the state, the search for a new model of national identity. As a result, territorial integrity has gained the appropriate level of institutionalization and legitimization at the international and national levels, thus becoming one of the most pressing problems for modern humanities. The basis for understanding the territorial integrity of the state is the study of Hajd, Ch. (2005). The territorial integrity of the state scientist understood as its unity and indivisibility, while inviolability – as the preservation of the integrity of the territory, protection from encroachments by other states or other political forces. In this respect, the territorial integrity and inviolability of the territory are considered by the author as a whole and partial, on the basis of which the inviolability acts as a structural component and a necessary condition for the territorial integrity of the state. The purpose of the paper is to conduct a conceptual analysis of the concept of state territory and territorial integrity in the context of modern political science. The objectives of the paper are to find out the essence of the state territory, to specify the main theories of its research, to systematize the main research approaches to the identification of the content of territorial integrity and the tools for its protection within the framework of domestic and Western political science. The paper main body. The concept of Cassese, A. (2007) is of significant methodological value within the research. The territorial integrity of the state he understood as “an element of state unity characterizing the immutability of state borders, territorial integrity and inviolability of the territory of the state historically formed and people living in a certain territory”. On this basis, territorial integrity is the basis of strengthening the constitutional system, which in no case may contradict the principle of the right of people to self-determination. Within this research logic, an important role in implementing the mechanism of ensuring the territorial integrity of the state is given to judicial instruments for resolving territorial disputes within a single constitutional space. The scientific approach by Fukujama, F. (2004) is analyzed. The scientist makes a methodological attempt to carry out a detailed analysis of the notions of “state unity” and “territorial integrity”. Within the bounds of political analysis, the concept of Eide, A. (2015) is of great conceptual value. He defines the notions of “territorial integrity”, “state integrity” and “territorial inviolability”. The concept of Jacobson, J. (2014) in this context is also of great importance. The author reveals the essence of territorial integrity in the context of the implementation of the principle of inviolability of borders, which is an important condition for the solution of issues of protection of state borders, which are essential for the provision of international security throughout the world. Conclusions of the research. Thus, our analysis made it possible to find out the essence of the notions of “state border”, “territorial integrity”, “territorial integrity” by systematizing the main research approaches that were formed in the context of world and national scientific thought. On this basis, the structural and functional content of the state territory is clarified, including the determination of its composition, history of formation, morphology, location and characteristics of the boundaries. The economic and political peculiarities of the development of the state territory are presented. The relationship between the structure of the state territory and the territorial structure of the economy, the content of territorial disputes and claims between the states, as well as the nature of the corresponding territorial-ethnic conflicts, which leads to a violation of its integrity, are disclosed. The notions of territorial integrity, which refers to unity and indivisibility, and territorial inviolability, which characterizes the preservation of the integrity of the territory, protection from encroachments by other states or other political forces, are delimited. Territorial integrity and territorial inviolability are considered as integral and partial, on the basis of which the inviolability acts as a structural component and a necessary condition for the territorial integrity of the state. It is this aspect that is least developed within the framework of modern political science, which thus forms the methodological prospects for further study of this problem.

Petrykivsky decorative painting is a part of Ukrainian folk art. Domestic science of folk art has originated and has been developing primarily as a study of archaeological antiquities and artistic monuments of the past. Scientific papers, which comprehended the process of folk art development, began to appear in the late nineteenth century, Archaeological Congresses became the impetus for their appearance. Being a representative of the decorative painting, Petrikivsky decorative painting is rooted by its murals to Tripoli. It was created as a peasant domestic drawing. Inexhaustible diversity of local variants of Petrikivsky decorative painting, its evolutionary change, the individual characteristics of paintings of hundreds of famous Ukrainian artists do not even allow comparing it to any other European counterparts, each of which is characterized only by some individual techniques. Petrikivsky decorative painting got the significant boost in its distribution and development when it «came down» from walls to paper. Paper pictures - malyovky - were stucked to walls following the traditional rules of domestic interior’s decoration. Petrikivsky decorative painting got the official status in 1913, when E. Evenbah, by the initiative of D.I. Yavornytsky, gathered the collection of Petrikivsky decorative painting’s malyovkas and organized the exhibition in St. Petersburg. Motives of painting are rooted into the local flora and fauna and into the historical tradition. However, Petrikivsky decorative painting is not a direct reflection of natural motifs. World, created in paintings, is the product of the imagination of folk artist, it is the stylization of local flowers, fruits and birds. First names of Masters of Petrikivsky decorative painting, which appeared in historical sources, were T. Pata, N. Bilokin, I. Pavlenko. Their official recognition happened in 1930 after their participation in the first republican exhibition, which was later shown in Kiev, Moscow, Leningrad. Their students and followers are well-known now masters G. Prudnykov, V. Kucherenko, V. Sokolenko, F. Panko, E. Klyupa, I. Zavgorodniy Z. Kudish, M. Shyshatska, N. Szulik and others. The two-year school of decorative painting was opened in Petrikivka village in 1936, first teachers there were O. Stativa A. and T. Pata. There are a lot of exhibitions, Petrikivsky decorative painting is being introduced abroad. In 1958 F. Panko gathered some masters into the plant of varnished production, which was later modified into the factory of artistic products «Druzhba». Experimental art studio, organized by him in 1970, was converted into the center of folk art «Petrykivka» in 1991. Due to its high decorative properties, Petrikivsky decorative painting blends into the exterior and interior of modern buildings both by walls painting and by the use of paintings and dishes. It is used in advertising, printing and souvenir production. In 2013 Petrykivsky decorative painting was declared an intangible cultural heritage of humanity by UNESCO.

In contemporary Ukraine after the events of 2013 – 2014 years a lot of attention is paid to the problem of political stability in the context of numerous threats. Moreover, political stability in Ukrainian democratic conditions leads to public sceptical attitude due to the permanent conflict interactions, preconditions for authorities’ conflict, free representation of political interests. However, political stability is a basement for policy’s institutional infrastructure, its complications and the transition to a new level. Political modernization has traditionally represented the necessity of the renewal of the political system which should bring it to the level of the best world standards. The political progress and sustainable functional democracy are inaccessible, contrary to the fact that Western societies always improve their political relations and get further progress. Thus, in such circumstances, the driving modernization process reveals to be the possibility of achieving status quo in gaininng visible political and social changes within one generation. It has been outlined in the paper that states in conditions of political transformation can not change political institutions immediately within one electoral term. The challenges to the political stability in the transition period are the lack of political will, resources and lack of external support. However, a key problem, connected with these elements, requires further empirical recording and thorough study. Political transformations in Central and Eastern Europe have shown that, despite the consistency and changeable events in the country, it is essential to keep stability model, typical for «institutional concept» of political system. The list of factors that may affect the success or failure of political stability in terms of modernization can include challenges or requests to the institutional capacity and management components of the political system. Specificity of contemporary Ukraine is that the country has to fulfil a number of political transition programs, and to maintain the stability of the chosen model, which is generally consistent with the model in Central and Eastern Europe. The aim of the article is to clarify the characteristics of political stability, political management development and institutional challenges in the ongoing modernization period. The objective of the research is to outline adaptation mechanisms in conditions of the dual dynamics of the political system. To sum up, compensatory mechanisms of the political stability in conditions of the ongoing modernization should accelerate the development of civil society within the absence of a stable and adaptive political community. Challenges to political stability should be compensated by creativity and optimality of the authorities’ activities. Prospects for further consideration of problems, being raised in this paper, are as following: to determine the socio-cultural constraints of the institutional adaptability of the political system.

The ULU (Union of Liberation of Ukraine or Soiuz Osvobozhdeniia Ukrainy) trial has been studied in the article. This trial was held in 1930 in Ukraine and initiated the mass repressions of Ukrainian intellectuals by the Stalin regime. Forty five (45) persons, in particular academicians, professors and employees of popular schooling, doctors and writers were brought to trial. A well-known scientist, academician S.A. Yefremov, the literature historian and the writer of political essays, who headed this organization, was put on trial. Defendants, the members of ULU were accused of clandestine, anti-Soviet, and nationalist activities. This trial was highlighted by mass-media. The historians studied the case fabrication, the inquest, the legal procedure, and who were the main defendants. Quite different objective has been set by the authors of this research paper; their task was to narrate a story of the adverse party of ULU trial, in particular the people that constituted the court, prosecuting officials and public prosecutors at the trial and their fate. Academician A.N. Sokolovsky was the main figure of the public prosecution, who represented the scientific circles of Ukraine. The reasons for nomination of academician A.N. Sokolovsky as the public prosecutor and also his personal motivations have been analyzed in the scientific paper. Also information about other principal participants of the trial and prosecution has been given, in particular the president of the court A.T. Prykhodko, associate justice Prof. I.P. Sokoliansky, Prof. G.I. Volkov, public prosecutors O.A. Slisarenko, P.P. Liubchenko, the prosecutors M.V. Mikhailike and L.S. Akhmatov. The course of trial and the participation of A.N. Sokolovsky in it, the questions put to the defendants, and his personal attitude to the ULU case have been described in the article. The research done allowed us to come to the conclusion that the importance of ULU trial went beyond the struggle with old intellectuals and had a profound ideological and historical character. The specific forms of trial organization have been accentuated by the authors. Judges and prosecutors at this court were chosen properly, as it was expected that the «descents» from non-proletarian parties would prosecute their former colleagues from the Ukrainian democratic movement, i.e. to force national intellectuals or «conscious Ukrainians» to judge «conscious Ukrainians». It has been shown by the authors that the fates of the accused on the one hand and the judges and prosecutors on the other hand didn’t differ significantly. Almost all representatives of the adversary were also the victims of political repressions during the years of great terror. At the end of the investigation the authors came to the conclusion that all parties of trials, which were held in 1930 years, should be studied.

