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The paper deals with the depth distribution of implanted elements from the surface, i.e., the concentration profile, studied by means of Auger electron spectroscopy. Results obtained in low carbon CrMoV tool steel implanted with Nor CO ions have been correlated with theoretical curves which were calculated by the LSS method for pure α-iron. Low doses of implanted nitrogen (1.5 and 2.0 · 10 ions/ cm) exhibit no differences between measured concentration profiles and theoretical distribution, while a high dose (4.0 · 10 ions/cm) induced profile deformation together with sputtering of the material surface. By bombardment with carbon monoxide (1.5 - 4.0 · 10 ions/cm), these molecular ions are split after their incidence and carbon as well as oxygen atoms can move independently within the material. The position of the oxygen concentration profiles correspond to the theoretically found curves (the true heights of the profile being substantially lower), whereas the concentration profiles of carbon are very flat and of asymmetrical shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characterization of oxide scales by their composition and structure is necessary in order to predict their protective behaviour for the high temperature alloys in various corrosive media. For this purpose information obtained by classical methods, such as metallography, X-ray diffraction and microprobe analysis can be supplemented by depth profiles determined by various spectroscopical methods. In this paper, HASTELLOY X und INCONEL 617 were oxidized for relatively short times in two different atmospheres. Depth profiles were determined by GDOS (Glow Discharge Optical Spectroscopy), SNMS (Secondary Neutral Mass Spectrometry) and SIMS (Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry). The measured profiles were compared with the results of non-destructive X-ray diffraction analysis to characterize the scales and the oxide-metal interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The measurement of anthropogenic organic air compounds is a field of research which to date has been neglected to a great extent. Therefore, in this paper, the techniques and apparatus which are currently employed in this laboratory for collecting and analysing organic pollutants from air are described. The collection and concentration of trace amounts of organic compounds takes place in a new developed collecting system using tubes packed with sorbent medium. After sampling, these cartridges are thermally heated to desorb the compounds and these are analysed subsequently by a capillary gas-chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer as detector. The efficiency of this technique is illustrated by some examples which show the large number of organic pollutants in air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the purity and of the adsorption properties, the Amberlite XAD-4 resin is an adsorbent suitable for multielement preconcentration from aqueous solutions. Adsorbed trace compounds can easily be eluted from the resin by use of 1 M HNO in acetone and subsequently be determined by AAS. In this paper the adsorptivity of complexes of 15 elements with different chelate forming reagents was investigated. Besides of multielement preconcentration, selective trace separation procedures are possible by suitable selection of complex reagents and pH-adjustment of the sample solution. In many cases the resin XAD-4 can advantageously be used as a trace collector instead of activated carbon. The advantages and disadvantages in the application of the two adsorbents are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a reliable working station for the in line-process control in chemical plants. Essential parts of the equipment (pump, column) are in duplicates and may be combined by computer control in different lines. One pump and column is in working position, the other is held in ready to work position by conditioning. While one column is in working position, the system is able to calibrate the other column and to switch to this column in the case of breakdown of the other column. By means of chromatographic data (as retention time, peak height of standards, data of separation) the working column is under control and the switching to the other column is down before a real breakdown. The status of the detector is followed by number and distance in time of the necessary auto-zero operations and by the noise of the lamp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The analytical procedure for the trace determination of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in sewage sludges, soils, and analogous materials by isotope dilution mass spectrometry with a compact thermal ionization quadrupole instrument, which was described in the first part of this publication, is transferred to food samples in this paper. Heavy metal concentrations in different ranges of content are analysed in meat, liver, kidney, wholemeal flour, and bread samples. In addition, iron is determined in the first three samples mentioned besides the other heavy metals by a new technique developed with thermal ionization mass spectrometry. In all cases Pb, Cd, and Cu are isolated in one step by electro-deposition after decomposition of the sample. Afterwards, these three elements are successively measured in a thermal ionization quadrupole mass spectrometer. Zn and Fe are separated chromatographically using a column filled with an anion-exchanger resin. The mass spectrometric measurement of zinc and iron is carried out separately isolating these elements from the same decomposed sample. The heavy metal concentrations determined by isotope dilution mass spectrometry agree well with results of other analytical methods, which were obtained during a certification campaign for food samples. The detection limits of isotope dilution mass spectrometry are 1.2 ng/g for Pb, 0.8 ng/g for Cd, 9 ng/g for Cu, 27 ng/g for Zn, and 12 ng/g for Fe. These detection limits enable the analysis of the corresponding heavy metals in all important food samples. The use of the described compact and easy to handle thermal ionization quadrupole mass spectrometer opens the possibility to apply the described isotope dilution technique not only as a calibration method but also as a routine method in food analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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