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In many parts of the boreal biome intensive forest management has resulted in profound changes in forest structure, tree species composition and dead wood availability, and by so negatively effecting forest biodiversity. Restoration of degraded forest habitats is therefore of high priority, both internationally and nationally. Consequently, it is of uttermost importance to develop cost-efficient restoration methods. We have therefore initiated a cost neutral ecological restoration experiment aimed at increasing the variety and volume of dead wood in voluntary set-asides (as part of the FSC certification requirements) by mimicking the two natural disturbances, forest fire and small scale gap dynamics. We studied how tree species and substrate type, i.e. the way in which a tree was killed (cut, girdled, tipped over or cut to produce a high stump), affect species composition, abundance and species richness of saproxylic beetles. We found that species composition differed between tree species in burned as well as gap-cut stands, and that tree posture, i.e. standing or downed trees, also affected species composition in gap-cut stands. In addition, abundance and species richness differed between tree species in gap-cut stands, generally being higher in spruce than in pine and birch. Based on our results we recommend a wider practice of dead wood creation involving a multitude of tree species and tree postures, through mimicking natural disturbances in the management of boreal forests. Furthermore, we suggest that voluntary set-asides provide an excellent opportunity for restoration as they are wide spread and already available in the forest landscape. Restoration cost can therefore be kept at a minimum or totally avoided as in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large scale use of even-aged silviculture (clear-cutting) commencing in the mid-20th century has had negative impacts on forest biodiversity. As a consequence, uneven-aged silviculture is currently being considered to help meet the ecological and social criteria required for sustainable forest management. Uneven-aged silviculture (e.g. selective felling) involves selective removal of some older trees in a stand which may to some extent mimics natural small scale stand dynamics and thus potentially benefit species associated with old forests. Here we test whether selective felling benefits beetle biodiversity by producing beetle assemblages that better resemble those of old growth stands than those found in uncut production stands. We conducted a field study in northern Sweden, comparing beetles assemblages collected with window traps in three spruce dominated stand types: (1) Stands recently (on average 7 years prior to the study) subjected to selective felling ( Selective felling ), (2) mature uneven-aged stands without recent history of management, resembling selective felling stands prior to management ( Uncut ), and (3) old-growth stands with high conservation values ( Old growth ). As predicted, we found that assemblage composition was similar in selective felling and old growth stands, and that assemblages of cambivores and obligate saproxylics (marginally significant) differed between these two stand types and uncut stands. The differences were largely explained by a higher abundance of saproxylic species presumably associated with old growth conditions and large volumes of deadwood. Thus, although overall assemblage composition did not differ between stand types, part of the beetle community seemingly benefited from selective felling. We therefore recommend that selective felling is considered as an alternative to clear-felling to maintain biodiversity values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decline in biodiversity have increased the interest in alternative forest management approaches. Uneven-aged silviculture has been proposed as a mean to maintain continuity of forest canopy cover, mimic small-scale disturbances and provide a stratified forest structure similar to that of old-growth forests and therefore better maintain species associated with unmanaged forest. We used a large-scale chronosequence study spanning 50 years to study beetle diversity in uneven-aged silviculture compared with both short-term impacts and the longer-term legacy of even-aged silviculture. We compared: (1) even-aged recently clear-felled stand, (2) even-aged recently thinned stand, (3) uneven-aged stands subjected to selective felling with (4) uneven-aged reference stands to evaluate whether abundance, species richness and composition of beetles (Coleoptera) were affected differently by even-aged than by uneven-aged management. We collected 15,147 beetles from 461 species using flight interception traps in 30 stands. Beetle composition was maintained in uneven-aged managed stands; composition did not differ from unmanaged reference stands, the exception being cambium consumers. Both even-aged silviculture treatments (clear-felling and thinning) had different beetle composition compared to the reference stands, indicating that assemblages had yet to recover even 50 years into the rotation. However, beetle composition did not differ between uneven-aged managed and thinned stands. The result supports our prediction that uneven-aged silviculture better maintains beetles assemblages associated with semi-natural mature forest than even-aged silviculture. The greater temporal continuity in selectively felled stands could benefit species dependent of mature or old growth forest since some of the needed habitat qualities are continuously available. Uneven-aged silviculture could therefore serve as an important tool for landscape planning to benefit biodiversity and thus help fulfil environmental commitments. However, uneven-aged silviculture may still alter the forest and should therefore be viewed as an alternative to even-aged silviculture, rather than to set-asides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Intensive forest management has dramatically reduced the area of old-growth forest in Fennoscandia. We examined if the proportion of old forest in a landscape