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The aim of this study is to establish morphological, histological and ultrasonographic (US) correlations in the placenta of type 2 diabetes. This is a multicenter case-control study conducted on a lot of 21 selected cases diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, analyzed over a two year period. The clinical characteristics of the patients in the study group are represented by the average age of 34 years and diabetes associated with preeclampsia, hypertension, diabetic neuropathy, urinary infections, obesity or history of infertility. All the patients in the study group are Caucasian. US assessment of placental characteristics in our series revealed increased placental thickness from the second trimester and placentomegaly at the end of the third trimester. Immature appearance of placenta has been observed. Gross analysis of maternal and fetal surfaces of the placentas revealed basal plate and subchorionic fibrin depositions, placental infarction or intervillous thrombosis. Preconceptional glycemic control and its support during gestation are essential for pregnancy outcome. US findings have as a background the morphological changes. From morphological perspective there is about a combination of anomalies, otherwise unspecific which, in terms of association with various comorbidities could define a placental diabetic pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research was to assess the outcome of persistent (=two years) low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 1) medicated with loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP). An analysis of 38 topics with persistent biopsy-confirmed CIN 1 diagnosed after low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) or atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) on Pap test and treated using LEEP was performed. Post-LEEP follow-up were scheduled in 6 months, 1 year, and yearly thereafter: cytology, colposcopy, and plasma diagnostic examinations. There were 38 LSIL patients treated with LEEP conization. About 6 patients were excluded from the study due to subsequent hysterectomy and 2 patients never attended the follow-up schedule in the rest. The remaining 30 patients were retrospective studied for the incidence of recurrent rate. The mean age of the patient was 44 years. About 50% of patients were multiparity and nearly one - third used oral contraceptive pill. The results of this study suggest that the incidence of CIN 2+ lesions during follow-up of persistent biopsy-confirmed CIN 1 after ASC-US/LSIL treated by LEEP is very low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spectacular evolution of the ultrasound equipment and techniques has allowed the assessment of the fetal heart increasingly earlier during the gestation, as well as the diagnosis of the fetal abnormalities in the first trimester of pregnancy. Transvaginal ultrasound and transabdominal ultrasound are used in early fetal echocardigraphy. Studies have shown that the heart defects diagnosed early in gestation are more complex and have a high degree of association with chromosomal abnormalities, compared to those diagnosed in the second trimester of pregnancy. There are many studies on the correlation between the increase in the nuchal translucency (NT) and congenital heart defects, NT being one of the most frequently studied and efficient screening parameters in maternal-fetal medicine. The morphology of the umbilical cord can be assessed in the first trimester of pregnancy by colour Doppler examination. Numerous anomalies associated with single umbilical artery are described. The principles of fetal echocardiography in the first trimester are similar to those of the morphological examination in the second trimester of pregnancy, with certain peculiarities and differences. The complete examination of the fetal heart, with minimal false results, can be done under the conditions of a trained and experienced examiner within the range of 12-13 gestational weeks. The examination route must be adapted to the particularities of the case. Early fetal echocardigraphy should be recommended only in the presence of a precise medical indication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary incontinence (UI) represents a condition that, although not vital, has a significant impact that can interfere with the quality of life in a meaningful way for many women, its overall prevalence being of approximately 40%. Since 1920, urogynecologists showed an increasing interest in imaging techniques of the pelvic floor, ultrasound being the method of examination most frequently used with benefits that result from easy accessibility and reduced costs. At the beginning, B-mode ultrasound via transvaginal or transperineal route, was used to describe the urinary bladder and the anterior compartment and only later, the other pelvic compartments. Pelvic floor dysfunctions include several conditions among which UI. The main indications for transperineal ultrasound are: recurrent urinary tract infections, urgency-, frequency-, stress-UI, dysuria, prolapse of pelvic organs, dyspareunia, fecal incontinence, pelvic masses. This method proves its utility in assessing parameters like: residual urine, detrusor wall thickness, mobility of the bladder neck, anterior and posterior urethrovesical angle, urethral integrity. Stress UI may be highlighted by Color Doppler. Studying the pelvic floor during contractions or Valsalva maneuvre allows the assessment of the functional anatomy, keypoint for understanding the UI pathophysiology. The assessment of these specific objective and reproducible parameters is complementary to the diagnosis of UI and puts several therapeutic options in a different light. The progress in imaging permanently contributes to the improvement of therapeutic management either refining existing techniques or supporting the development of new procedures in urogynecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]