In situations of a large variety of coordination in sociocultural processes, the use of the term «linguistic community» lacks the classical interpretation. In the current environment study these concept become practical value and require new tools. The classic interpretation of community makes it impossible to define linguistic community in terms of different scientific approaches and sciences using the common denominator: language and society.The term «linguistic community» often appears in scientific research in linguistics, ethnology and other sciences. Research on the concept of linguistic community sociological level requires a careful structuring and careful reflection. Growing interest in contemporary sociological thought to the issue of constructing social space necessitates individual sociological study linguistic community as an agent of socialization of the individual. The definition of the language communities in the sociological aspect allows to focus on the object and the subject field of science. The sociological aspect of language community as an agent of socialization helps individuals better understand the social phenomenon, referring to the linguistic representation. This article outlines basic sociological parameters linguistic community. Chart sociological parameters linguistic community manifested in two dimensions - in language practice (the choice of language education, the level of language competence, etc.) and through the relationship with language (mother tongue, language as a symbol, ethnicity, language, prestigious language, etc.) . The authors considers that the notion is interlinked with the categories of linguistic situation, linguistic identity, linguistic picture of the world and linguistic processes. In the article the analysis of the works of national and foreign researchers in sociolinguistics, sociology of language based on a common interpretation of the language community. Characterized the role of linguistic community in in the construction of social space in the context of the theory P.Berger and T. Lukman. Also the paper presents the analysis of the works of domestic and foreign social scientists who have studied the mechanisms and factors of a young person, her social conditioning. Sociological approach to the explanation of linguistic community as an agent of socialization of the individual is characterized. The authors considers that the notion is interlinked with the categories of linguistic situation, linguistic identity, linguistic picture of the world and linguistic processes. The paper interprets the state of linguistic community depending on the state of languages in society.

The necessity of the introduction of the «time-space» concept’s sociological context («chronotope» by M. Bakhtin) has been grounded. Theoretical and methodological basis of the study are some chronotop ideas, which had been described in the papers of M. Bakhtin, E.Giddens, who are the representatives of phenomenological sociology, etc. In these papers, time and space are understood as a fundamental interrelated forms that give sense to human experience and which are consistent. The purpose of the article is to analyze the concept of «time-space» from a sociological point of view, as well as to suggest the possibilities of its use in a sociological context. The main categories are the chronotope social time and social space. It has been shown that the idea of the chronotope reflects the significant importance of temporal and spatial relations. All processes, phenomena and conceptualized events, existing in society and human life, are included not only in the sphere of temporal-spatial existence, but also in the realm of sense. Such senses doesn’t have material reality, they have a subjective meaning. In social sciences, chronotope definition is inseparable from space. Due to the indissoluble unity (without merger), temporal and spatial definitions of chronotope has a clear but abstract character. Chronotope is interpreted as a combination of temporal and spatial characteristics (it is impossible to separate them), which are seen as set of changes from general social to specific ones. The necessity to describe chronotope as the social sense of reality in a whole or some of its specific component in particular, has been proven. The chronotopes of time and space are united not only mechanically, the necessary alternation between subjective – objective ones can be detected. Sometimes space is an objective then it is subjective. This alternation enables the communication of internal and external. Thus, social space and social time in the modern sociology of scientific thought act mainly as concepts that have mutual dependencies and are not united by the single concept. Due to this, the concept of «time-space» («chronotope») can be used in measuring of the social time and space, as well as in finding a common direction and understanding of the socially significant importance of the social reality’s description.

Modern philosophical researches pay attention to various aspects of self-knowledge investigation. For instance, there are works on historical concepts of self-knowledge (e.g. ones by C. Moore), or articles about the place of self-knowledge in the phenomenon of rationality (e.g. ones by J. Roessler), or articles about epistemological lacks of self-knowledge (e.g. ones by J. Fernández). However, our paper is about the aspect that is not in the researchers’ centre of attention. Our study shows that practicing of book reading can be a source of information not only about the content of the books, but also about their readers. We investigate a phenomenon of incompatible interpretations, Ludwig Wittgenstein’s ideas about understanding his texts, Merab Mamardashvili’s concept of ‘novel as a machine’, Ludwig Feuerbach’s theory of specifics of human cognition, and Philosophical Hermeneutics thinkers’ concepts about problems of understanding. The purpose of our paper is to describe possibilities of getting self-knowledge by analyzing the information about the results of philosophical texts reading. The research holds that these results give information about the content of the text as well as a reader’s ideas. A reader can use word forms from the texts to express his own implicit thoughts. Philosophical texts are the most effective tool for doing that because their content and ways of text organization stimulate such an activity. We illustrate these statements by examples from history of philosophy. For instance, we investigate the creation of the theory on the genealogy of morality by Friedrich Nietzsche. Analyzing phrases, which were important for him in the text, a person can estimate his own ideas. If one uses this theoretical model for getting self-knowledge he takes a new source of information about his own implicit ideas. The interpretation of this information will be effective. As a result of analyzing of Friedrich Schleiermacher, Hans-Georg Gadamer and Martin Heidegger’s theories we state that the interpretation of somebody’s own ideas does not make big problems with taking into account factors that have influenced the process of thoughts formation and context of creating ideas. We show how this approach to interpretation of reading philosophical text diverges from the other ones. Moreover, we argue that there is a relation of our theoretical model to Socratic maieutics, although we describe differences between them too.

The article is devoted to the aspects of hermeneutics as a possible basis of education process. Significant attention is given to the analysis of hermeneutics value as a philosophical and pedagogical methodology. In this article the author examines the education as a primary element of social relations and as a way of mastering of the culture and tradition. Also, the article explores the role of education in person’s improving, his evolution, as a result in social progress. The main attention is paid to the aspects of hermeneutic experiences such as understanding, interpretation, dialogue and their relations with education process. The fields of tradition, history and culture are represented as the texts, which are open to their interpretation and meaning creation. This interpretation consists of choice and use of a personal way of the meaning of the construction that represents an inexhaustible limit of interpretive strategies; the hermeneutic truth depends on the position of the interpreter and not just on the objective reality. Through the classical hermeneutics by H.-G. Hadamer understanding is considered not only as a purpose of knowledge, but as the way of human’s existence in the world. The paper examines that understanding has the dialogical nature, hence through the understanding of outward things the person may understand himself. Interpersonal communication is recognized as significant part of personal foundation and culture formation. The author suggests modernizing the content and management of pedagogical process by using hermeneutic methods in teaching and in a dialogue between student and teacher. It defines preconditions of mutual understanding of the origin and regards the importance of mutual understanding of productive dialogue as the knowledge transfer process. The paper describes the principles and methods of hermeneutics in its application to pedagogical process. The purpose of the study is to identify and describe the main pedagogical aspects of hermeneutics in the light of its relationship with the education process.

The term church refers to a group of people governed by similar rules and beliefs, who congregate in recognition of a higher Being. In most cases the term church and religion are used synonymously. While religions is domesticated by morals that are illuminated by faith, most states are guided by politics whose orientation is generally practical empirical. In most cases the church. Church institutions have long been not only present in public life but directly influence the activity of the Ukrainian authorities. Therefore, the Church has long been performing a mediation mission in settlement of the socio-political conflict in Ukraine, with different intensity going on since the declaration of its independence. That mission lies in the formation of philosophic and moral perceptions of children and adults, inoculation of tolerance / intolerance, etc. The features of the democratization of the political process in Ukraine and the religious factors influence the formation of a consolidated democracy. It is noted that in today’s political democratization process involves the institutionalization of power and expanding the role of non-political non-governmental actors, which include the religious association. This paper therefore intends to evaluate the relationship between church and civil society in Ukraine. This paper falls under cross cutting themes like religion, values and civil society. However, the start of the transitional period in Ukraine was rather marked with a religious revival. Suppressed by the previous regime, religion in the transition to democracy finally found a way to make itself visible and redefine its position in the new emerging social context. But, what role did religion play in the period of post-communist transition? The authors will employ philosophical methodology. This method involves analyzing issues and rationalizing. The data that will be used includes mainly secondary data. This includes information that is obtained from libraries like books with relevant information, periodicals like journals and newspapers and even the internet sources.

Article covers issue of theoretical conceptualization of the notion of informational capital based on the concept of Pierre Bourdieu. The text offers theoretical model of informational capital in three classical forms of the capitals. Apart from that, paper describes structure of the informational capital outlined on the basis of the development of the informational society and theoretical elaborations of Pierre Bourdieu. Also paper presents theoretical outline of opportunities for the conversion of the informational capital in any other form of capital. Paper focuses the role of informational technologies and information itself as resources that are capable of provide their owners with outstanding competency, wealth and leverages in the informational society. Another point concerns informational capital implements manifestation of ownership relations into informational product that is basis for the liquidity of the informational society in the context of its conversion to other forms of capitals. Paper also discusses limitations of empirical analysis of the informational capital.

The paper focuses on analyze of maintaining social contacts of senior age group. Social contacts maintaining is investigated in terms of social inclusion to the social mainstream. Current sociological science examines social inclusion as multidimensional process which possesses different manifestation – political, economic and sociocultural dimensions. Sociocultural manifestation consists of social participation and maintaining social contacts. Previous research experience demonstrates that social contacts are important source of moral and material supports. Permanent communication (as joining to the social networks) is able to protect from social exclusion. Results of complex sociological research are highlighted in the paper – combination of quantitative (analyze of European Social Survey data, the ESS, 2010/11) and qualitative (original study based on in-depth interview conducted in Kiev) approaches was applied. Empirical object of research is age group of persons 60 years and older. Both volume (the number of contacts) and quality (opportunities for financial assistance and moral support) of social contacts, which are maintained by senior age group, are considered during the study. The results demonstrated various social contacts of senior age group mostly provide the moral support. Yet they are very difficult converted to material resources in Ukraine.

