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Aim: This study aimed to assess whether CogEvo, a computerized cognitive assessment and training tool, could distinguish patients with mild Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment from cognitively normal older people. Methods: This cross‐sectional study enrolled 166 participants with Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment and cognitively normal older people. In CogEvo, five types of cognitive tasks were carried out, and the z‐scores were used as a composite score. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristics analyses were then carried out to evaluate the usefulness of CogEvo in distinguishing between the three groups. Results: CogEvo and Mini‐Mental State Examination scores showed excellent correlation, and could significantly differentiate between the Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment and cognitively normal older people groups (Mini‐Mental State Examination 20.4 ± 3.5, 25.5 ± 1.6 and 27.6 ± 2.0, respectively; CogEvo: −1.9 ± 0.9, −0.8 ± 0.8 and 0.0 ± 1.0, respectively; both P < 0.001 by analysis of variance). Logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex and years of education significantly differentiated the mild cognitive dysfunction group (mild cognitive impairment plus mild Alzheimer's disease; n = 78) from the cognitively normal group (n = 88) (P < 0.001), whereas receiver operating characteristics analysis showed moderate accuracy (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.830). Conclusions: These results suggest that CogEvo, a computerized cognitive assessment tool, is useful for evaluating early‐stage cognitive impairment. Further studies are required to assess its effectiveness as a combination assessment and training tool. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 192–196. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim It is known that plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL- C) levels tend to decrease with age. Thus, most elderly diabetic patients often show normal LDL- C levels. Therefore, the present study was carried out to examine whether elderly diabetic patients show 'the atherogenic phenotype' even if their LDL- C is not elevated. Methods The study participants consisted of 236 patients. They were separated into four groups according to their age (below 64 years and above 65 years) and an association of type 2 diabetes. A total of 88 middle-aged diabetic, 34 middle-aged non-diabetic, 64 elderly diabetic and 50 elderly non-diabetic participants were enrolled. LDL- C, small dense LDL- C ( sLDL- C) were investigated. ANOVA were used for comparison of LDL- C, sLDL- C and the sLDL- C/ LDL- C ratio between the four groups. Multivariate regression analysis was carried out in order to find the independent factors associated with the sLDL- C/ LDL- C ratio. Results Among the four groups, the LDL- C of the elderly diabetic group showed lower LDL- C levels compared with that of middle-aged diabetic group, although the difference was not significant (128.6 ± 38.7 vs 138.4 ± 35.8 mg/dL). In contrast, sLDL- C and the sLDL- C/ LDL- C ratio in the elderly diabetic group were both higher than those of the elderly non-diabetic group (47.0 ± 24.2 mg/dL and 0.36 ± 0.14 mg/dL, vs 21.4 ± 16.7 mg/dL and 0.19 ± 0.11 mg/dL, P < 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that age, sex, the presence of diabetes mellitus and plasma triglyceride were the independent factors determining the sLDL- C/ LDL- C ratio. Discussion It is concluded from the present data that the atherogenic phenotype remains in elderly diabetic patients even if their LDL- C is not elevated. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 34-37. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]