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[Display omitted] • ω-3 MLCTs microcapsules were synthesized using diverse homogenization method. • Encapsulation efficiency of soy protein-based MLCTs microcapsules was 94.56%. • Microcapsules showed excellent water solubility contributed to further application. • Microcapsules exhibited a spherical shape with the smooth surface. Recently, MLCTs have attracted considerable attention as a potential alternative to traditional oils due to their suppressive effect on fat accumulation and insulin sensitivity. In this study, the microcapsules of MLCTs with superior performance were fabricated through different homogenization processes to overcome the limitations of ω-3 medium- and long- chain triacylglycerols (MLCTs), including poor stability and prone oxidation. Additionally, the impact of various homogenization techniques, namely, high-pressure, ultrasound, and cavitation jet, on the particle structure, encapsulation efficiency, and oxidation stability of microcapsules (MLCTs) was investigated. The MLCTs microcapsules fabricated through high-pressure homogenization had a smaller particle size of 295.12 nm, lower PDI of 0.24, and a higher zeta-potential absolute value of 32.65, which significantly improved their dispersion and encapsulation efficiency, reaching 94.56 % after the spray-drying process. Furthermore, the low moisture content and superior storage stability of MLCTs microcapsules have the potential to serve as carriers of liposoluble actives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Phenolics were microencapsulated with spray drying (SD) and spray drying-chilling (SDC). • SDC had a larger average diameter than SD, but smaller than 100 μm. • SDC better protects phenolics during gastric digestion. • SD and SDC present potential applications for the food industry. A co-delivery system based on multilayer microparticles was developed and characterized for the sequential release of phenolic compounds (PCs) using different encapsulation processes (spray drying: SD and drying-chilling spray: SDC) and wall materials to improve the stability and bioavailability of PCs. Samples were characterized in terms of process yield (PY%), phenolic retention efficiency (PRE%), chemical structure and crystallinity (NMR, FTIR, DXR), thermal stability (DSC and FT-IR), anti-radical capacity (ORAC and ABTS) and in vitro digestion. PRE% of samples by SD were higher (p < 0.05) than SDC due to the formation of PCs from CRF (cará-roxo flour). NMR, FTIR, DXR confirmed the presence of key components and interactions for the formation of the advanced co-delivery system. The SDC particles showed crystalline regions by XRD and were stable at ∼47 °C. All samples showed good release of PC in the intestinal phase, and antiradical capacity that reached 23.66 µmol TE g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanism of β-glucan regulating starch digestion after spray drying treatment. [Display omitted] • Effect of β-glucan on the digestibility of highland barley starch under spray drying was studied. • β-glucan affected the digestibility of highland barley starch depending on its concentration. • Spray drying enhanced the effect of β-glucan on the digestibility of highland barley starch. • β-glucan affected the amorphous regions of highland barley starch more after spray drying. • β-glucan dispersed more evenly in the starch system after spray drying. This study investigated the effects of β-glucan (0–6%) on the physicochemical properties, structure, and in vitro digestibility of highland barley starch (HBS) under spray drying (SD). SD significantly enhanced the inhibitory effect of 6% β-glucan on the in vitro digestibility and glucose diffusion of HBS. After SD, the addition of β-glucan at 4% and 6% concentration significantly increased the pasting temperatures of starch while decreased the rheological properties. Thermal properties demonstrated that β-glucan improved the thermal stability and residue content of HBS at 600°C, lowered its maximum loss rate, and maintained its thermal stability after SD. Structural properties showed that β-glucan affected greatly on amorphous regions of HBS after SD. Additionally, β-glucan dispersed more evenly in the starch system and experienced hydrogen bonding with starch after SD. This study presents a novel approach to enhancing the inhibitory effect of β-glucan on starch digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • USD uses acoustic energy to dry proteins without heat, retaining functionalities. • USD-PPI has a higher random coil percentage and improved mechanical properties. • USD-PPI has higher surface hydrophobicity owing to more exposed free SH-groups. • USD-PPI with high bulk and tapped density reduces packaging