The paper analyzes the scientific research on the topic of urban governance of the Ukrainian lands in the Russian Empire in late ХІХ – early ХХ1 centuries. Ideas and practice of local government have had a long tradition since veche meetings of Kiev Rus, the introduction of Magdeburg rights, institutions of Cossack’s democracy, the functioning of urban doom, provincial and district institutions, the rural meetings while Ukraine was a part of the Russian Empire, rural, burghs, township authorities, county and provincial commissioners, dooms in times of UPR as well as in modern terms. In particular the author emphasizes that Ukrainian historiography of the first half of the nineteenth century, while studying state features of the Hetman period, is looking for syntheses in the form of general researches on the history of Ukraine, and espesially local government. D.Bantysh-Kamensky’s scientific papers give a systematic overview of the history of Ukraine from earlier times to the end of the eighteenth century, paying more attention to the Cossack self-government. At the same time Ukrainian historiography puts into focus the people’s life and motion in the age of Romanticism. Romantic fascination ethnic group then develops into compassion for the social and economic distress of the masses, mainly - the peasantry. Exploring the ukrainians as the subject of history, Ukrainian historiography puts it at the head of Ukrainian historical process. In certain cases, at different times and in different researchers populist trend characterizes all Ukrainian historiography of the middle and second half of the nineteenth century, and reviews its influence even in the first decades of the twentieth century. Populist trend is the most clearly evident in the researches of M.Maksymovych, P. Kulish, O.Lazarevsky and others who have dedicated their works mainly to the results of Cossack’s history and its management. The paper examines the views of revolutionary populists, who bowed to the rule of the will of the people, which was the basis for all levels of government. In the program principles of public government emphasized the democratic traditions of rural communities. Advancing the general democratic slogans of the sovereign right of nations to develop, they were not referring to a federation of equal nations, but a federation of communities united in regions and subordinated to the local regional management, and in the center-the central government. But populists did not give answers to life’s questions, practical recommendations concerning national problems. Central Council demonstrated its commitment to the institution of local government. However, not all of the documents announced the subordination of local governments to the central government. The Constitution of 1918 brings some clarity and perspectives of local government in the Ukrainian People’s Republic. The system of local government had to include the lands, provinces and communities, and their relationship with the state anticipated in the form: «Without prejudice to its single power, UPR provides land, townships and communities with the right of wide government, keeping to the principle of decentralization.» And in the civil war, those intentions were realized.

This paper provides structural and functional characteristics of the Institute of Postgraduate Education, which in modern terms sells innovative component. The paper shows the simulation of new ways of working with the education in the field of cultural and educational environment of the region and within the same educational institution. Therefore, the basic idea of our research is the idea of Academy of Postgraduate Education, which is presented in the meaning of «structure ­ the attractor». In the development of the model of Academy of Postgraduate Education the author includes all current approaches to the reform of postgraduate education, which are developed in the concept of humanitarian systems: the logical and epistemological (and others), humanities and axiological (et al.) and its own ­ local ­ in terms of scientific activities on the basis of socio­cultural paradigm. In the model «academy ­ attractor» the criteria of performance evaluation is changing as well as the ideas about the result: it is not a digital zoom «flow» of students in the educational activity, not a simple accumulation of scientific and methodological knowledge in the form of books and publications of all kinds; the main result of the academy is whether it has lost or hasn’t lost its « attractive « functions in the education space; whether the system of educational processes, initiated and supported by the Academy, is developing or rolling back.

The path to understanding the nature of the German federal state is the analysis of its historical development. The process of establishing the federal structure of the German territory is long and quite complex , due to complex factors of social , legal and political nature. Federal relations on German soil in a given historical period is a reflection of political realities and lessons of the previous state . This paper considers the problem of revival of federal structures in the context of the new German state. Author determined arguments in favor of the federal structure of the state at the time. Established a task that had set the parents creators of the Weimar constitution. It is noted that much attention has been given implementation mechanisms controlling the balance of power and authority , not the vertical distribution of competencies. The features of the functioning of West German federalism. This paper analyzes the main structural problems and dysfunctions in the system of German federalism, which found its expression in the post­war period ; considered federal principles in Eastern Germany, who were in the tension field of centralist ideological trends in the postwar period. The author points out that the revival of German federalism influenced by factors such as domestic and foreign policy issues and concludes on the need for transformation of the federal system.

A large number of scientific papers are devoted problems of the future today. They are scattered and in need of systematization and analysis. The future is one of the most complexes, multifaceted and urgent problems of humanity. Vision of the future has repeatedly changed in the historical development of social con­sciousness. The first scientific attempts to analyze the future, to develop his concept were made in Antiquity. Also they acquired their development in the religious writings of the Middle Ages, in the first utopias of T. Mor and T. Kampanella. Wildest concept of the future was developed during the rapid grooving of science and technology. The picture of the future was defined by the idea of scientific progress. The problems of a global nature and the inevitability of their impact on a society came to the fore during the further development of the society. This gave rise to dominance the idea of fatality world development, the inevitability of global catastrophe, pessimism and assessments in society. Future research, systematization of already accumulated knowledge about it gain a whole new importance in such socio­cultural situation. It is important to explore the features of the concept production of future in today’s cities. The relevant social trends find the most clearly reflected in a modern city. City is changing very rapidly in today’s world. Phenomena such as individualization are intensified. People refuse to construct long­term plans and wish to live «here and now». Vision of the future is under the absolute influence of globalization, of the awareness of global issues and threats. These trends are very distinguished in a city. The availability of a permanent risk is one of the features of a modern city. The relevance of pessimistic forecasts in urbanized world is concluded in the article. Examples of images of cities of the future are discussed in this paper. Conclusion about the importance of a comprehensive study of the future is made in article. The importance of learning as an image of the future in urban areas as the city image is discussed in a paper.

The article is devoted to the research methodology of Hesychasm ­ one of the most important schools of the Byzantine philosophy, which played a significant role in the development of modern civilization. However, to date it remains a kind of «terra incognita» for the world historical and philosophical thought. Hesychasm is a kind of Christian mystical worldview that is embodied in a certain spiritual practices that form the basis of Orthodox asceticism. Even half a century ago, history of philosophy left without attention of philosophical and theological teachings of the authors of the late antiquity and the early middle ages, be they Christian thinkers or the neo­Platonists. The era of post­Plotins philosophers Neoplatonists or commentators on Aristotle considered as a period of decline of this philosophy and the time of the rise of irrationality. For the same reason it was considered that the system of Christian thinkers cannot and should not be subject to the historical and philosophical science. This fully relates Hesychasm. However, on the basis of works of the French philosopher P. Ado, the paper argues that philosophy in late antiquity when there is Hesychasm is first of all a way of life, and therefore Hesychasm can be considered as a specific philosophical school of Christian asceticism. The main modern method of historical and philosophical studies is the hermeneutical reconstruction of cultural meaning of the philosophical texts, however, Hesychasm cannot be reduced to the «amount of texts» or rational philosophical discourses. When learning is impossible not to take into account the existing experience, what is behind the lyrics: the experience of the inner purification, «the noetic prayer, which often has verbal reflection. Therefore, along with the use of hermeneutic and semiotic principles of research work with the texts, there is a problem of the analysis of the experience of spiritual practices. This requires the use of the phenomenological methods of cognition of mystical experience. At the same time, a mystical experience should be based on religious dogma. On this basis, the paper argues that the main methodological principles of historical and philosophical studies of Hesychasm is the hermeneutical reconstruction mystical­philosophical texts, phenomenological description mystical experience and reliance on theological and Church tradition as to streamline this experience. Thus, the specific methodology of the study of the traditions connected with the peculiarities of Hesychasm as a special type of practical philosophizing.

The intellectual context of the early 21st century, defining new topics and subjects of research, is de facto blurring the boundaries between high and low culture, emphasizing mass culture as a phenomenon that appears to be a means of seeking distractions in the real world. In the problematic field of postmodernism, mass culture represents how an ordinary person describes himself/herself as an individual in temporal and local dimensions. When contemporary culture represents a woman in the mainstream media, a woman is by definition the primary object of creating mythologemes, usually related to the goals of consumerism. Of great importance is that the illusory world created in the imagination deforms the existing world view in which femininity is still more often represented as a biological quality. The goal of the paper is an interdisciplinary analysis of the issues of gender mythologization in postmodern philosophy and culture. The above-mentioned demonstrates the need for applying the principles of systematic analysis with a focus on hermeneutical interpretation of texts of mass culture. It should be stressed that femininity and embodiment in their combination hold a specific place in the postmodern culture; the latter is vividly represented in all genres of mass culture: both in television shows and series (Netflix, HBO, NBC, MTV) and on the wide screen. This goes to prove the phenomenon of unprecedented visualization used in different genres of mass culture. On the presumption that the heroine of mass culture in the early 21st century is an artifact, the authors of feminine artifacts are continuing to use the dominant myths of patriarchal culture, with certain changes. Therefore for the emergence of new dynamics in the mythologization of femininity, it is important to disburden women of the fear of patriarchal masculinity. Today this problem is solved in the artistic field of mass culture in its highest echelon of gender myths and mythologemes (C. Buckley, A. Monro, M. Atwood, L. Moriarty et al.).

