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Background: It is common practice to align transfemoral prosthetic sockets in adduction, due to the physiologic, adducted femoral alignment in unimpaired legs. An adducted femoral and socket alignment helps tightening hip abductors to stabilize the pelvis and reduce pelvic and trunk related compensatory movements., Research Question: How do different socket adduction conditions (SAC) of transfemoral sockets affect pelvic and trunk stabilization during level ground walking in the frontal plane?, Methods: Seven persons with transfemoral amputation with medium residual limb length participated in this study. The prosthetic alignment in the sagittal plane was performed according to established recommendations. SAC varied (0°, 3°, 6°, 9°). Kinematic and kinetic parameters were recorded in a gait laboratory with a 12-camera optoelectronic system and two piezoelectric force plates embedded in a 12-m walkway. The measurements were performed during level ground walking with self-selected comfortable gait speed., Results: In the frontal plane, nearly all investigated kinematic and kinetic parameters showed a strong correlation with the SAC. The pelvis was raised on the contralateral side throughout the gait cycle with increasing SAC. During the prosthetic side stance phase, the mean shoulder obliquity and mean lateral trunk lean to the prosthetic side tended to be reduced with increased SAC. Prosthetic side hip abduction moment decreased with increasing SAC., Significance: The results confirm that transfemoral SAC contributes to pelvic stabilization and reduced compensatory movements of the pelvis and trunk. Transfemoral SAC of 6 ± 1° for bench alignment seems adequate for amputees with medium residual limb length. However, the optimum value for the individual patient may differ slightly., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Femoral derotation osteotomy (FDO) is the standard treatment for internal rotation gait (IRG) in children with cerebral palsy (CP) although high rates of recurrence have been reported recently. Various factors associated with recurrence could be identified, but no predictor named., Research Questions: Does FDO lead to a change of internal transversal hip moments? Are preoperative internal transversal hip moments a predictor for recurrence of IRG?, Methods: 41 children with spastic bilateral CP and 72 limbs that received a FDO (10.4 ± 2.7 years at surgery) were included retrospectively. Kinematic data were analyzed pre- (2 ± 3 months), postoperatively (12 ± 3 months) and at long-term follow-up (at least five years postoperatively; 84 ± 13 months), internal transversal hip moments were analyzed pre- and postoperatively., Results: The maximum peaks of the internal hip rotation moment during loading response decreased significantly (p = 0.003). The minimum during the second half of the stance phase increased significantly (p = 0.004) and the initially internal externally rotating moment changed to an internal internally rotating moment. No correlation between changes in hip rotation from postoperatively to the long-term follow-up and the preoperative internal hip rotation moment could be identified., Significance: FDO leads to changes in internal hip rotation moments. Preoperative internal hip rotation moments can't be used as predicting factor for recurrence of IRG. The data suggest, that recurrence of IRG depends less on patient specific motion patterns, but more on the time point of surgery and the therapy of all concomitant deformities during SEMLS., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Adverse effects such as increased anterior pelvic tilt (APT) are reported after muscle-tendon lengthening (MTL) for the correction of flexed knee gait in cerebral palsy. The conversion of biarticular muscles (CBM) to monoarticular muscles represents an alternative treatment, but only few short-term results have been published, without comparison with MTL. The long-term outcome of 21 diplegic patients treated with CBM in a prospective study was compared with the results in MTL patients in a matched-pair analysis. Standardized clinical examination and three-dimensional gait analysis were done before surgery, 1 year thereafter, and at long-term follow-up a mean of 9.2 years postoperatively. Mean APT increased one year after surgery in both groups. This increase was higher in MTL patients and statistically significant only for this group. Knee flexion at initial contact and minimum knee flexion in stance were significantly decreased in both groups, while in swing the CBM group tended to show more of a decrease in knee flexion but at the cost of reduced peak flexion. Both groups showed deterioration of kinematic knee parameters through to long-term follow-up; the favourable effects of CBM disappeared, and the two groups displayed comparable average pelvic and knee kinematics. Considering individual patterns the prevalence of increased APT was lower in the CBM group 1 year after surgery, indicating that sparing the semitendinosus may have a positive effect on pelvic stability. However, after 9 years 30% of the patients in both groups showed increased APT indicative of persistent hamstring insufficiency. These results demonstrate that CBM, a significantly more extensive procedure, has no long-term advantage over MTL., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Satisfactory short-term results after femoral derotation osteotomy (FDO) for the treatment of internal rotation gait in cerebral palsy have been reported by various authors. However, there are only a few longer-term studies reporting results 5 years after FDO and these are not in agreement. There are no reports on the clinical course beyond the pubertal growth spurt. 