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1. Present‐Day Subsidence in the Ganges‐Brahmaputra‐Meghna Delta: Eastern Amplification of the Holocene Sediment Loading Contribution

Author

Steven L. Goodbred, C. K. Shum, Valérie Ballu, Melanie Becker, Céline Grall, Mikhail Karpytchev, Stéphane Calmant, Yann Krien, Z. Khan, Laboratoire de Recherche en Géosciences et Energies [UR2_1] (LARGE), Université des Antilles (UA), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Vanderbilt University [Nashville], Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Institute of Water Modelling, ANR-17-CE03-0001,DELTA,Les deltas sous l'impact du changement global(2017), Laboratoire de Recherche en Géosciences et Energies (LARGE), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Delta, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Sediment, Subsidence, Present day, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Craton, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Coastal flood, Geomorphology, Geology, Holocene, Sea level, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; The subsidence of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta (GBMD) drastically increases the adverse impacts of coastal flooding and exacerbates the vulnerability of populations from ongoing rapid sea level rise. We focus here on estimating the present-day subsidence rates induced by the loading of sediments continuously deposited within the GBMD over the past 11,000 years. By constructing a realistic GBMD 3-D numerical model with laterally variable mantle and lithospheric structure, we demonstrate for the first time that the presence of the strong Indian Craton and the weakened Indo-Burma margin results in significant amplification of subsidence driven by sediment loading in the eastern part of the delta, where the population density is the highest (>1,000 habitants per km 2). Although uncertainties remain regarding the amplitude of subsidence, the rate estimates (2-3 mm/year) are found to be comparable to the present-day global mean sea level rise.

Published
2019

2. Contributions of a Strengthened Early Holocene Monsoon and Sediment Loading to Present‐Day Subsidence of the Ganges‐Brahmaputra Delta

Author

Melanie Becker, Valérie Ballu, Z. Khan, Giorgio Spada, C. K. Shum, Steven L. Goodbred, Mikhail Karpytchev, Stéphane Calmant, Yann Krien, LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Vanderbilt University [Nashville], Dipartimento di Scienze Pure et Applicate (DiSPea), Università degli Studi di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Institute of Geodesy & Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Institute of Water Modelling, ANR-13-JCLI-0002,BAND-AID,Recherche collaborative: Bangladesh Delta: évaluation des causes des risques d'élévation du niveau marin et le développement intégré de la modélisation prédictive de l'atténuation et de l'adaptation(2013), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Karpytchev, M., Ballu, V., Krien, Y., Becker, M., Goodbred, S., Spada, G., Calmant, S., Shum, C. K., and Khan, Z.

Subjects
Delta, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Storm surge, relative sea level change, Structural basin, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Monsoon, 01 natural sciences, land subsidence, [SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology, Sea level, Holocene, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Ganges-Brahmaputra delta, Sediment, sediment loading, Subsidence, 15. Life on land, humanities, Geophysics, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Geology
Abstract

The contribution of subsidence to relative sea level rise in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta (GBD) is largely unknown and may considerably enhance exposure of the Bengal Basin populations to sea level rise and storm surges. This paper focuses on estimating the present-day subsidence induced by Holocene sediment in the Bengal Basin and by oceanic loading due to eustatic sea level rise over the past 18 kyr. Using a viscoelastic Earth model and sediment deposition history based on in situ measurements, results suggest that massive sediment influx initiated in the early Holocene under a strengthened South Asian monsoon may have contributed significantly to the present-day subsidence of the GBD. We estimate that the Holocene loading generates up to 1.6 mm/yr of the present-day subsidence along the GBD coast, depending on the rheological model of the Earth. This rate is close to the twentieth century global mean sea level rise (1.1-1.7 mm/yr). Thus, past climate change, by way of enhanced sedimentation, is impacting vulnerability of the GBD populations. Plain Language Summary This paper estimates the land subsidence induced by sediments deposited in the Bengal Basin and by the sea level rise over the past 18,000 years. The results of numerical modeling demonstrate that the coast of the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta subsides at a rate of about 1-1.6 mm/yr depending on the lithospheric thickness and the Earth mantle viscosity. This is comparable to the rate of global mean sea level rise during the twentieth century. Thus, the intense sedimentation generated by climate changes in the past contributes significantly to the present-day subsidence of the Bengal coast.

Published
2018

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