The article is focused on the research of social control and functioning of total institutions in the social control policy in the Postmodern society. Topicality. The relevance of this study is explained with qualitatively new trends in the development of the Postmodern society, where criminal justice is increasingly ceasing to be actually classical justice in the traditional sense, and is increasingly manifesting itself as a purely political tool. In the paper, the author departs from the traditional approach to social control, which in the light of classical views is carried out by society on the "deviant". Results. The author postulates that in the new coordinate system of Postmodern society number of deviants expands due to potential (sometimes even simply declared) deviants. The key categories of protection of society are not "crime" and "just and lawful punishment" but deeper and penetrating social control over much larger groups with the help of formally independent institutions. The above process is characterized by the fact that clear boundaries between such closed total institutions and non-institutional applications are blurring. The boundaries between the above-mentioned "honest citizens" and "deviants" (even criminals) are also blurring. It has been found that in modern conditions, society no longer exercises social control, but social control over society by the state and even private entities that have national or even transnational power. Conclusion. The article concludes that in the Postmodern society, punishment and other forms of social control are devoid of traditional goals (including "correction" or "re-education" of deviants). Society ceases to be a subject of social control and becomes its object, exposed to net-widening processes, as a result of which the Posmodern society acquires the characteristics of a carceral society, where national social control systems (including total institutions) become more mobile and acquire qualitatively new forms, significance and significance.

In 2008–2011, the Council of Ministers of Poland adopted the Privatization Plan of 802 companies, which became a significant stage in the process of property transformation in the country. Privatized enterprises gained more independence, quickly adapting to market changes. The separation and privatization of large companies enhances competitiveness and hinders the political struggle for the management of state property. The refusal to subsidize unprofitable state enterprises can reduce budget spending.On the other hand, privatization has led to mass layoffs of workers, many companies seek to use privatization as a process of speculative enrichment, not caring that people can find alternative jobs on similar financial conditions and near their place of residence. Poland is one of the countries that could potentially attract more and more foreign investment. Increasingly, wealthy foreign corporations win tenders, which poses a threat to domestic producers. The Subcarpathian Voivodeship is in a difficult economic situation due to its peripheral geographical position. Despite the difficult situation on the labor market and in the economy of Subcarpathia, respondents do not see a chance to improve living standards due to dynamic privatization and restructuring. The paper was inspired by the results of empirical studies conducted in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship, which indicated a cool attitude of respondents to the processes of restructuring and privatization. The article identifies potential areas of economic activity that may contribute to raising economic standards in the regional market. The author considers it appropriate to strengthen state control over privatized enterprises in order to more effectively use the existing potential for the economic development of the Subcarpathian region and eliminate its economic backwardness.

The article comprehensively examines the social sources of armed violence, as one of the important phenomena in the development of humanity. Based on the analysis of works by leading Ukrainian and foreign scientists, the author considers the essence of the phenomenon of armed violence in the context of the development of social violence. In particular, a significant number of scientific papers have been analyzed, in which certain aspects of the topic chosen for research are disclosed, the main approaches and concepts that have developed in the process of studying this issue are identified and characterized. The complex characteristic of the basic concepts that studied in the article is presented. The term "social violence" the author understands as the application by one class or another of a social group of various forms of coercion, up to armed influence, against other classes and social groups in order to obtain or maintain economic and political dominance, to gain these or those rights or privileges. Accordingly, armed violence is interpreted as a way to achieve the goals using weapons. The author agrees with the opinion of a significant number of scientists regarding the definition of armed violence as a radical form of the use of social violence. As a result of the research, the author has come to the conclusion that violence has been characteristic of the human environment since its occurrence. As most scholars have noted, since the emergence of social relations, violence, including armed violence, has been one of the most important ways to achieve the goals of controlling and asserting dominance in other members of social communities. Armed violence is the most radical form of achievement of the aforementioned goal. As a form of social interaction, as noted by psychologists, armed violence is the result of the transformation of animal instincts that, in the course of social evolution, have evolved into one of the specific forms of struggle for domination within complex human communities. This is the main scientific value of the articles analyzed in the article. At the same time, as the analysis of the researched works has shown, the further classification of the types of armed violence according to the spheres of its application in social life and its varieties, according to the tasks, which are realized in the process of its use, needs further consideration. The article assumes that the most important criterion for the classification of violence is the use of weapons in this process. It is noted that no one can doubt that armed violence is violence. It is suggested to consider the main goal of most unarmed forms of social violence − the prevention of armed forms of confrontation. These aspects will be addressed in future scientific publications

The present paper considers the main approaches to definition and understanding of concept of hybrid war, the substantive provisions of the phenomenon of hybrid war and its features in the international relations are analyzed, absence of unified definition of concept of “hybrid war” in scientific field is stated, also pre-conditions of hybrid war development by a country-aggressor are considered. Actuality of problem. The problem of the “Hybrid War” due to the increase of the tension level is actualized, which ultimately leads to significant resource losses. All this affects on development of society and the state, as weal as on the all the processes that take place in them. Lately in different parts of the world there is a far of local and domestic conflicts that on the essence appear opposition of supercountries through aspiration to protect the interests and occupy leader positions on a world political arena. This problem puts further European and world safety under a threat. «Cold war» became one of main varieties of relations between countries during the last two centuries through intensifying of political rivalry and wars for diverse reasons. This position predetermines the necessity of deep and objective research of this phenomenon. Consequently it is very important to expose maintenance, pre-conditions of origin, basic signs and possible consequences of this destructive process from event on east of Ukraine. Also study of this problem predefined by the necessity of fight and development of effective counterweapons, determination of ways of its avoidance to hybrid war in the future. Innovativeness of analysis of this problem appears through a look to hybrid war in Ukraine as a constituent of «cold war», new landmark of history of opposition to Russia and the West, exposure of thepersonal touches of «cold war» in our time, establishment of conceptual positions of this concept and its specific lines in international relations.

It has been substantiated that the use of a research strategy of rational choice institutionalism was one of the factors that contributed to a return to the institutional theory of policy analysis individual dimension in the paper. Possibilities to achieve utility and distribution of resources in society at the political process micro-level began to be considered as sufficiently important resultants of functioning of the institutional system alongside macro-politics. In addition, it is specified that application of the methodology of the STEM subjects has allowed characterizing the activities of political institutions using the terms of effectiveness, which led to a reorientation of the study of their informal varieties as real regulators of political behaviour. However, the interest in empirical development has created the danger of rationalizing the politics up to its dehumanization, whereof avoiding, according to foreign political scientists, is possible adhering to ethical constraints that arise from the peculiarities of complex human nature. As a result of the analysis held, it has been found that, unlike the studies of foreign experts who distinguish various substantive areas of analysis in the theory of rational choice institutionalism, the applied potential of implementation of elements of its methodology in the works of Ukrainian scientists is rather instrumental. The general conclusion is that the research strategy of this version of new institutionalism in the practical plane is used mainly as one of many methodological approaches to the study of different political phenomena and processes. To some extent, similar to the particular area of research that reveals the analytical resource of rational choice institutionalism is to study the peculiarities of formation and functioning of parliament and the related processes (electoral strategies and coalition arrangements). It is emphasized that the most interesting for us may be the segment of scientific works, which are based on the theory of rational choice institutionalism, and related to the analysis of those factors that may impede democratic transformations in transitional political systems. It can be argued that inefficient political institutions, despite their irrational nature, continue to function in the political system because they are the product of a rational choice of influential political actors. In this case, the understanding of the very concept of rationality is distorted, which from an absolute category is transformed into a relative one, not only because of the limitations associated with the action of moral and ethical factors, but mainly due to maintenance of an inefficient institutional equilibrium, i.e. an institutional trap.

The article is devoted to the research of trends and mechanisms of STEM-innovations implementation in Ukraine. STEM – a series or sequence of educational programs designed to solve the problem of the scientific and engineering specialists lack for high-tech industries and raise the competitiveness of the state. It is a priority in state policy towards economy strengthening and state social order to the educational sector. Consequently, relevance of STEM in the modern European institutional space is beyond doubt. In this regard, attention is focused on measuring the understanding of STEM and its essence, on the prospects and difficulties of implementing these social technologies in Ukrainian realities. The paper presents the results of quantitative research conducted on the basis of author’s methodologies, members of teaching staff, student youth, expert group and parents of high school students. On the basis of conducted monitoring results calculation, comparing the answers of different categories of respondents, the authors attempt to summarize the STEM technologies state in modern Ukrainian society and come to the conclusion that the implementation of relevant innovations contributes to the dissemination of dialogue among all participants in the educational process, parents and potential employers. Conducted research makes it possible to state the following. Educators of experimental educational institutions have a sufficiently high level of motivation to innovate, open to cooperation and understand the importance of innovations in the modern Ukrainian school. STEM topics of interest to students are clearly outlined. Therefore, the majorities of polled students support the STEM direction and understand its prospects but do not understand in what sphere and where they will work in the future, even choosing the STEM profession. The results of the study showed that modern parents are motivated to influence the future profession choice their own children. However, the direct parents’ influence on the future profession choosing is limited because a significant number of high school students have their own opinion on this issue, which is in part or does not coincide, with parents. STEM innovations create a new space for a steady dialogue between educators, parents and employers for the development of the economies of the states and engage youth in STEM industry.