and transportation costs. • USD-PPI has a porous and lumpy structure, contributing to enhanced protein solubility. The challenge of preserving the quality of thermal-sensitive polymeric materials specifically proteins during a thermal drying process has been a subject of ongoing concern. To address this issue, we investigated the use of ultrasound contact drying (USD) under non-thermal conditions to produce functionalized pea protein powders. The study extensively examined functional and physicochemical properties of pea protein isolate (PPI) in powder forms obtained through three drying methods: USD (30 °C), spray drying (SD), and freeze drying (FD). Additionally, physical attributes such as powder flowability and color, along with morphological properties, were thoroughly studied. The results indicated that the innovative USD method produced powders of comparable quality to FD and significantly outperformed SD. Notably, the USD-PPI exhibited higher solubility across all pH levels compared to both FD-PPI and SD-PPI. Moreover, the USD-PPI samples demonstrated improved emulsifying and foaming properties, a higher percentage of random coil form (56.2 %), increased gel strength, and the highest bulk and tapped densities. Furthermore, the USD-PPI displayed a unique surface morphology with visible porosity and lumpiness. Overall, this study confirms the effectiveness of non-thermal ultrasound contact drying technology in producing superior functionalized plant protein powders, showing its potential in the fields of chemistry and sustainable materials processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Silk fibroin (via cocoons) with polymorphs (silk I and II) has tailorable property. • Molecular modification on silk fibroin benefits constructing versatile architecture. • Matrix enhancing strategies induce β-sheet transform and encapsulation materials. • Functional food usage includes nutrition, emulsion, enzyme and 3D/4D printing. • Future trend is on quality, health evaluation and superior additive manufacturing. Silk fibroin materials are emergingly explored for food applications due to their inherent properties including safe oral consumption, biocompatibility, gelatinization, antioxidant performance, and mechanical properties. However, silk fibroin possesses drawbacks like brittleness owing to its inherent specific composition and structure, which limit their applications in this field. This review discusses current progress about molecular modification methods on silk fibroin such as extraction, blending, self-assembly, enzymatic catalysis, etc., to address these limitations and improve their physical/chemical properties. It also summarizes matrix enhancement strategies including freeze drying, spray drying, electrospinning/electrospraying, microfluidic spinning/wheel spinning, desolvation and supercritical fluid, to generate nano-, submicron-, micron-, or bulk-scale materials. It finally highlights the food applications of silk fibroin materials, including nutraceutical improvement, emulsions, enzyme immobilization and 3D/4D printing. This review also provides insights on potential opportunities (like safe modification, toxicity risk evaluation, and digestion conditions) and possibilities (like digital additive manufacturing) in functional food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Encapsulating enzymes in metal-organic frameworks is a common practice to improve enzyme stability against harsh conditions. However, the synthesis of enzyme@MOFs has been primarily limited to small-scale laboratory settings, hampering their industrial applications. Spray drying is a scalable and cost-effective technology, which has been frequently used in industry for large-scale productions. Despite these advantages, its potential for encapsulating enzymes in MOFs remains largely unexplored, due to challenges such as nozzle clogging from MOF particle formation, utilization of toxic organic solvents, controlled release of encapsulated enzymes, and high temperatures that could compromise enzyme activity. Herein, we present a novel approach for preparing phytase@MIL-88 A using solvent-free spray drying. This involves atomizing two MOF precursor solutions separately using a three-fluid nozzle, with enzyme release controlled by manipulating defects within the MOFs. The physicochemical properties of the spray dried particles are characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Leveraging the efficiency and scalability of spray drying in industrial production, this scalable encapsulation technique holds considerable promise for broad industrial applications. [Display omitted] • Enzyme thermal stability was improved from 4% to 95% after MOF encapsulation. • Enzyme@MOF particles were synthesized using spray