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This article details a correction to: Shivashankar R, Singh K, Kondal D, Gupta R, Perel P, Kapoor D, et al.. Cardiovascular Health in India – a Report Card from Three Urban and Rural Surveys of 22,144 Adults. Global Heart. 2022; 17(1): 52. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/gh.1137

Background: Markers of ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) predict cardiovascular events. We estimated the prevalence of ideal CVH markers in two levels of cities and villages in India.Methods: We did pooled analysis of individual-level data from three cross sectional surveys of adults ≥ 30 years over 2010–14 (CARRS: Centre for cArdiometabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia; UDAY and Solan Surveillance Study) representing metropolitan cities; smaller cities and rural areas in diverse locations of India. We defined ideal CVH using modified American Heart Association recommendations: not smoking, ≥ 5 servings of fruits and vegetables (F&V), high physical activity (PA), body mass index (BMI)

Background Currently available tools for assessing high cardiovascular risk (HCR) often require measurements not available in resource-limited settings in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). There is a need to assess HCR using a pragmatic evidence-based approach. Objectives This study sought to report the prevalence of HCR in 10 LMIC areas in Africa, Asia, and South America and to investigate the profiles and correlates of HCR. Methods Cross-sectional analysis using data from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute - UnitedHealth Group Centers of Excellence. HCR was defined as history of heart disease/heart attack, history of stroke, older age (≥50 years for men and ≥60 for women) with history of diabetes, or older age with systolic blood pressure ≥160 mm Hg. Prevalence estimates were standardized to the World Health Organization's World Standard Population. Results A total of 37,067 subjects ages ≥35 years were included; 53.7% were women and mean age was 53.5 ± 12.1 years. The overall age-standardized prevalence of HCR was 15.4% (95% confidence interval: 15.0% to 15.7%), ranging from 8.3% (India, Bangalore) to 23.4% (Bangladesh). Among men, the prevalence was 1.7% for the younger age group (35 to 49 years) and 29.1% for the older group (≥50); among women, 3.8% for the younger group (35 to 59 years) and 40.7% for the older group (≥60). Among the older group, measured systolic blood pressure ≥160 mm Hg (with or without other conditions) was the most common criterion for having HCR, followed by diabetes. The proportion of having met more than 1 criterion was nearly 20%. Age, education, and body mass index were significantly associated with HCR. Cross-site differences existed and were attenuated after adjusting for age, sex, education, smoking, and body mass index. Conclusions The prevalence of HCR in 10 LMIC areas was generally high. This study provides a starting point to define targeted populations that may benefit from interventions combining both primary and secondary prevention strategies. Fil: Carrillo Larco, Rodrigo M.. Cronicas Centro de Excelencia En Enfermedades Crónicas; Perú Fil: Miranda, J. Jaime. Cronicas Centro de Excelencia En Enfermedades Crónicas; Perú. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Perú Fil: Li, Xian. Peking University; China Fil: Cui, Chendi. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos Fil: Xu, Xiaolin. Duke Kunshan University; China Fil: Ali, Mohammed. Centre For Chronic Disease Control; India Fil: Alam, Dewan S.. International Centre For Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh; Bangladesh Fil: Gaziano, Thomas A.. Harvard University. Harvard School of Public Health; Estados Unidos Fil: Gupta, Rajeev. Fortis Healthcare Limited; India. Rajasthan University Of Health Sciences; India Fil: Irazola, Vilma. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentina Fil: Levitt, Naomi S.. University of Cape Town; Sudáfrica Fil: Prabhakaran, Dorairaj. Public Health Foundation Of India; India. Centre For Chronic Disease Control; India Fil: Rubinstein, Adolfo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentina Fil: Steyn, Krisela. University of Cape Town; Sudáfrica Fil: Tandon, Nikhil. Centre For Chronic Disease Control; India Fil: Xavier, Denis. St. John's Medical College; India Fil: Wu, Yangfeng. Peking University; China Fil: Yan, Lijing L.. Duke Kunshan University; China. Peking University; China

Background In the context of rising obesity in South Asia, it is unclear whether the "South Asian phenotype"(described as high glucose, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high triglycerides at normal ranges of body weight) continues to be disproportionately exhibited by contemporary South Asians relative to other race/ethnic groups. Objectives We assessed the distinctiveness of the South Asian cardiometabolic profile by comparing the prevalence of combined high glucose, high triglycerides, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (combined dysglycemia and dyslipidemia) in resident South Asians with 4 race/ethnic groups in the United States (Asians, black persons, Hispanics, and white persons) overall and by body mass index (BMI) category. Methods South Asian data were from the 2010 to 2011 Center for Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia Study, representative of Chennai and New Delhi, India and Karachi, Pakistan. U.S. data were from the 2011 to 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, representative of the U.S. population. Combined dysglycemia and dyslipidemia was defined as fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dl and triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio >4. Logistic regression was used to estimate the relative odds and 95% confidence intervals of combined dysglycemia and dyslipidemia associated with each race/ethnic group (referent, U.S. white persons). Models were estimated among adults aged 20 to 79 years by sex and BMI category and accounted for age, education, and tobacco use. Data from 8,448 resident South Asians, 274 U.S. Asians, 404 U.S. black persons, 308 U.S. Hispanics, and 703 U.S. white persons without previously known diabetes were analyzed. Results In the normal body weight range of BMI 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m 2 , the prevalence of combined dysglycemia and dyslipidemia among men and women, respectively, was 33% and 11% in resident South Asians, 15% and 1% in U.S. Asians, 5% and 2% in U.S. black persons, 11% and 2% in U.S. Hispanics, and 8% and 2% in U.S. white persons. Compared with U.S. whites persons, South Asians were more likely to present with combined dysglycemia and dyslipidemia at all categories of BMI for men and at BMI 18.5 to 29.9 for women in adjusted models. The most pronounced difference between South Asians and U.S. white persons was observed at normal weight (adjusted odds ratio: 4.98; 95% confidence interval: 2.46 to 10.07 for men) (adjusted odds ratio: 9.09; 95% confidence interval: 2.48 to 33.29 for women). Conclusions Between 8% and 15% of U.S. men and 1% and 2% of U.S. women of diverse race/ethnic backgrounds exhibited dysglycemia and dyslipidemia at levels of body weight considered "healthy," consistent with the cardiometabolic profile described as the "South Asian Phenotype." Urban South Asians, however, were 5 to 9 times more likely to exhibit dysglycemia and dyslipidemia in the "healthy" BMI range compared with any other U.S. race/ethnic group.