A lot of papers have been written on the ideological methods of the Soviet politics within the Georgian scholarly field and beyond it and their analysis is rather interesting. The aim of this article is to discuss how historiography was used for creating history , desired for the Soviet policy . During 1918-1921 there were three uprisings of Ossetian Bolsheviks, but in 1920 there was the most important by its dimensions and requirements one. It aimed at separating a part of Shida Kartli, Tskhinvali region (now the so-called South Ossetia) from Geor gia and becoming it a part of Russia. In the 1990’s Georgian scholars had the chance to research the thematic of 1918-1921 freely. But the prejudice that was created at the period of the Soviet Union seemed so true that it was copied in the modern Georgian historiography. Presumably, the Soviet Union used for this the purpose Valiko Jugheli, who was one of the significant figures of the leader party and the general of Georgian public army and was described as the leader who put down the uprising in 1920. In the scholarly monographs or articles published in the 1990’s, the attitude towards the first Democratic Republic of Georgia has changed. There was no restriction by the Soviet policy and it made it possible to write works without the Soviet censorship. That is why in the scholarly literature, published after gaining the independence of Georgia, the uprising is considered not as the attempt of self-determination of the Ossetian people and justified requirement of territorial allocation, but as the action inspired by the Russians and directed against the Geor gian state. I have several sources for studying the Georgian-Ossetian conflict in 1920. The first is the archival materials (Georgian and Russian), the second one is the memories of leaders (Giorgi Kvinitadze’s and Valiko Jugheli’s). There are also periodicals that are a significant source for my research. According to this material I studied this issue again and the picture became rather different. In fact, the leader of the Georgian military operation against the uprising was general Giorgi Kvinitadze and not Valiko Jugeli. He was the leader of the right flank only . Why was the Soviet regime interested to announce Valiko Jugeli as the leader of Georgian army? My answer is simple. As I mentioned, Valiko Jugeli was one of the important figures from Georgian leader party – Social Democrats. Showing Valiko Jugheli as the leader of the Georgian army and making him an oppressor would show the same policy of the Georgian state too. Of course, this helped the Soviet political ideology to show Georgian-Democratic Party as oppressor in people’s eye. This prejudice was spread by Soviet ideology very easily as the access to archives was limited at the time of the Soviet Union. But this prejudice can change real history understanding in ways how it can be used by state in future and how it can be used by state for subjective reasons.

The reconstruction of main ethical principles of calling in Protestantism has been given in the article, as well as its transformation in works on contemporary labor ethics and social ethics of this Christianity branch has been shown. The regularities in the process of the spreading of the idea of calling in Protestantism on all social strata and fields of human activity have been described in the research. The content of the Luther’s concept of professional calling has been clarified as a religious duty of every man and woman on their way of serving people and the God. The influence of the eschatological Luther’s understanding of human existence in the world and of Calvin’s idea of predestination on the formation of ascetic attitude towards human labor and everyday morality as well has been estimated in the article. It has been explicated in the paper how the religious asceticism results on the economy and works in favor of the capital build-up, though the motivation of enrichment was not foreseen by the founders of Protestantism. Thus, the possibility for Protestant ethics to become the ideology of capitalism has been shown in the article. The correlation between the religious ideas and socio-economical processes via the general civilizational process of world’s rationalization have been discovered. The rationalization, as M. Weber explained, determines the legality of the Western civilization and becomes the future of the entire human world. The contemporary influence of Protestant ethics on working and social behavior and its morality is conditioned by the transformation of Protestant doctrine itself. The analysis shows that the main factor of the transformation is the shift from the traditional eschatological idea towards the increase of the importance of social responsibility, justice and social service. On the whole, 5 main traits of the contemporary Protestant ethics have been emphasized: 1) its personal characteristics; 2) the principle of responsibility; 3) the importance of the idea of social justice; 4) the claim for modesty and prudence in the economic behavior together with generosity; 5) the openness to the idea of faith and the movement towards the evangelization of the world not only by spreading all over the word, but also by charity and sacrifice.

The article deals with the public life of the occupied territory of the Lugansk region in printed mass media. This methodology of research, painted methods and methodology of the research of printed mass media, a sample is drawn up. The article presents some results of the content analysis of newspapers that were printed during the year in three settlements of the so-called Luhansk People’s Republic, namely Lugansk, Stakhanov (Kadyivka) and Antratsyt. The papers of selected newspapers reflecting social processes in the occupied territory of the Luhansk region have been analyzed. It is the media that makes it possible to conclude that newspapers have an information content direction that the information they provide most often has a household or an economic nature, and that focus is on situational events. It is proved that a lot of publications are paid to the political life of the so-called Luhansk People’s Republic. However, it has been found that the number of publications about Ukrainian or Russian authorities is almost the same. It was also discovered that, although there are newspapers and negative articles about Ukraine, it is still more often covered in a neutral context. As for publications on international political events, there are very few such publications, which suggests preserving political thought within the two countries and directly by the LNR. After analyzing publications in the print media of the so-called Luhansk People’s Republic, the authors concluded that the political life of the occupied territory is most frequently covered. An interesting fact was the number of publications about Ukrainian or Russian authorities. They do not have much discrepancy. It was also discovered that, although there are newspapers and negative articles about Ukraine, it is still more often covered in a neutral context.

Migration is the most common social phenomenon in the modern world. First of all it helps people to improve their financial situation and living conditions. Besides, the decision on migration can be taken due to the unstable safety in the country. The paper presents the migration process from and to the Middle East, in particularly the process of emigration to Western Europe (mainly illegal emigration of refugees, emigration of elite and religious minorities). Moreover, it shows the migration process to the countries of the Middle East, especially in the context of economic migration in the Persian Gulf, taking into consideration features, forms, sources and consequences of this phenomenon. The main hypothesis of the presented concept is the assumption that migration directly affects international relations and is often associated with risk. The issue of migration in many Western countries has become an important and urgent issue related to security and terrorism. Therefore, the European Union began to perceive the flow of illegal migrants as a source of risk that could be a threat to European safety. One should realize that analyzed phenomenon affects almost all aspects of the functioning of society. Moreover, we should emphasize the inestimable economic potential brought by immigrants, especially because of the society aging in Western Europe. Consequently, it is necessary to establish agreements between EU countries and countries-exporters of immigrants, not only on a bilateral basis, but also at a multilateral level. In the countries of emigrants there is no elaborated migration policy, besides there are no signs of improvement in the political, economic and social situation in the Middle East – on the contrary the situation is worsening, that will certainly contribute to an increase of emigrants who want to leave the region.

Global issues of 21 century, such as ecological concerns, depletion of natural resources, informatization, transition to the machine production and switch to the predominance of intellectual work have led to the changes in the social role of large business. Best world practice along with UN recommendations strongly support the development of socially responsible business. Global network of multinational companies allows them to predetermine political and social situation in many countries sometimes more effectively than traditional politics. Positive correlation between business performance and purchasing power of citizens accentuate the importance of investment into social development. Consequently, the corporate social responsibility (CSR) becomes one of the cornerstones of sustainable development. This paper aims to describe basic principles of CSR and its historical development, to analyze pros and cons of different approaches to CSR and discuss the perspectives of its implementation into Ukrainian economy using Polish experience. E. Garriga and D. Mele in their article «Corporate social responsibility Theories: Mapping the Territory» managed to perfectly describe almost all theories of CSR, allowing many scientists to use their results. In spite of positive social influence of CSR, its impact on economic still remains unclear. It may be connected to the relatively short follow-up for the tracking of economic changes and the difficulties for the estimation of such complex phenomenon. Transitional Ukrainian economy just have started the implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR), and sometimes it lack the deep understanding of what that means and how that works. Polish experience may become a good example for eastern neighbor`s companies and government, and help to build new relations between large business and society.

The article covers one of the problematic aspects of US-Soviet relations in the first post-war years - the issue of «the controversial refugees», appeared due to non-recognition by the United States of Soviet annexation of the Baltic States and the conduct of forced repatriation by the USSR. American diplomacy during the presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt adhered to the «non-recognition policy», concluded in the Stimson Doctrine (January 7, 1932) and the Welles Declaration (July 23, 1940). However, declared foreign policy acts did not lead to a decrease of the level of official relations with the aggressor state. At the same time, the official Washington did not consider the Balts as citizens of the USSR and retained the diplomatic missions of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia in the United States. Under the administration of President Harry Truman, the course of non-recognition of the «voluntary entry of the three Baltic republics into the USSR» continued. It was researched that after the end of the Second World War, refugees and displaced persons from the Baltic-occupied Soviet Union were located in Austria, Italy, France and Switzerland. The large contingent was within the limits of the American occupation zone in Germany, the vast majority were immigrants from Lithuania. The attention was paid to the factors that led to the mass exodus of Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians from 1943 to 1944. It is outlined the special place of American diaspora civic organizations in collecting of financial assistance and coordination of their activities with the US State Department. It is also defined the role of representatives of the Catholic and Protestant national churches. The researched paper contains an analysis of correspondence between the leaders of the American diplomatic missions of Lithuania (Povilas Žadeikis), Latvia (Alfrēds Bīlmanis) and Estonia (Johannes Kaiv) with the US Department of State. Baltic diplomats constantly emphasized the need to confront the Soviet propaganda machine with regard to the denial of the «voluntary Sovietization of the Baltic» and the practice of sweeping accusation of refugees in «betrayal» and «cooperation with the Germans». In turn, they pointed to the need to extend the jurisdiction and mandate of international organizations on Baltic refugees, to determine their legal status and to prevent their recognition as the Soviet citizens in some European countries. The article deals with the documental potential of the diplomatic correspondence of the US foreign policy department. Attention is drawn to the analysis of this issue in the research works of foreign historians. During the first post-war years in matter of refugees’ problem and displaced persons, it was found that American diplomacy was in search of consensus between humanitarian reasons for ensuring human rights to asylum and the fulfillment of allied obligations in course of the activities of Soviet repatriation missions. However, «Baltic refugees» were a separate category, which Americans tried not to extradite from their occupied territory to the USSR cause of their non-recognition policy of Soviet annexation of Baltic states.

