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1. Current Insights into Monitoring, Bioaccumulation, and Potential Health Effects of Microplastics Present in the Food Chain

Author

Leonard W. D. van Raamsdonk, Meike van der Zande, Albert A. Koelmans, Ron L. A. P. Hoogenboom, Ruud J. B. Peters, Maria J. Groot, Ad A. C. M. Peijnenburg, and Yannick J. A. Weesepoel

Subjects
microplastic, occurrence, human health, analytical methods, quality control, Chemical technology, TP1-1185
Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) are considered an emerging issue as environmental pollutants and a potential health threat. This review will focus on recently published data on concentrations in food, possible effects, and monitoring methods. Some data are available on concentrations in seafood (fish, bivalves, and shrimps), water, sugar, salt, and honey, but are lacking for other foods. Bottled water is a considerable source with numbers varying between 2600 and 6300 MPs per liter. Particle size distributions have revealed an abundance of particles smaller than 25 µm, which are considered to have the highest probability to pass the intestinal border and to enter the systemic circulation of mammals. Some studies with mice and zebrafish with short- or medium-term exposure (up to 42 days) have revealed diverse results with respect to both the type and extent of effects. Most notable modifications have been observed in gut microbiota, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress. The principal elements of MP monitoring in food are sample preparation, detection, and identification. Identified data gaps include a lack of occurrence data in plant- and animal-derived food, a need for more data on possible effects of different types of microplastics, a lack of in silico models, a lack of harmonized monitoring methods, and a further development of quality assurance.

Published
2020
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2. Safety and Transfer Study: Transfer of Bromoform Present in Asparagopsis Taxiformis to Milk and Urine of Lactating Dairy Cows

Author

M.J. Groot, Jan Dijkstra, Wouter Muizelaar, Gert van Duinkerken, and Ruud J. B. Peters

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Health (social science), Animal Nutrition, Asparagopsis armata, Plant Science, Urine, Toxicology, lcsh:Chemical technology, 01 natural sciences, Health Professions (miscellaneous), chemistry.chemical_compound, Asparagopsis, lcsh:TP1-1185, Histological examination, 0303 health sciences, rumen, biology, Team Animal Drugs 2, food and beverages, Diervoeding, Management, CHBr3, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Bromoform, Safety, safety, food.ingredient, Rumen, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Animal science, food, Feces, 030304 developmental biology, VLAG, Team Organic Contaminants, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, biology.organism_classification, Seaweed, Transfer, chemistry, cattle, seaweed, WIAS, Cattle, transfer, Food Science
Abstract

Enteric methane (CH4) is the main source of greenhouse gas emissions from ruminants. The red seaweeds Asparagopsis taxiformis (AT) and Asparagopsis armata contain halogenated compounds, including bromoform (CHBr3), which may strongly decrease enteric CH4 emissions. Bromoform is known to have several toxicological effects in rats and mice and is quickly excreted by the animals. This study investigated the transfer of CHBr3 present in AT to milk, urine, feces, and animal tissue when incorporated in the diet of dairy cows. Twelve lactating Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, representing the target dose (low), 2× target dose (medium), and 5× target dose (high). The adaptation period lasted seven days, and subsequently cows were fed AT for 22 days maximally. The transfer of CHBr3 to the urine at days 1 and 10 (10–148 µg/L) was found with all treatments. On day 1, CHBr3 was detected in the milk of most cows in the low and medium treatment groups (9.1 and 11 µg/L, respectively), and detected in the milk of one cow in the high treatment group on day 9 (35 µg/L). Bromoform was not detected in milk and urine at day 17, nor at concentrations above the detection limit in feces and collected animal tissues. Two animals (low) were sacrificed, and their rumen wall showed abnormalities. Upon histological examination, signs of inflammation became visible. Animals regularly refused the feed or distinctively selected against AT. In conclusion, within the confines of the present experiment, CHBr3 does not accumulate in animal tissue, but can be excreted in urine and milk.

Published
2021

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