affects species composition, richness and abundance of saproxylic beetles. We used tube-shaped window traps in five pairs of sites, selected so that the sites within each pair differed with respect to the proportion of old forest (>125years) in the surrounding landscape. A landscape level inventory of the wood fungi Fomitopsis rosea, as a proxy for forest with high conservation values, was used to complement the data on old forests. In addition, to testing whether mycelia-colonised wood may attract saproxylic beetles, the tube-shaped window traps were baited with wood colonised by Fomitopsis pinicola or F. rosea. Old-forest-rich landscapes supported significantly more species and a higher abundance of saproxylic beetles than old-forest-poor landscapes. The analysis revealed a clear connection between the community composition of saproxylic beetles and the proportion of old forest and number of F. rosea fruiting bodies in the surrounding landscape (radius 3km). The local landscape species pool thus appears to be important for the beetle species that are trapped since the composition of saproxylic beetles differed between the two landscape types. The effects of the different baits were less pronounced than the effect of landscape type, although species-specific responses to the two mycelia baits were observed. This indicates that volatiles from mycelia of wood-decaying fungi and the mycelial community may affect colonisation patterns of saproxylic beetles. Our results suggest that forest fragmentation and habitat loss have resulted in depauperate beetle faunas in old-forest-poor landscapes. Our results highlight the need to invoke a landscape scale approach for preserving biodiversity, in this case the need to maintain a sufficient proportion of forest with old growth characteristics in the managed landscape. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Studies on the effects of stump harvesting on forest biodiversity are scarce and studies on long-term effects are until now non-existent. We evaluated such long-term effects by sampling beetles at 14 clear-cuts with and 14 clear-cuts without stump harvesting; harvesting had been done 21–28years before this study. By using window traps, we collected 6429 individuals belonging to 432 species in 55 taxonomic families. To control for potentially confounding effects of among-site variations in landscape setting we also assessed forest age and volume of deciduous trees within the forest surrounding each site. The long-term effects from harvesting on beetle abundance, species richness and species composition was generally small in comparison to the influence of the characteristics of the surrounding forests. The species richness of the beetle family Latridiidae and the functional group fungivores appeared, however, to be negatively affected by the previous stump harvesting, while several other groups showed strong associations to the characteristics of the surrounding forest. We found little support for considerable long-term effects of stump harvesting on beetles flying in the stands. Long-term effects of stump harvesting at the landscape scale accumulated from harvest of many localities may still be severe, and should be the subject of future studies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The intent with insect-resistant transgenic trees is to increase yield without adverse negative effects on non-target organisms. Thus, the assessment of these products is dependent on not only performance, but also on environmental effects realized in the field. With this study we transition from greenhouse evaluations to assessments under semi-natural field conditions with the objectives: (i) to assess the realized benefits (biomass production and resistance effectiveness) and (ii) to evaluate effects on the biotic interactions of two isogenic transgenic Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis, cry3Aa targeting coleopteran leaf beetles)-expressing aspens. We established an experiment with a total of 108 potted aspen plants (n =36 for three different lines) in the field and applied an additional experimental nutrient treatment to reflect the effects of one aspect of environmental variability. Overall leaf damage was shown to be higher on the un-modified wild type (Wt) plants compared to plants from the high expression line (P =0.003), and the same trend was also detected for the low expression line (P =0.089). However, despite this advantage in resistance, biomass production was not significantly enhanced in insect-resistant plants. Also, whereas the high nutrient treatment showed an increase in biomass, it did not affect the amount of leaf damage inflicted on the plants. Presence/absence surveys of biotic interactions during the study showed that the number of plants that were scored for the presence of three insect orders and two leaf modifications was equal regardless of line treatment. Interestingly, one species included in the presumably targeted order, the leaf rolling beetle Byctiscus populi (Coleoptera) inflicted the insect-resistant plants with oviposition and feeding damage to a similar degree as the un-modified Wt plants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Different functional groups of beetles are likely to exhibit different responses to forest management and it is essential that we gain knowledge on these responses to understand and minimize the negative impacts of forestry in boreal ecosystems. In a large-scale manipulative experiment in nine sites (including 27 stands) in northern Sweden, we tested how saproxylic beetles, fire-favoured beetles and functional groups of beetles were affected by log treatment (shaded, burnt and fungi inoculated logs) and stand type (clear-cuts, mature managed and old-growth stands). All sites included one clear-cut, one mature managed stand and one old-growth stand, which give in total 27 stands. Fresh logs were placed out in the stands and exposed to different treatments. Insects were caught in eclector traps attached to the experimental logs. Log treatment, stand type and their interactions affected abundance, species richness and assemblages of saproxylic beetles, fire-favoured