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This article provides an update on the epidemiology, endocrinology, and treatment of cryptorchidism, which is the most common birth defect in boys. The article highlights the increased risk of fertility problems and testicular cancer associated with cryptorchidism. It discusses the multifaceted etiology of the condition, including genetic factors and environmental exposures to endocrine disrupting chemicals. The article also reviews current surgical treatment options and the impact of cryptorchidism on pubertal development. Overall, more research is needed to understand the causes of cryptorchidism and how to prevent long-term complications. [Extracted from the article]