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Objective. To investigate the histomorphological characteristics and pathological types of hyperproliferation of gastric surface epithelial cells. Methods. Hematoxylin and Eosin, Periodic acid–Schiff, and immunohistochemical staining were performed on biopsy specimens obtained from 723 patients with hyperproliferation of gastric surface epithelial cells and/or hyperplasia of gastric pits. Follow-up gastroscopic reexaminations were performed on 475 patients included. Improvement probability was analyzed using Kaplan-Meyer as well as Cox proportional hazards models. Results. Seven different histomorphologies and clinicopathologies of hyperproliferation of gastric surface epithelial cells were identified: (1) common hyperplasia of gastric epithelial cells, which was characterized by focal glandular epithelial hyperplasia of gastric pits with chronic inflammation; (2) drug-induced hyperplasia of gastric epithelial cells, which was characterized by increased hyperplasia of gastric pits and cells arranged in a monolayer; (3) Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection-induced hyperplasia of gastric epithelial cells, which was characterized by the disappearance of oval, spherical, and bounded membrane-enclosed mucus-containing granules in the cytoplasm and on the nucleus together with cytoplasmic swelling and vacuolation; (4) metaplastic hyperplasia of gastric epithelial cells, which was characterized by the coexistence of intestinal metaplastic cells with hyperplastic gastric epithelial cells; (5) atrophic hyperplasia of gastric epithelial cells, which was characterized by the mucosal atrophy accompanied with hyperplasia of gastric pits; (6) low-grade neoplasia of epithelial cells, which was characterized by the mild to moderate dysplasia of gastric epithelial cells; and (7) high-grade neoplasia of epithelial cells, which was characterized by the evident dysplasia of hyperplastic epithelial cells and losses of cell polarity. The different pathological types are associated with different improvement probabilities. Conclusions. This study demonstrated the histomorphological characteristics and pathological types, which might guide clinicians to track malignant cell transformation, perform precise treatment, predict the clinical prognosis, and control the development of gastric cancer.