beetles and functional groups of beetles. Cambium consumers were less abundant on burnt logs compared with control logs. Furthermore, the assemblage composition differed between burnt logs and control logs for fire-favoured species and cambium consumers. On the clear-cuts burnt logs hosted lower abundance of all saproxylic beetles and fire-favoured species. For predators, the assemblage composition differed between burnt logs and control logs on clear-cuts. Shaded logs hosted lower abundance of wood borers compared to control logs. Shaded logs also supported different assemblages of saproxylic beetles and predators compared with the control logs on clear cuts. The effect of stand type was stronger than the effect of log treatment and for most of the examined groups; the clear-cuts differed from the mature managed and old-growth stands, while few differences was detected between mature managed and old-growth stands. The results indicate that in an area with intense forestry, both old-growth forest reserves and the creation of suitable substrates in managed forests are needed to conserve functionally intact beetle assemblages. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Many saproxylic beetles do not feed on wood directly but on fungi colonizing the wood. The volume of decaying wood has decreased drastically in Scandinavian managed forest landscapes in recent years, so improved knowledge on the interactions between beetles and wood-decaying fungi is important for the long-term persistence of these trophic partners. Sporocarps of polypores are known to emit volatiles attracting both fungivorous and predatory beetles, but it is unknown whether some beetles are also attracted to odours from the mycelia. The aim of this experiment was to test the attraction of beetles to volatiles from the sporocarps and mycelia of wood-decaying fungi. In a randomized block design, six substrate types: Fomitopsis pinicola sporocarp, F. pinicola mycelium-infected wood, Fomitopsis rosea sporocarp, F. rosea mycelium-infected wood, Phellinus chrysoloma sporocarp and Phlebia centrifuga mycelium-infected wood were attached separately to specially designed window traps in four old-growth spruce forests in northern Sweden. Empty traps and traps with sterilised wood were used as controls. We found no significant differences in the species richness or abundance of saproxylic beetles between the control and sterilised wood and the fungal substrates. However, two abundant species showed significant preferences for one substrate type. The bark beetle Dryocoetes autographus preferred F. rosea mycelium-infected wood and the rove beetle Lordithon lunulatus preferred fruiting bodies of F. pinicola. The results indicate that some species do discriminate between volatiles emitted by different polypore species and also between volatiles emitted by the sporocarps and mycelia from the same species. Our data indicate a hitherto unknown interdependence between D. autographus and F. rosea. We conclude that present knowledge on interactions between beetles and wood-decaying fungi is limited and further studies are needed to enhance our ability to design appropriate conservation strategies in the forest landscape. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Burning increased species richness of beetles compared to gap-cut and reference stands. • Species composition differed significantly between all three groups of stands. • Most species benefitting from burning are fire dependent/favored species. • Gap cutting maintained pre-treatment beetle assemblages but benefitted e.g., cambivores. • Both restoration methods are complementary to e.g., free development set-asides. Accelerating declines in biodiversity worldwide have accentuated the need for conservation actions. Unfortunately, the decline is unlikely to be reversed by traditional conservation alone, e.g., green tree retention at clear-felling and setting aside protected areas for free development. Instead the practice of ecological restoration has come to play an ever increasing role. Using a before-after control-impact experiment in boreal forest voluntary set-asides, we evaluated the usefulness of two methods of ecological restoration aimed at promoting biodiversity by emulating natural disturbances through restoration burning and artificial gap creation involving dead wood creation. In burned stands (n = 6) we removed up to 35% of the standing volume prior to burning, and in gap cut stands (n = 10) we removed the cut trees from every second gap; harvested trees covered costs for restoration. We used saproxylic and non-saproxylic beetles as a proxy for biodiversity to evaluate the two restoration methods. We compared species compositions of beetles collected with window traps one year before and one year after treatment. In addition, we compared catches in the treatments with those in untreated reference stands. Before treatment, we found no differences between the three groups of stands in terms of overall abundance, species richness or species composition. After treatment, the overall abundance of beetles was higher in the burned sites compared to the reference stands. Overall species richness was higher in burned stands compared to references and gap-cut stands. Gap-cut stands had higher species richness of cambivores and fire favoured species than reference stands. Species composition differed significantly between all three groups of stands. Among the 96 species that significantly contributed to the differences in species composition, 58 were more common in burned stands and 34 more common in gap-cut stands than in the other two stand groups. Nineteen of the 96 species are considered to be favored by forest fires, and 17 of these fire-favored species were more abundant in burned stands than gap-cut stands and/or references. Based on our results that burning and gap-cutting changed the beetle communities in partly different directions, we propose the use of both methods as complements to traditional conservation efforts in future attempts to improve conditions for biodiversity in managed boreal forest landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]