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In 2020, people's health suffered a great crisis under the dual effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic and the extensive, severe wildfires in the western and central United States. Parks, including city, national, and cultural parks, offer a unique opportunity for people to maintain their recreation behaviors following the social distancing protocols during the pandemic. However, massive forest wildfires in western and central US, producing harmful toxic gases and smoke, pose significant threats to human health and affect their recreation behaviors and mobility to parks. In this study, we employed the geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) Models to investigate how COVID‐19 and wildfires jointly shaped human mobility to parks, regarding the number of visits per capita, dwell time, and travel distance to parks, during June ‐ September 2020. We detected strong correlations between visitations and COVID‐19 incidence in southern Montana, western Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah before August. However, the pattern was weakened over time, indicating the decreasing trend of the degree of concern regarding the pandemic. Moreover, more park visits and lower dwell time were found in parks further away from wildfires and less air pollution in Washington, Oregon, California, Colorado, and New Mexico, during the wildfire season, suggesting the potential avoidance of wildfires when visiting parks. This study provides important insights on people's responses in recreation and social behaviors when facing multiple severe crises that impact their health and wellbeing, which could support the preparation and mitigation of the health impacts from future pandemics and natural hazards. Plain Language Summary: This study investigates the variations of human mobility patterns to parks in space and time during the COVID‐19 pandemic and wildfire seasons in 2020 across the western and central United States. We estimate how the COVID‐19 outbreaks, wildfire occurrence, and wildfire‐induced air pollutions affect the number of visits per capita to the parks, the minimum dwell time people spent at parks, and the travel distances to parks. People tended to travel closer to parks and spent less time at parks where there were more COVID‐19 cases reported likely due to the infection protection behavior and risk altitude. However, the pattern was weakened over time due to the decrease in the concerns of the pandemic. Also, during the major wildfire season (August–September), more people traveled further to visit the parks away from the wildfires and stayed longer there. This study explored patterns in physical activity and human mobility to parks under multiple crises that pose threats to human health and wellbeing, which might provide some insights in the preparation for future pandemics and natural hazards. Key Points: We investigated human mobility patterns to parks under COVID‐19 pandemic and wildfire season in western and central United StatesWe found a general trend of avoidance to the parks with fewer visits and dwell time in the places with high COVID‐19 casesWith special demand of physical activities in pandemic, people travel further and spend longer time at the parks away from the wildfires [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In 2020, people's health suffered a great crisis under the dual effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic and the extensive, severe wildfires in the western and central United States. Parks, including city, national, and cultural parks, offer a unique opportunity for people to maintain their recreation behaviors following the social distancing protocols during the pandemic. However, massive forest wildfires in western and central US, producing harmful toxic gases and smoke, pose significant threats to human health and affect their recreation behaviors and mobility to parks. In this study, we employed the geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) Models to investigate how COVID‐19 and wildfires jointly shaped human mobility to parks, regarding the number of visits per capita, dwell time, and travel distance to parks, during June ‐ September 2020. We detected strong correlations between visitations and COVID‐19 incidence in southern Montana, western Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah before August. However, the pattern was weakened over time, indicating the decreasing trend of the degree of concern regarding the pandemic. Moreover, more park visits and lower dwell time were found in parks further away from wildfires and less air pollution in Washington, Oregon, California, Colorado, and New Mexico, during the wildfire season, suggesting the potential avoidance of wildfires when visiting parks. This study provides important insights on people's responses in recreation and social behaviors when facing multiple severe crises that impact their health and wellbeing, which could support the preparation and mitigation of the health impacts from future pandemics and natural hazards.