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G A A b st ra ct s enhanced microbial fermentation of dietary fiber and dysregulation of choline metabolism. The OPLS-DA model constructed based on samples collected post DI (R2X=30.7%, Q2Y= 0.37) showed higher concentrations of glutamate and 6-aminosalicylic acid in AA compared with AF. Microbial data acquired using HITChip was integrated with fecal profiles using OPLS. At the phylum level, 2 out of 22 identified phyla were significantly correlated with fecal profiles, which are Cyanobacteria and uncultured Mollicutes significantly correlating with fecal glutamate and valerate. By statistically integrating the fecal metabonome and the 130 microbial genus, Bacteroides vulgates et rel. and Bacteroides plebeius et rel. were observed to be correlated with choline, whereas Uncultured Clostridiales II was correlated with pyroglutamate. Uncultured Mollicutes, Eubacterium siraeum et rel and Aneurinibacillus demonstrated similar metabolic activity. Conclusions: These findings indicate that after only two-weeks of a dietary exchange diet, the fecal metabolic profile is significantly altered and that these metabolic changes are closely associated with alterations in the structure and function of the gut microbial network.

Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) has potent anti-inflammatory effects in the intestinal mucosa. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) neurons in the enteric neuronal plexus have been shown to be important in these actions using pharmacologic blockers; but little is known about other specific subsets of neurotransmitters, such as nNOS. Aim: To investigate the role of VIP and nNOS signaling, individually and together, in mediating the antiinflammatory effects of GLP-2. Methods: With animal committee use approval, mice with selective knockouts of VIP-/-, nNOS-/-, and combined VIP-/-/ nNOS-/were used, with wild type (WT) controls; all animals were treated with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) to induce colitis. Animals received (1-33) GLP-2 (50 μg/kg s.c. bid) or saline for 5 days. Mice were sacrificed and colonic tissue was taken for inflammation indices (myeloperoxidase [MPO] and histological damage scores), immunohistochemistry (BrdU:proliferation marker; Caspase-3: apoptosis marker), and mucosal cytokine levels (TNFα, IL1β, IFNγ, IL10). Results: GLP-2 treatment resulted in significant anti-inflammatory effects in VIP-/-and nNOS-/animals, but had no effects in the VIP-//nNOS-/treated animals. The response included improved weight and mucosal inflammation indices with reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL1β, IFNγ), and reduced proliferation and apoptosis rates. In VIP-/nNOS-/animals treated with GLP-2 these cytokines and cell kinetic rates remained unchanged. (See table, n=8 per group, data: Mean±SEM, *p

Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is known to be tmphic to the intestinal mucosa, and its release is stimulated by luminal nutrients; these features suggest it may be important in controlling intestinal adaptation. Aims: To examine: I) Resection induced malabsorption effects on GLP-2 release 2) The relationship over time of GLP-2 release and adaptation 3) I-he correlation of sernm GLP-2 levels with adaptation as measured by crypt cell proliferation rate (CCPR). Methods: Animals undeI~vent either intesuual transection or 50, 75, or 90 % intestinal rasection Animals were lasted overnight, and on day 7 gavaged with 3 ml (4.5 kcal) of a liquid enteral diet; blood samples were dra~m 1 hour post-prandiafiy and analyzed by n-terminal specihc ELISA to quanfifie GLP-2 3 levels A second group underwent intestinal transection or 90 % imestinal resection. Day 0, 4, 7, 14, and 28 blood was drawn at time 0, 15, 3 0 45, 60, and 90 minute intervals to measure post-prandial GLP-2 s3~ levds. Animals were pulsed t)~r 1 hour with BrdU (50 mg/kg, i.p.), tissue harvested and processed for inimunocytochemistry to determine ileal CCPR Results: A post-prandial stimulated rise in sernm GLP-2 levels signfficandy correlated ,aqth the magnitude of intestinal resection (p