In the proposed study the questions of the essence of the processes of psychosocial self-identification of the person are clarified, the theme of the problem actualises the phenomenon of identity in the unity of social and individual aspects. The significance of processes of psychosocial development, which are identified for the individual with the processes of self-identification, are characterized by the presence of intentions (intentions) of a person in accessing the horizons of the external world and designing the «image of himself» in the conditions of this world and expressed in many aspects of life-formation. The paper states that the value-semantic positions of the individual determine the development of important qualities of the internal-spiritual structure of the individual, directly affect the development of consciousness and the welcome behavioral models of personality. It is emphasized that the highest achievement of a person in the creation of identity, in the processes of self-realization and self-representation in the world of culture and social life is the moral self-identification as a manifestation of conscious responsibility and responsibility of the individual in the plane of social expression. It is proved that the moral context of the processes of self-actualization in the modern social world consists in the development of such psychological components of the system of personality, which will allow the individual in the future to become the subject of activity. Such psychological assumptions include: awareness of the autonomy of the self, the feeling of inner freedom and responsibility, the formation of critical thinking, the ability to model the desired life situations, the desire for meaningful actions, the choice of positions, practical decisions, the ability to reflexive analysis, the focus on cooperation, social expression of will. The article focuses on the ethical problems and problems facing a person in the modern world. Ethical values serve as a normative framework for sensory-minded and pragmatic human actions. In the value-semantic consciousness of a modern person dominated by the interests of subjective-pragmatic nature, and the process of emotion formation is accompanied by the search, design and reconstruction of emotional images that are adequate to the epoch of modernity.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify and evaluate the possibility of teaching doing philosophy. Using analysis as a main method, I argue that philosophizing, as an activity, has different levels, some of which are connected with specifically philosophical abilities. By analyzing John Rudisill’s minimal conception of «doing philosophy», I demonstrate that many philosophical practices, such as the interpretation, analysis, and critical assessment of arguments and presuppositions, as well as the application of simple philosophical concepts, do not need a background of specifically philosophical abilities. However, other philosophical practices, including the application of sophisticated philosophical concepts and the development of novel approaches, need such a background. I show that specifically philosophical abilities are: (1) high ability of abstract thinking, (2) high motivation to achieve intellectual autonomy, and (3) capability to feel «philosophical astonishment». I also argue that there is a real possibility to teach doing philosophy, although students without specifically philosophical abilities will successfully learn only basic levels of philosophizing. Consequently, careful selection of prospective students for philosophy courses is important. Moreover, I claim that the possibility of teaching doing philosophy highly correlates with a teacher’s expertise in the pedagogical approaches and techniques of philosophy teaching. The results of my research provide to philosophy teachers information to help them choose proper methodology and raise teaching effectiveness.

Main theoretical approaches to the definition of the informal employment in the context of a structuralist school (productive), legalist (alternative one) and complementary approach have been studied in the article. The aim of this article is to provide a critical overview of how informal employment can be defined and measured, to analyse the researches on its extent and character, and to make a summary of competing views regarding its role in contemporary economies and how it can be tackled. The basis of the research is a set of conceptual frameworks on understanding the burgeoning literature on informal employment. Each of the above-mentioned approaches has been presented in this article. Before the analysis, however, a definition of informal employment, or what is variously called the ‘black’, ‘cash-in-hand’, ‘hidden’, ‘undeclared’, ‘underground’ or ‘shadow’ economy/sector/work, is required. The review of the literature on this topic has shown that almost all definitions are describing insufficiency or absence of formality in this form of employment and a strong consensus exists regarding what is missing or absent. Informal employment is widely defined as paid work that is not declared to the state for tax, social security and labour law purposes when it should be declared, but that is legal in all other respects. Informal employment takes various forms. On the one hand, there is absolutely informal employment, where the worker is not formally employed by the employer and person’s activity is not declared to the state for tax, social security and labour law purposes. This may take the form of either waged employment or self-employment. On the other hand, however, an employment relationship can be concurrently both formal and informal, as when a formal employee receives from his or her formal employer both a declared salary and an additional undeclared (‘envelope’) wage. In this paper, informal employment will include not only absolutely informal employment (which may be waged work or self-employment), but also employment, where undeclared envelope wages are paid. Despite an increasing interest to the undeclared employment, the single approach to its definition is missing. Positive social aspects of the undeclared employment have been described in the article. Therefore, the further studies are necessary to analyze the complexities and motives of those, choosing to work on an undeclared basis. Furthermore, due to its heterogeneity, there is also a need to investigate this phenomenon in specific contexts.

The aim of the paper is to provide the theoretical basis of the corporate culture which is the main principle of the higher education and to find the ways of its development. A higher educational establishment has been defined as a multi-functional, multi-discipline social establishment which co-operates with the state on some defined legal basis and whose main purpose is to transmit scientific knowledge and cultural values in order to train the scientific personnel. The modernization of the education is impossible without development of the principles of a cultural approach and formation of the educational establishment managerial system. In other words, the necessary condition of the transformation of the educational establishment is the implementation and development of a corporate culture model, the main functions of which will be: cognition, development and transmission of the values, personal development and improvement of individuals. Therefore, it has been claimed by the author that the corporate culture of a higher educational establishment is a unique and effective form of its functioning. Due to this fact the following conclusion can be made: it is a self-organized system, developed on the principles of self-worth of knowledge, freedom of education, which is the particular way to implement the ideas of the higher education. Such corporate organization of the educational establishment aims to perform the universal functions of cultural heritage and generate cultural examples. An important part of corporate culture is corporate identity – a high level of awareness of history, values, rules and positive attitude towards the educational establishment, following its rules. Ukrainian higher educational establishments face the necessity to form the corporate culture in order to be stable and partly financially independent. It is necessary to pay attention to this fact while developing corporate culture of the educational establishment in order to make people understand the necessity to donate additional financial resources, necessity to develop an establishment and contribute to its prosperous future. Corporate values play a crucial role, being some private and public set of rules which help the personnel and administration to set priorities, form the principles of the behavior in order to reach the goals of the establishment. Therefore, corporate culture is aimed to provide the innovative development of the educational establishment, to develop the higher education, to integrate the personnel and students, to cause patriotic sentiments toward the educational establishment, to explain the necessity for personal development and to provide a flexible co-operation between students and the educational establishment.

The article discusses the main conceptual approaches to understanding the nature and patterns of functioning and development of hegemony in international relations. Analysed the contribution to the development of research hegemony in international relations, which has made the school world-system analysis. According to its founder F. Braudel, the hegemony of the world is a manifestation of inequality, the latter reveals the structural realities that are approved very slowly, very slowly disappear. The concept of a follower of Fernand Braudel, Emmanuel Wallerstein, according to which the hegemony reflects the ability of a particular state to make one part of the international system to its customers, and the second - to drive into a defensive position. The development of the «modern world-system» is defined by Wallerstein changes hegemony. Wallerstein argues that the State has the ability to create a stable geopolitical system of unequal social division of powers, which are part of the normal functioning of the capitalist world-economy. It is also noted that the pattern of ups and downs of world leaders - hegemony - are considered in the research of many scientists, including George Modelski. He develops a theory about hundred-year cycle of global leadership, using the term «selection» to describe the process of competition and the adoption of this role. Among the concepts of hegemony also highlighted the Charles Krauthammer’s conception of monopolarity, on which the present geopolitical structure of the world after the «cold war» - one pole of world power , consisting of the United States as the top of the industrial West. Analyzed the Piter Taylor’s conception of global hegemony, which distinguishes the competitive and non-competitive era, successive, and the Nail Ferguson’s conception of imperialism. The paper shows that the problem of hegemony in the 70-th years passed from the purely theoretical plane into practical politics, becoming an important component of foreign policy studies major powers.

The paper is submitted to a scientific discussion the possibility of considering the idea of political science, based on the criteria of intellectual integrity and disciplinary unity. In this context, generally accepted among professionals and political scientists idea that political science as a scientific discipline occurs in the early twentieth century and its conceptual framework is still in a state of development, and a long preceding period should be characterized as a period of political thought is being challenged. The main idea that is being proved is recognition the existence of such scientific discipline as political science requires recognition of the existence of specific inherent ideals of science, cognitive standards, rules, procedures, explanations, etc. They allow political thinkers from the ancient world as well as modern researchers to combine it into a single, unique, different from others in their methodological principles and heuristic potential Science. It is convinced that the existence of intellectual integrity and disciplinary unity in Political Science is possible due to the existence of the ideals of scholarship, which are closely related to the cultural and historical context in which Political Science is being developed. The possibility of applying such disciplinary and integrated approach is considered as an example of the impact that was made by changes of the Great French Revolution and its consequences on transformation of the conceptual framework of Political Science. It is concluded that the consideration of the peculiarities of political thought development in the social and cultural contexts related to the events of the Great French Revolution and its consequences argues that political science is responsive to changing the social context, makes changes in categorical apparatus, introduces the new field of scientific inquiry, actualized subject field. These actions are due to the specific disciplinary unity and intellectual integrity of Political Science and thanks to its variable component such as disciplinary matrix.

