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Nitrogen, as one of the important elements affecting the growth and development of fruit trees, leads to slowed protein synthesis and reduced photosynthesis, resulting in yellowing of the leaves, poor tree growth, and decreased yield under nitrogen-deficient conditions. In order to minimize losses and maximize fruit yield, there is often an occurrence of excessive fertilization, soil structure degradation, and water pollution. Therefore, accurate and real-time monitoring of nitrogen content in fruit trees has become the fundamental prerequisite for precision management of orchards. Furthermore, precision orchard management is crucial for enhancing fruit quality by maintaining the optimal growth conditions necessary for trees. Moreover, it plays a vital role in safeguarding the ecological environment by mitigating the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides. With the continuous development and application of spectral remote sensing technology in agricultural monitoring and land management, this technology can provide an effective method for monitoring nitrogen content. Based on a review of relevant literature, this paper summarizes a research framework for monitoring and inversion of nitrogen content in fruit trees, which provides help for further research. Firstly, based on different remote sensing platforms, the application was discussed, on spectral remote sensing technology in the acquisition of nitrogen content in fruit trees. Secondly, the index parameters that can reflect the nitrogen content of fruit trees are summarized, which provides practical guidance for remote sensing monitoring. Additionally, the regression algorithms and application situations based on spectral data for nitrogen content were introduced. In conclusion, in response to the current issues and technological limitations, future research should focus on studying the nitrogen content characteristics of fruit trees during different phenological periods, integrating multi-type data information, and thereby improving the universality of the nitrogen content inversion model for fruit trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen, as one of the important elements affecting the growth and development of fruit trees, leads to slowed protein synthesis and reduced photosynthesis, resulting in yellowing of the leaves, poor tree growth, and decreased yield under nitrogen-deficient conditions. In order to minimize losses and maximize fruit yield, there is often an occurrence of excessive fertilization, soil structure degradation, and water pollution. Therefore, accurate and real-time monitoring of nitrogen content in fruit trees has become the fundamental prerequisite for precision management of orchards. Furthermore, precision orchard management is crucial for enhancing fruit quality by maintaining the optimal growth conditions necessary for trees. Moreover, it plays a vital role in safeguarding the ecological environment by mitigating the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides. With the continuous development and application of spectral remote sensing technology in agricultural monitoring and land management, this technology can provide an effective method for monitoring nitrogen content. Based on a review of relevant literature, this paper summarizes a research framework for monitoring and inversion of nitrogen content in fruit trees, which provides help for further research. Firstly, based on different remote sensing platforms, the application was discussed, on spectral remote sensing technology in the acquisition of nitrogen content in fruit trees. Secondly, the index parameters that can reflect the nitrogen content of fruit trees are summarized, which provides practical guidance for remote sensing monitoring. Additionally, the regression algorithms and application situations based on spectral data for nitrogen content were introduced. In conclusion, in response to the current issues and technological limitations, future research should focus on studying the nitrogen content characteristics of fruit trees during different phenological periods, integrating multi-type data information, and thereby improving the universality of the nitrogen content inversion model for fruit trees.

The rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS) is the backbone of Indian farming, especially in the north-western region. But continuous adoption of the RWCS in northwest India has resulted in major challenges and stagnation in the productivity of this system. Additionally, the Indo-Gangetic Plains of Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh are also facing similar challenges for sustainable production of the RWCS. Several emerging problems, such as the exhausting nutrient pool in soil, deteriorating soil health, groundwater depletion, escalating production cost, labor scarcity, environmental pollution due to crop residue burning and enhanced greenhouse gas emissions, climatic vulnerabilities, and herbicide resistance in weed species, are a few major threats to its sustainability. To address these challenges, a wide range of sustainable intensification technologies have been developed to reduce the irrigation and labor requirements, tillage intensity, and straw burning. Awareness and capacity building of the stakeholders and policy matching/advocacy need to be prioritized to adopt time- and need-based strategies at the ground level to combat these challenges. This review summarizes the current status and challenges of the RWCS in the northwest region of the country and also focuses on the precision management options for achieving high productivity, profitability, and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS) is the backbone of Indian farming, especially in the north-western region. But continuous adoption of the RWCS in northwest India has resulted in major challenges and stagnation in the productivity of this system. Additionally, the Indo-Gangetic Plains of Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh are also facing similar challenges for sustainable production of the RWCS. Several emerging problems, such as the exhausting nutrient pool in soil, deteriorating soil health, groundwater depletion, escalating production cost, labor scarcity, environmental pollution due to crop residue burning and enhanced greenhouse gas emissions, climatic vulnerabilities, and herbicide resistance in weed species, are a few major threats to its sustainability. To address these challenges, a wide range of sustainable intensification technologies have been developed to reduce the irrigation and labor requirements, tillage intensity, and straw burning. Awareness and capacity building of the stakeholders and policy matching/advocacy need to be prioritized to adopt time- and need-based strategies at the ground level to combat these challenges. This review summarizes the current status and challenges of the RWCS in the northwest region of the country and also focuses on the precision management options for achieving high productivity, profitability, and sustainability.