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A combination of transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses was performed to systematically understand the metabolic changes in Tricholoma matsutake fruiting bodies during cold storage. In total, 800 metabolites were identified and 19,964 annotated unigenes were quantified. The unigenes related to the catabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids were mainly upregulated during cold storage, but the related primary metabolites were not accumulated, which indicated complete degradation and loss of nutrients. Concurrently, the synthesis and metabolism of the main components of the cell wall, chitin and β-1,3-glucan, were regulated, indicating the dynamic remodeling of the T. matsutake cell wall structure. Additionally, indole-3-acetic acid and components of its synthesis pathway were found in T. matsutake, indicating their potential role as a communicator between T. matsutake and its symbiotic plants. The results provide new information to improve the understanding of the metabolic mechanism of T. matsutake fruit bodies during postharvest cold storage.

The flavor fingerprint of Tricholoma matsutake Singer was developed and volatile compounds were investigated by HS-GC-IMS fingerprinting combining with PCA. A total of 25 typical target compounds were identified. The differences of flavor compounds in pileus and stipe of Tricholoma matsutake Singer from different areas were observed. After drying, the concentration of C8 compounds, including 3-octanone, 3-octanol, 1-octen-3-one and 1-octanol, decreased, while the concentration of methanol and 1-pentanol increased. Subsequently, PCA was performed based on the signal intensity of the identified violate compounds, and the results clearly showed that the samples in a relatively independent space would be well distinguished. Combining the signal intensity of the identified violate compounds by HS-GC-IMS and PCA, the samples from different portions of Tricholoma matsutake Singer and different areas were distinguished. The results showed that the flavor fingerprint of Tricholoma matsutake Singer were established by HS-GC-IMS and PCA based on the identified volatile compounds.

The pileus and stipe of pine-mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake Sing.) were compared for differences in their profiles of volatiles and key odorants. We identified 24 and 21 volatile components in the pileus and in the stipe of pine-mushrooms, of which 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid methyl ester (methyl cinnamate) and 1-octen-3-ol were most abundant, respectively. The C8 components, such as 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanol, and (E)-2-octen-1-ol, were more prevalent in the stipe than in the pileus. On the other hand, 1-octen-3-one (mushroom-like) was the most potent key odorant in both the pileus and the stipe. The flavor dilution (FD) factors of 1-octen-3-ol (mushroom-like), 3-octanol (mushroom-like/buttery), (E)-2-octen-1-ol (mushroom-like), and 3-octanone (mushroom-like/buttery), exhibiting the typical fungal odor note, were higher in the stipe than in the pileus. In contrast, the FD factors of odorants possessing sweet, floral, green, and citrus odor descriptions, such as linalool (sweet and citrus), 2-methyl-butanoic acid ethyl ester (sweet and floral), 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (fresh green), α-terpineol (pine-tree-like), and (E)-2-decenal (orange-like and fatty), were higher in the pileus than in the stipe.

Concentrations of mercury were determined in wild growing mushrooms (nine edible and 6 inedible species) and underlying soil (0–10 cm layer) substrate collected from Wdzydze Landscape Park in Northern Poland in 1995–1996. The analysis was performed using cold-vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy (CV–AAS) in 211 caps, 211 stalks and 211 soil samples. King Bolete (Boletus edulis), Cloudy Clitocybe (Lepista nebularis) and Orange Slime Court (Cortinarius mucosus) accumulated great concentrations of mercury and bioconcentration factors (BCF) of mercury in these species were between 560±510 and 180±160 in caps and between 310±190 and 77±64 in stalks. All other species examined, also accumulated mercury, but to lesser extent, with BCF values ranging from 3.9±2.1 to 69±12 in caps, and 1.0±0.4 and 38±7 in stalks. Cap to stalk concentration quotients for mercury were between 1.2±1.1 and 4.4±2.8. Mercury concentrations in underlying soil substrate were low between 2.7±1.2 and 37±5 ng/g dry weight, for 14 species, and 78±53 (18–170) ng/g dry weight for soil from which Sulfur Tuft (Hypoloma fasciculare) was collected. Among edible species, King Bolete showed a mean mercury concentration of up to 2600±2000 ng/g, dry weight, in caps and 1600±1200 ng/g in stalks. Mean mercury concentrations in other edible species were

The chemical composition and nutritional value of two wild edible mushroom species ( Tricholoma portentosum and Tricholoma terreum ) from the northwest of Spain were determined. Content of dietary fibre was high (approx. 45% of dry matter) in both species. Protein content of both species was very similar and close to 16% of dry weight. Essential amino acids accounted for 61.8 and 63.3% of total amino acid contents of Tricholoma portentosum and Tricholoma terreum , respectively. Leucine, isoleucine and tryptophan were the limiting amino acids in both species. The corrected amino acid scores (PDCAAS) of Tricholoma portentosum and Tricholoma terreum proteins were low compared with those of casein, egg white and beef but higher than those of many vegetable proteins. Content of fat was low (5.7% for Tricholoma portentosum and 6.6% for Tricholoma terreum ) in both species, with oleic and linoleic acids accounting for more than 75% of total fatty acids.

Toxicological studies were carried out on seven Nigerian mushrooms, namely, Chlorophyllum molybditis (Mayer ex. fr.) Masse, Cortinarius melliolens Fries, Lentinus subnudus Berk, Pleurotus tuber-regium (Fries) Singer, Termitomyces robustus (Beeli) Heim, Tricholoma lobayensis Heim and Volvariella esculenta (Mass) Singer. Amatoxin spot test and Chromatographic screening of the mushrooms revealed the absence of amatoxins and phallotoxins. None of the mushroom extracts tested killed the experimental rats. In fact, some of the rats which fed on or were injected intraperitoneally which mushroom extracts showed some significant gain in dry weight. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to consumption of these mushrooms.

In this study, polysaccharides from Tricholoma matsutake (TM-P) were purified using a DEAE-Sepharose fast flow column and three polysaccharide fractions (TM-P1, TM-P2 and TM-P3) were obtained. The chemical composition and structural characteristics of TM-P2 were quite different from those of TM-P1 and TM-P3. TM-P2 consisted of glucose, galactose and mannose with a molar ratio of 5.9:1.1:1.0. The glycosidic linkages were mainly composed of 1,6- and 1-linked glucose. Furthermore, TM-P2 showed the strongest in vitro antioxidant and antitumour activities. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of TM-P2 was 2100.44 μmol Trolox/g. The antiproliferative activities of TM-P2 (4.0mg/ml) on the growth of HepG2 and A549 cells were 67.98% and 59.04%, respectively.