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Palm oil is largely produced in Thailand and sufficient to utilize as a biofuel feedstock through hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). In this work a new bifunctional catalyst consisting of nickel phosphide supported on zeolite mordenite in sodium form (Ni-P/NaMOR) was prepared by sequential impregnation and characterized extensively by several techniques to understand the reduction behavior, phases and distribution of nickel phosphides on the support. Nickel and phosphate precursors were transformed to Ni 2 P 2 O 7 species by calcination and to a mixed phase between Ni 12 P 5 and Ni 2 P by reduction. The phosphide species distributed in the zeolite cavities and external surface. The HDO of palm oil was tested in a down-flow stainless steel trickle bed reactor and the atmosphere was hydrogen. The mixed phase of nickel phosphides enhanced the HDO reaction. When tested by various temperatures and pressures, the optimum condition in this work was at 425 °C and 50 bar in which a complete of palm oil conversion, the largest HDO yield and selectivity toward C 15 -C 18 alkanes were obtained. The green diesel and HDO yields from reduced Ni-P/NaMOR were larger than those from pure Ni 2 P and mixed Ni 2 P-Ni 12 P 5. Interestingly, a small amount of isoparaffins was also observed likely due to the contribution of NaMOR support. Unlabelled Image • Nickel phosphide on NaMOR was tested in hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of palm oil. • The catalyst contained a mixed phase between Ni 12 P 5 and Ni 2 P with bifunctionality. • The mixed phosphide phase gave high yield and selectivity toward C 15 -C 18 alkanes. • The NaMOR support contributed a formation of isoparaffins. • The optimum condition to yield the largest HDO was at 425 °C and 50 bar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zeolite NaX was synthesized by using rice husk silica and used as a catalyst support. It was impregnated with potassium acetate buffer solution to produce xK/NaX where x was potassium loading of 4, 8, 12 and 16 wt.%. After calcination the zeolite characteristic in all catalysts were still observed. The surface area and micropore volume decreased with potassium loading indicating that the cavities were occupied. The potassium precursor was mainly converted to carbonate which had strong basicity. As the basicity increased with the potassium loading, the bettter catalytic performance in transesterification of Jatropha seed oil to biodiesel was observed. The best catalyst was 16K/NaX which gave 95.2 ± 0.96% biodiesel yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]