The peculiarities of functioning of opposition parties and movements in the sphere of modern Russian political system have been characterized in the submitted paper. The uniqueness of political life determines the presence of political opposition as one of the facilitating mechanism of political institutеs’ effectiveness within the state. The ability to express critical thoughts about political forces, political actors who have received the legal right of political power in society is one of the attributes of democratic political regime. Nevertheless, recently in the political system of some countries which position themselves as democratic countries, one can observe the oppression of opposition forces or creation of «managed» or «proto-oppositions». According to our opinion, one of such countries is Russia. It has been established that the existing political opposition is not sufficiently effective in its actions, due to its segmentation, internal conflicts and general absence of unity among the opposition leaders in aims and means of achieving them. Consequently, the party of power «United Russia» which political leader is recognized by the majority of Russians - the President of the Russian Federation V. Putin, applies all methods of opposition resistance, negating the protest actions of the opposition parties. It has been shown in the article that the modern political opposition has several groups, among which outstands the «old» part, so-called post-Soviet opposition, represented by G. Zyuganov, V. Zhirinovsky and others. They are political figures who rather play the role of the opposition and act clearly according to the rules that are determined by the party of power. The young generation of the opposition is characterized by constant rivalry among the leaders for the right to lead the movement and to have the support of the majority of the electorate. It is important to understand that the ultra-right and radical groups are represented separately in the opposition of Russia, they position themselves as unifiers of the lands in a single «Great Rus». Studying organized and conducted protest movements, which had been organized by opposition forces, one can see their inefficiency. As a result, the powerful political elite is always one-step ahead, even when applying methods of force counter to the peaceful assembly. Moreover, the political opposition is not ready for real rising to power, it is clearly seen because of the absence of specific programs for Russia’s economic reforms. Also it is based not on foreign experience, but on native specifics. Political actions in the form of the «Open Russia» project have proved once again the fact that the opposition is separated from the needs of potential electorate. Not only new people in power are needed, but also guarantees are needed that these new people will be able to improve the socio-economic life of the ordinary Russians regardless of region of Russia where he\she lives. It has been proven that the political opposition does not take into account the mentality of Russians, their aspiration not to the mild model of Western democracy but to the host leader, the defender of the Motherland from external threat. Whereas, the ruling elite and its leader successfully and effectively implement this image in practice, and despite the deterioration of economic indicators, they get the support among the population. Consequently, the political opposition of Russia is immature and primary controlled by the current government.

Social constructivist explanation of the «agency-structure» correlation in the theory of international relations has been presented in the article. The «agency-structure» dilemma appeared in the focus of social constructivist researches at the end of the XX century, that researches have gained dominant positions among the theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of international relations. But despite this, the social constructivist interpretation of the «agency-structure» dilemma hasn’t got enough attention by Ukrainian scientists. The actuality of the paper is determined, firstly, by the necessity to describe the social constructivist conceptualization of the «agency-structure» dichotomy, secondly, to answer the key question of discussion about the nature of agency and structure, and thirdly, to determine the impact of social and inter-subjective factors on the interrelation of structural and subjective levels of the international system. The main aim of the research is to analyze the social constructivist interpretation of the «agency-structure» dilemma. Basic forms and characteristics of social constructivist research of «agency-structure» dilemma have been represented in the article. Essence of structures and actors’ subjectivity has been revealed. Moreover, separate fragments of social constructivism explanation have been given on the basis of its main peculiarities’ characterization. The influence of social and inter-subjective factors on the formation of structure and agents’ interdependence in the international environment has been considered in the article. The correlation of inherent and collective identities of agents and its significance for the «agency-structure» reciprocity has also been presented. Forms, features and consequences of agents’ socialization within international structures has been characterized. The significance of social constructivism in modern researches of «agency-structure» correlation has been substantiated in research by summarizing a considerable number of factual materials and use of general scientific methods, such as logical and systematic methods, analysis and synthesis. The scientific novelty of the article has been pointed out by accents, which allow making a comprehensive analysis and describing an alternative approach to the study of structural and subjective levels of the international system.

The article deals with the impact of babes and children of 14 years (both saint and alive) on the social interactions of the brethren and visitors near the worshiped sacred objects in Kyiv Dormition Caves Lavra during late 18th – the 1st decades of 20th ct. The inner conventual documents and the memoirs of the outliers became a basis of this work. The features of the interactions concerning the holy relics of the saint infants and youth in Near and Far Caves have been traced by the author. The folk and inner conventual traditions, connected with these sacred objects, have been characterized. The common forms of the communication with the donators as well as the votive’s distribution principles have been brought out by the paper. The variability in satisfaction of consimilar prayers’ needs has been detected. It has been shown by the article, how far the children differed from the rest of visitors during the direct interaction with the Caves and other brethren. There are such research prospects: the advanced study of all phases in the brethren’s interactions with children, organized in groups, as well as with the relatives of children-donators; the comparison of Lavra with the other outstanding Orthodox pilgrimage centers.

The article deals with the problems of technocratic education tendency in Ukraine, ideologically based on Bologna reform system. The paper is a comparative analysis of the Ukrainian education system and educational trends in some foreign countries. The similarities and differences have been identified in the approaches of Germany, which gives the opportunity to see the strengths and weaknesses of the national education. And it is concluded that the copying of the national educational achievement and borrowing of the Western educational models that have grown on the basis of mentality, they will not lead Ukraine into one of the leading countries in Europe.

The aim of the research is to study the origins of the actual direction of the museum activities development in Ukraine — museum sociology, which has been described in the significant array of publications starting from the early 1990’s. Those publications are focused on different aspects of learning of needs, motivations, expectations, behaviors, a social-demographic portrait and categories of the museum audience. It has been shown that the attention of the Ukrainian museum staff to the discussed aspects is not only limited by year 1991. The scientific heritage of the academician of All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences Fedor Schmitt (1877-1937) has been analyzed by the author of the study in order to separate aspects of his activity that can become the certain foundations of the study of the museums audience (museum sociology) both in the days of the scientist and in modern Ukraine. The Soviet system not only denied his progressive views, but condemned them to death. It has been summarized by the author that most Schmitt’s papers on the issues of the museum audience were published during the scientist’s work in Kharkiv in 1912-1921. It is quite predictable that the issue of the museum audience was studied by the heritage saver and art scientist. Beginning of Ukrainian school of museology, where the leader was Mykola Bilyashivsky, the director of Kiev Museum of Antiquities and Arts (National History Museum of Ukraine), happened within the Archaeological Commission under the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. It was led by F. Schmitt. The draft charter of commission, designed by him, pushed to the study of the theory and practice of museology in all its spheres. Schmitt’s ideas on museums that had to be built on the territory of the Russian Empire, which suffered from the First World War, were formed under the influence of his travels to cultural centers of Europe. Although none of F. Schmitt works before the beginning of 1920s included direct mentioning of the sociological studies in the museum, but he outlined the foundations for the study of social-demographic, psychological parameters, an attitude of various social and professional groups to the museum, the impact of the museum on the society and vice versa and so on. In the middle 1920s, working outside Ukraine already, the scientists saw that the value of sociology was understood by the government. The situation changed in less than 10 years, when attacks on intellectuals began. It is possible to make the conclusion that part of Schmitt’s scientific heritage and his steps in practical museum activities can be used as certain foundations of the modern Ukrainian Museum Sociology. Works, published by Schmitt, have never been reissued. However, his original views on the audience should attract the attention of the Ukrainian museum staff. It is also actual as there exists the lack of knowledge about the lower chronological bound of the arising interest of the Ukrainian museum staff to the study of the audience, at least in the 20th century.

The historical development of the European Union’s immigration policy has been described in the article. The main four phases of common immigration policy of the EU have been examined. Each phase is characterized by the adoption of important agreements and programs. In particular, the principles of Amsterdam Treaty and the Treaty of Lisbon and five-year program have been analyzed in the paper: Tampere (1999), The Hague (2004), Stockholm (2009) and guidelines Ypres (2014). The program contains guidelines for a common politics on the topics of protection of fundamental rights, privacy, minority rights and rights of groups of people in need of special protection, as well as a citizenship of the European Union. Such different spheres as domestic and public security, migration (European pact on immigration and asylum), the combat against the organized crime, and even family law, private law, inheritance law and others have been described in the program. The Ypes guidelines don’t constitute a program any more, but they rather guide focusing on the objective of transposition, implementation and consolidation of the existing legal instruments and measures. The guidelines point out the necessity to adopt a holistic approach to migration, making the best possible use of the regular migration, affording protection to those who need it, combating irregular migration and managing borders effectively. The need for the formation of the migration policy is becoming more apparent in view of the fact that globalization increases due to migration flows and its effectiveness depends largely on the cooperation with other Member States, countries of origin and transit countries. Nowadays, regulation of migration flows in the EU is a political process, which is legally coordinated from the acquit of the EU and national legislation of the Member States. Transfer of the migration policy to the supranational level allows tracking changes, made at the national level, in order to respond to the challenge of migration character without significant delay. The main conclusion of the article is that, on the one hand, immigration has become a relevant issue in all the EU countries. On the other hand, as a consequence of different timing of immigration, different socio-economic contexts and varying governmental migration and integration policies, different forms of migration, with different governmental policies of migration and integration, and with different types of migrants have evolved. Such different starting positions should be taken into account when studying the consequences of the immigration and the presence of migrants in society.

