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• Describes impact of Maf1 depletion by RNAi and mutagenesis in Arabidopsis. • Selective increases in expression of specific tRNAs on Maf1 depletion. • Significantly enhanced plant growth after Maf1 depletion. • No evidence of increased vulnerability to a common pathogen. • Growth enhancement by Maf1 depletion retained during drought and salt stress. Maf1 is a transcription factor that is conserved in sequence and structure between yeasts, animals and plants. Its principal molecular function is also well conserved, being to bind and repress RNA polymerase (pol) III, thereby inhibiting synthesis of tRNAs and other noncoding RNAs. Restrictions on tRNA production and hence protein synthesis can provide a mechanism to preserve resources under conditions that are suboptimal for growth. Accordingly, Maf1 is found in some organisms to influence growth and/or stress survival. Because of their sessile nature, plants are especially vulnerable to environmental changes and molecular adaptations that enhance growth under benign circumstances can increase sensitivity to external challenges. We tested if Maf1 depletion in the model plant Arabidopsis affects growth, pathogen resistance and tolerance of drought or soil salinity, a common physiological challenge that imposes both osmotic and ionic stress. We find that disruption of the Maf1 gene or RNAi-mediated depletion of its transcript is well-tolerated and confers a modest growth advantage without compromising resistance to common biotic and abiotic challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]