33 children with diplegia (n=59 legs, age: 10.5±3.6 years) and internally rotated gait were examined pre- (E0), 1 year (E1), 3±1 (E2) and 9±2 (E3) years after distal (27 legs) or proximal (32 legs) FDO as part of multilevel surgery, using standardized clinical exam and 3D gait-analysis at all examinations. The amount of intra-operative derotation averaged 25°. ANOVA was used for statistics (p<0.05). Mean hip internal rotation in stance at E0 of 17.3° was significantly changed to 1.0° of external rotation at E1 and was maintained at 4.2° at E3. The same clinical course was found for foot progression angle. The mid-point of passive hip rotation at E0 was 21°. This was significantly decreased to 6° at E1 and showed a small but significant increase reaching 12° at E3. The results of this study showed a good overall correction of internally rotated gait following FDO. These improvements were maintained at long-term follow-up after the pubertal growth spurt. Recurrence was observed in some cases with overall severe deterioration. In those patients persistent dynamic factors leading to recurrence should be further investigated., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The evidence in support of distal rectus femoris transfer (DRFT) as part of single-event multilevel surgery (SEMLS) is limited due to inconsistent outcome reports and a lack of randomized studies. The purpose of this prospective randomized trial was to establish whether the results of SEMLS without DRFT are similar to those of a conventional approach that includes DRFT in the SEMLS. In all, 32 children with spastic diplegia (GMFCS I-III) and an indication for DRFT were recruited and randomized into a DRFT (15 children) and a NON-DRFT group (17 children) using a minimization method. During SEMLS, bilateral DRFT was performed only in the DRFT group. Three-dimensional gait analysis and clinical examination were performed before and 1 year after surgery. In both groups a significant increase in range of motion during swing and knee flexion velocity were found, which was significantly higher in the DRFT group. While peak knee flexion in swing (pKFSw) was preserved in the DRFT group and significantly decreased in the NON-DRFT group, pKFSw timing was significantly earlier in both groups. The clinical relevance of the higher overall benefits in the DRFT group is limited, considering that 33% of patients in this group did not benefit from the procedure. Furthermore, 53% of the NON-DRFT patients did not undergo what proved to be an unnecessary DRFT. Subgroup analysis showed benefits for patients with decreased pKFSw, while those with severe flexed-knee gait (normal or increased pKFSw) did not profit from DRFT. This may explain the inconsistent overall results, and DRFT is therefore not recommended as a "prophylactic" procedure in patients with severe flexed-knee gait., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) designates a group of genetic disorders typically leading to spasticity in the lower limbs and consequently to gait disorders. Although the symptoms are similar to those of cerebral palsy (CP), the correct diagnosis is important for treatment recommendations as one condition is progressive in nature whereas the other is not. Due to the heterogeneity of HSP, genetic testing is complex and in some genetic forms still not possible. The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate if instrumented 3D-gait analysis could help distinguish between these two conditions. The gait pattern of 29 patients with HSP was compared with that of 29 patients with CP who were matched in age, sex, and the extent of gait disturbance and also to 29 typically developing subjects for reference. More than 3000 gait parameters were evaluated for their relevance to classify patients into diagnostic groups. Cluster analysis revealed that these gait features may classify only subgroups of symptoms as the gait pattern is very heterogeneous within each diagnosis group. However, prolonged hip extension, knee extension, and ankle plantar flexion were identified as indicators for HSP. In addition, large trunk tilt velocities appear unique in some cases of HSP. These indicators in gait pattern may contribute in establishing the diagnosis of HSP, which is important in predicting outcome when planning surgical treatment for functional improvements in these patients., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The fixed neutral position of conventional prosthetic feet causes difficulties for transtibial amputees (TTAs) when walking on ramps. New microprocessor-controlled prosthetic ankles such as the Proprio-Foot (Ossur) aim to reduce these difficulties by modifying the prosthetic ankle angle according to the gait condition. The purpose of the present investigation was to assess the biomechanical effects of adaptation of the prosthetic ankle on ramp ambulation in TTAs. Sixteen TTAs and 16 controls underwent a conventional 3D gait analysis while walking up and down a ramp. TTAs walked with the prosthetic foot set to a neutral mode angle and set to the adapted mode. Norm distance, sagittal kinematics and kinetics were calculated for comparisons between TTAs and controls. During ramp ascent, the dorsiflexion brought about by the adapted prosthetic ankle reduced the increased knee extension noted on the TTAs' involved side and the increased plantarflexion on their sound side. During ramp descent, the plantarflexion of the adapted mode increased the adaptation mechanisms observed in TTAs. These findings suggest that the adapted mode leads to more physiologic kinematics and kinetics in the lower limbs in TTAs during ramp ascent but not during ramp descent. However, in the adapted mode, patients reported feeling safer during ramp descent, thus indicating that there might be other safety related measures such as toe-clearance or coefficient of friction influencing this perception., (Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Conventional prosthetic feet cannot adapt to specific conditions such as walking on stairs or ramps. Amputees are therefore forced to compensate their prosthetic deficits by modifying the kinematics and kinetics of their lower limbs. The Proprio-Foot (Ossur) intends to reduce these compensation mechanisms by automatically increasing dorsiflexion during stair ambulation thanks to an adaptive microprocessor-controlled ankle. The present investigation proposes to analyze the biomechanical effects of the dorsiflexion adaptation in transtibial (TT) amputees during stair ambulation. Sixteen TT amputees and sixteen healthy controls underwent conventional 3D gait analysis. Kinematics and kinetics of the lower limbs were compared during stair ascent and descent performed by patients with the prosthetic foot set to a neutral ankle angle and with an adapted dorsiflexion ankle angle of 4 degrees . Norm distance as well as minimum and maximal values of sagittal kinematics and kinetics were calculated for comparisons between patients and control subjects. For both stair ascent and descent, an improvement of the knee kinematics and kinetics could particularly be noticed on the involved side with an increase of the knee flexion and an increase of the knee moment during stance. Therefore, despite its additional weight compared to a conventional prosthetic ankle, the Proprio-Foot should be beneficial to active TT amputees whose knee musculature strength does not constitute a handicap.