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Well-dated lacustrine deposits in northern White Rock Canyon, New Mexico, record damming of the Rio Grande by at least four separate failures of a slump complex between about 17.5 and 12.4 ka (14C), linking mass movements to a period of rapid climate change in the western United States. Failure of metastable slumps probably resulted from removal of lateral support during down-cutting and erosion by the Rio Grande and from a decrease in resisting forces due to increased pore pressures. Our chronology suggests that the lake that formed between 17.5 and 15.0 ka may record effects of both glacial melt and pluvial activity (mainly enhanced rainfall); the youngest lake ([approximately]12.4 ka) may record pluvial runoff; and the intermediate lakes (13.7 to 13.1 ka) may record pluvial and minor melt-water activity. We have not found lacustrine deposits younger than about 12.4 ka. The record of geomorphic response along the Rio Grande suggests that late Pleistocene climatic changes may have triggered similar mass movements elsewhere in the Southwest.

The Lava Creek B ash bed, erupted from the Yellowstone caldera ca. 0.64 Ma, provides a datum for measuring long-term fluvial incision west of the Mississippi River. The ash is widely preserved due to its substantial volume, broad initial dispersal, and the aggrading environment into which the ash fell. Drainages incised soon after Lava Creek B deposition, isolating the ash from fluvial erosion and preserving it in fill terraces. Calculated rates of incision since ca. 0.60 Ma range from [is less than or equal to] 2 to ~30 cm [k.y..sup.-1]. Rates are high in most areas near the Rocky Mountains and downstream along rivers draining mountainous terrain, and are lowest east of the High Plains and along the Snake River. Incision rates along many rivers decrease downstream. Rates of downcutting increased in the late Pleistocene along several major rivers, indicating that climate change altered sediment budgets. Regional and temporal data suggest that fluvial incision records increased middle and late Pleistocene runoff from the southern Rocky Mountains, rather than epeirogenic uplift, but regional rock uplift cannot be excluded as a significant factor. Keywords: incision, tephra, Lava Creek B, climate change.

We used measurements of cosmogenic 10Be in alluvium to estimate erosion rates on a 103-104 yr time scale for small (0.01-47 km²), unglaciated basins in northern Colorado, southern Wyoming, and adjacent western Nebraska (western United States). Basins formed in Proterozoic cores of Laramide ranges are eroding more slowly (23 ± 7 mm k.y. -1, n = 19) than adjacent basins draining weakly lithified Cenozoic sedimentary rocks (75 ± 36 mm k.y. -1, n = 20). Erosion rates show a relationship to rock resistance and, for granitic rocks, to basin slope, but not to mean annual precipitation. We estimated longer-term (>105 yr time scale) erosion rates for the granitic core of the Front Range by measuring the concentration of 10Be and 26Al produced mainly by muon interactions at depths 1.7-10 m below the surface. Concentrations imply erosion rates of 9-31 mm k.y. -1, similar to shorter-term erosion rates inferred from alluvial sediment. The spatial distribution of erosion rates and stratigraphic evidence imply that relief in the southern Rocky Mountains increased in the late Cenozoic; modern relief probably dates from post-middle Miocene time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxbow lakes are important stores for fine-grained sediment, which potentially makes them critical sinks for sediment-associated pollutants. We leverage an exhaustive public archive of coring data, supplemented by our data collection, to provide a quantitative assessment of the role of oxbows as off-channel sinks. We investigated loading trends of sediment-sorbed polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) within oxbows of the Housatonic River, an actively meandering river in western Massachusetts, USA. Our results reveal the efficiency of oxbows as sinks, with average PCB concentrations (14.8 ppm) that are nearly twice that of the surrounding floodplain (7.56 ppm). Even though the 5.83 km² floodplain is the largest sink of PCB-laden material, storing as much as 14.1 t of PCBs or 2.42 g m-2, oxbows store more than 20% of all PCBs (3.63 t of PCBs or 11.2 g m-2) while making up just over 5% of the floodplain surface area. Nearly 85% of the oxbow storage of PCBs occurs within the first 50 m of floodplain, making clear the significance of regular oxbow production to the off-channel storage of sediment-associated pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]