The paper deals with the antinomy of philosophy and the common sense. Philosophy emerges as a way of specifically human knowledge, which purposes analytics of the reality of subjective experience. The study reveals that in order to alienate philosophy from the common sense it was essential to revise the understanding of wisdom. The new, philosophical interpretation of wisdom – offered by Pythagoras – has laid the foundation of any future philosophy. Thus, philosophy emerges, alienating itself from the common sense, which refers to the common or collective experience. Moreover, the study examines the role of emotions, conformity and conventionality which they play with respect to the common sense. Next the author focuses on the role of philosophical intuition, guided with principles of rationality, nonconformity and scepticism, which the author professes the foundation stones of any sound philosophy. The common sense, described as deeply routed in the world of human emotions, aims at empathy, as the purpose of philosophy is to provide the rational means of knowledge. Therefore, philosophy uses thinking, keeping the permanent efforts to check and recheck data of its own experience. Thus, the first task of philosophical thinking appears to overcome the suggestion of the common sense, which purposes the social empathy, as philosophical intuition aims at independent thinking, the analytics of subjective experience. The study describes the fundamental principles of the common sense, on the one hand, and those of philosophy, on the other. The author arrives to conclusion that the common sense is unable to exceed the limits of sensual experience. Even there, where it apparently rises to a form of any «spiritual unity», even there it cannot avoid referring to the data of commonly shared sensual experience; though, philosophy, meanwhile, goes beyond sensuality, creating a discourse that would be able to alienate from it, and to make its rational analysis. However, the authentic project of philosophy has not always remained faithful to itself, keeping its self-identity. A considerable part of that which now bears the name of philosophy has rather been an alienation of the original idea. Among these phenomena of the alienated philosophy, for example, we can mention a number of cases: the emergence of the philosophical paideia, political and social engineering, scholastics, and the interpretation of philosophy as a science that can (and should be) directed to gaining the ultimate positive result. All these witness the alienation from the authentic philosophical tradition, degrading philosophy to the role of a «servant-maid», which eventually brought to the ultimate rejection and denial of its profundity and its values. Finally, the study considers the place that the Modern philosophy has taken in emergence of the modern and contemporary science. He states that there were a number of efforts – beginning with Rene Descartes – to create a new philosophy not upon the foundations of the love of wisdom, but upon the ones of the common sense. Although philosophers had easily recognised the falsity of this enterprise and had rejected this idea, these efforts did not pass away without effect, having caused the emergence of the modern and contemporary science, recognising as its true basis the common sense rather than any metaphysics.

The paper provides philosophical and anthropological analysis of the play element phenomenon in crime fiction. It was shown that the play element is a significant component of the culture of Modernity and Postmodernity, which includes the reality of role­playing in texts, in particular, of the crime fiction genre. This literary work features various games played by the author, recipient, heroes, actors, playing their parts of heroes and the text itself. The play element in serial, formulaic works performs an important anthropological compensatory function, since it assists a contemporary person in meeting their needs of balancing and adjusting their mental state, understanding their inner world, that is to perform self­analysis and self­control; find their role not only in the imaginary crime fiction world, but also in the reality. These opportunities are determined by the fact that a game always implies entering an agreement, systematization, establishing rules to be followed by all the players. In a quality detective story fair play is guaranteed to the addressee by the addresser. Therewith, it is found out that the text performs an entertaining function, enabling a modern person to open secrets, be delighted from recognizing familiar plots and elements, in other words, to win and improve the recipient’s self­esteem. The success of the suggested detective role­playing is a vital factor of the overall culture development.

The article is devoted to updating the late 1980s ­ early 1990s, the problem of mass casualties of political repression. The paper found that the analysis of this problem provides a wealth of material for understanding how historical myths affect the structure of social consciousness and social existence. The methodology of this study is based on general principles (historicity, objectivity, scientific) historical and scientific methods (historical­genetic, historical, typological, historical, comparative, chronological). After a detailed historiographical analysis revealed that the origins of the formation of the myth of tens of millions of people convicted for notorious 58th item is the adjustment journalism. Data on the number of victims of repression in the late 1980s ­ early 1990s became paradigmatic significance. Historical themes were an important factor in the separation of political forces, the findings with respect to the magnitude of losses in the USSR during the “Great Terror” in the media has become one of the main arguments in disputes between “Democrats” and “conservative.” Despite the fact that in the early 1990s there were professional historical research, which based on archival sources was established number of repressed 3.8 million people in broad sectors of society take root idea of tens of millions of those arrested for political reasons.

The article is based on assumptions about the availability of certain features of modern university’s corporate culture, which distinguish it from other organizations. The social and philosophical basics of the theory of university’s corporate culture have been analyzed. The particular attention has been given to the fact that corporate culture promotes mutual understanding between the members of the corporation, creates principles of joint activities, and other things which belong to values and norms. It has been noted that this fact leads to the realization of the research, which is aimed at the understanding of forms of effective communication inside the complex corporate university system. It has been noted that despite the significant number of papers devoted to this problem, this article reflects it within the socio-philosophical approach. University Corporation is studied in the scholars’ works as one of the connectors in the social system that promotes social agenda, integration and balance’s maintenance. The aim of this article is to identify the nature and to clarify methodological approaches to the study of the modern university’s corporate culture. There are different approaches to the definition of “corporation” and “corporate culture”, including approaches of such prominent scholars as D. Eldridge and A. Crombie, K. Gold, M. Meskon, Shane E., etc. Attention has been paid to the fact that these definitions do not reflect fully all its aspects, don’t convey the essence of the integrative concept. It has been summed up that corporate culture is dynamic, that it can take new forms which are constantly changing especially in period of transitional and structural change. The definite polemical arguments regarding the use of the phenomenon of corporate culture in the governance structure of modern organizations have been given. The definition of the “corporate culture of the University” has been suggested. It is a complete system of unique identifying features, which are based on the values. These values define the philosophy of its activities, the idea (vision) and mission, and form traditions, rules and styles, ways of business and interpersonal relationships, behavior of students and staff. All these reflect the level of excellence, integrity and attractiveness of the university brand in today’s socio-cultural, scientific and educational space. The essence of socio-cultural, and synergistic praxeology approaches to the study of the corporate culture of the university has been described. It has been emphasized that corporate culture is the subject of interdisciplinary research, integrative nature of which requires usage of various approaches and methods at it is examined within the socio-philosophical methodology.

Big attention to various theoretical aspects of allegories’ use in philosophical texts was paid by Friedrich Schelling, Friedrich Schleiermacher and Johann Goethe. Some modern researchers gained considerable results in interpreting the allegories of different authors into philosophy. For example, Seth Lerer explored allegories in the texts of Boethius, Jerrold Seigel, which were engaged in the interpretation of the allegories in texts of the Italian humanists. E. Titar explored allegories in G. Skovoroda’s writings. Also there are studies in which their authors have raised questions about functioning of allegories in the philosophical text. We mean the researches by I. McCaffrey, E. Akishina and other authors. At the same time, we have not met studies that would try to give a holistic view of the role of allegory in philosophical texts. The purpose of the paper is to scrutinize the role of allegories in philosophical texts. It has been showed that allegories have important place in texts of some notable philosophers. Friedrich Schelling’s ideas about essence of allegories have been analyzed, Friedrich Schleiermacher’s concepts about peculiarity of philosophical allegories, Arthur Schopenhauer’s thoughts about content of allegories have been described. In the process of analyzing six characteristic features of philosophical allegories’ use have been emphasized. First, the use of allegories enables a philosopher to give his theories by expressing his general ideas through particular specimens. Second, authors use allegories not only for the literal interpretation by a reader. Allegories have only figurative meaning. Third, allegories in the philosophy are used to express concepts. That is, philosophical allegories do not lead their reader to the sphere of artistic images. They lead to philosophical concepts. Consequently, fourth, allegories occupy a completely legitimate place in the toolbox of a philosopher, whose idea, in fact, is to work with the concepts. Fifth, allegories are an appropriate way to express such difficult philosophical notions as ‘absolute’, etc. Sixth, allegories enable the philosopher to express his concepts brightly as allegories evoke in the reader not only intellectual reasoning but also some esthetic reaction. These characteristic features of using philosophical allegories in texts of Boethius, Giambattista Vico and Denis Diderot have been checked by the author. Moreover, the issue of needlessness of allegories has been discussed. John Locke’s criticism concerning allegories’ use in philosophical texts and Ernest Nagel’s ideas about importance of philosophical allegories has been compared.

This paper focuses on one aspect of the economic history of Ukraine at the end of XIX – the beginning XX century. The stages of entrepreneurial activity of brightest representative of the business world of the South Ukraine Nikolai Fedorovich von Ditmar are namely investigated. The factors which facilitated on the attracting of N. F. von Ditmar to business entourage were should be called the rapid development of industry and support the engineering business by Vitte’s government. It has significantly contributed to an active inflow of technical personnel into branch of trade and industry. Following research methods were used to achieve the scientific purpose. Among them: 1) historical­genetic method (it makes it possible to analyze the evolution of N. F. von Ditmar business); 2) historical­comparative method allows you to draw parallels between Ditmar’s plant and other industrial enterprises of Kharkov province; 3) prosopography method helps to explore the socio­economic history of Ukraine through the prism of von Ditmar’ business. During research process, we identified three stages of von Ditmar’s private enterprise such as I (1893–1904), II (1904–1914), III (1914–1917). The first period of Ditmar’s business is characterized by foundation in Kharkov small technical company, which was closely connected with his scientific and practical activity in geology. The specialization of Ditmar’s company was associated with the geological fieldwork and water supply. For example, technical office engaged in drilling wells of railway stations and cities. At the same time, the mechanical workshop produced tool for these works. The achievement of a mining engineer in this period was the use of mechanical equipment instead of manual. In the second stage of von Ditmar’s business there were organizational transformation, which resulted in the creation of the “Kharkov N. F. von Ditmar’s Metal Plant”. At this time, the company took the modernization of production, moreover the latest equipment was established. It made it possible to expand the range of products. The company has become well known for the production of agricultural machinery such as the reaper­binder system of N. P. Dzhunkovsky and plows “Cock”. The new products have been very requested and quickly became popular in the Ukrainian market and abroad. It contributed to gradual replacement of foreign technology from the Ukrainian market. The third phase of Ditmar’s private enterprise has become a real success for him in this activity. At this time, Nikolai Fedorovich reorganized the previous company and created on its basis new large machine­building plant. At his plant Nikolai Fedorovich had carried out the practical implementation of the insurance legislation. During World War I von Ditmar’s plant served urgent military orders, began production of unique Wolf mine lamps. As a result Nikolai Fedorovich achieved the greatest success in business career, has become a recognized and respected entrepreneur, took a leading position among commercial and industrial elites of the South of Ukraine.