Previous investments in public health research and education played major roles in improving population health and increasing life expectancy [1,2]. In the early 1900s, amidst efforts to eliminate hookworm from the southern United States (US), Welch and Flexner recognized the need to train public health leaders. They proposed a freestanding public health school affiliated with, but independent from, the university and medical school, charged with training a public health workforce to improve the lifespan and ‘‘health span’’ of populations [3,4]. We now stand at a similar junction as in 1900, confronted with a vastly different set of growing health burdens: chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) [5]. These diseases cause significant mortality and morbidity on their own, but also exacerbate existing population health issues. For example, diabetes can increase the risk for tuberculosis [25]; anti-retrovirals given to HIV/ AIDs patients can increase cardio metabolic risk [26,27]; under-nutrition in utero or during early childhood increases risks of NCDs later in life [28]. Here, we argue that the university community (UC), with its key constituents (institution leaders plus faculty and students derived from all disciplines), can be leveraged to improve 21st century public health. Driven by a common set of behavioral risk factors (diet, physical inactivity, tobacco and alcohol use) and underlying environmental exposures (e.g., rapid urbanization and globalization of societies), NCDs – heart disease, stroke, diabetes, chronic respiratory illness, and cancers, as well as mental health disorders and injuries – now con

Effectively tackling the growing noncommunicable disease (NCD) burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) is a major challenge. To address research needs in this setting for NCDs, in 2009, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and UnitedHealth Group (UHG) engaged in a public-private partnership that supported a network of 11 LMIC-based research centers and created the NHLBI-UnitedHealth Global Health Centers of Excellence (COE) Program. The Program’s overall goal was to contribute to reducing the cardiovascular and lung disease burdens by catalyzing in-country research institutions to develop a global network of biomedical research centers. Key elements of the Program included team science and collaborative approaches, developing research and training platforms for future investigators, and creating a data commons. This Program embraced a strategic approach for tackling NCDs in LMICs and will provide capacity for locally driven research efforts that can identify and address priority health issues in specific countries’ settings.HighlightsA public-private partnership created the Program.Forming the Program captured all the elements of team science.The Program used best practices of collaborative science.Research training for future investigators was a high priority.

Cardiovascular diseases account for 25% of all deaths worldwide; 64% of all deaths are due to chronic noncommunicable diseases, and 39% of these are due to cardiovascular diseases [1]. As demonstrated in the INTERHEART, a study of risk factors for first myocardial infarction in 52 countries and over 27,000 subjects [2], and INTERSTROKE, a study of the importance of conventional and emerging risk factors of stroke in different regions and ethnic groups of the world [3], multicountry case–control studies, tobacco use is a potent risk factor for myocardial infarctions and strokes, and these associations are consistent across countries. It is estimated that there are 1 billion tobacco users worldwide, and tobacco is a leading cause of global mortality, responsible for 6 million deaths annually [4]. In addition to the growing body of literature regarding the epidemiology of tobacco use, there have been extensive studies investigating the biochemical pathways that link smoking with cardiovascular disease pathophysiology and the evolution of atherothrombotic plaque. However, this literature is wide-ranging and complex as tobacco products such as cigarettes contain over 4,720 chemical compounds and 10 to 10 free radicals, and this is in addition to the well-known compounds such as carbon monoxide and nicotine [5]. Also, each pathway is neither mutually exclusive nor linear, and there are a vast number of interactions between chemicals, and interconnectivity between the inflammatory and biochemical pathways that they induce. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to distill this literature and provide a comprehensive but concise overview of the pathways that connect tobacco use, and particularly smoking, with the development of cardiovascular disease. We use a framework (Fig. 1) as an overview of the topic to

Sandeep P. Kishore , Karen R. Siegel , Aria Ahmad , Amina A. Aitsi-Selmi k, Mohammed K. Ali , Phillip Baker , Sanjay Basu , Asaf Bitton , Gerald S. Bloomfield , Gene Bukhman , Eleanor Emery , Andrea B. Feigl , Karen Grepin , Mark D. Huffman , Kiti Kajana , Shweta Khandelwal , Kavitha Kolappa , Chenhui Liu , Naaznin Lokhandwala , Vishal Marwah kk, Modi Mwatsama , Nicole Novak , Shantanu Nundy , Paul H. Park , Cristina Parsons Perez , Matthew R. Price , Nikka Rapkin , Hester Rice , Ben Seligman , Sumit Shah , Joao da Silva , Devi Sridhar kkk, David Stuckler , Rajesh Vedanthan kk, Justin Zaman k,''', The Young Professionals’ Chronic Disease Network