drying for the first time. • Over 80% of encapsulated enzyme can be released at the simulated gastric tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The market share of Sichuan pepper oleoresin (SPO) in the flavor industry is increasing steadily; however, its high volatility, low water solubility, and poor stability continue to pose significant challenges to application. The microencapsulation prepared by emulsion embedding and spray drying is considered as an effective technique to solve the above problems. Sodium octenyl succinate starch (OSA starch) and tea polyphenols (TPs) were used to develop OSA-TPs complex as encapsulants for SPO to prepare orally soluble microcapsules. And the optimum doping of TPs was determined. SPO microcapsules have good properties with high encapsulation efficiency up to 88.13 ± 1.48% and high payload up to 41.58 ± 1.86% with low water content and high heat resistance. The binding mechanism of OSA starch with TPs and its regulation mechanism and effect on SPOs were further analyzed and clarified. The binding mechanism between OSA starch and TPs was clarified in further analyses. The OSA-TPs complexes enhanced the rehydration, release in food matrix and storage stability of SPO, and exhibited good sensory immediacy. Flavor-improved mooncakes were successfully developed, achieving the combination of mooncake flavor and SPO flavor. This study provided a valuable way to prepare flavoring microcapsules suitable for the catering industry, opened up the combined application of SPO and bakery ingredients, and was of great practical value and significance for improving the processing quality of flavor foods, driving the development of the SPO industry, and enhancing the national dietary experience. [Display omitted] • Monolayer wall material was prepared from OSA starch and TPs to encapsulate SPO. • The OSA-TPs complex (1:0.3) had good encapsulation, heat resistance and safety. • Doping of TPs improved the stability of OSA starch by hydrogen bonding between them. • Uneven morphology of SPO microcapsules improved solubility and releasability of SPO. • The orally soluble OSA-TPs shell helped the flavor of SPO to be rapidly perceived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dried shiitake mushrooms offer rich nutritional value and unique sensory properties, prompting further investigation. The effects of different drying techniques (hot air drying (HAD), infrared hot air drying (IRHAD), pulsed vacuum drying (PVD), vacuum freeze drying (VFD), and natural drying (ND)) combined with enzymatic hydrolysis on the release of flavor compounds and nutrients from shiitake mushrooms were explored. The combination of HAD with cellulase hydrolysis yielded notably high levels of umami amino acids (5.4723 ± 0.1501 mg/g) and 5′-nucleotides (4.0536 ± 0.0062 mg/g), and superior volatile flavors. Combined with cellulase hydrolysis, IRHAD achieved the highest level of total sugars (6.57 ± 0.34 mg/mL), VFD resulted in the greatest soluble protein content (153.21 ± 0.23 μg/mL), PVD yielded the highest total phenolics content (93.20 ± 0.41 μg GAE/mL), and ND produced the maximum reducing sugar content (5.79 ± 0.13 mg/mL). This study addresses crucial gap in the post-drying processing of shiitake mushrooms, offering valuable insights for further product development of shiitake mushrooms. [Display omitted] • The combination of drying techniques and cellulase hydrolysis was first studied. • Hot air-dried mushrooms had the best sensory quality after cellulase hydrolysis. • Pulsed vacuum drying was beneficial to the preservation of total phenolics. • Different combinations of techniques could be applied to diverse industry demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Inulin crystallite dispersion in different ratios was used as encapsulating agent. • Quercetin-inulin microparticles with three crystallinity indexes were formulated. • Crystallinity slightly modified the quercetin released during in vitro digestion. • The crystallinity of the microparticles did not influence the Q bioaccessibility. • The encapsulated quercetin was released in the colonic phase to exert its effect. Encapsulation of quercetin (Q) with inulin (In) by spray-drying was performed applying a Box-Behnken design where the effect of the inlet air temperature, percentage of inulin crystallite dispersion and Q content were studied on the crystallinity index (CI). Three microparticle systems with CI between 2 % and 20 % (Q-In-2 %, Q-In-12 % and Q-In-20 %) were selected to study the CI effect on Q release during an in vitro digestion. The higher the CI of microparticles, the higher the encapsulation efficiency (76.4 %, Q-In-20 %). Surface quercetin was steadily released during the oral, gastric, and intestinal phases of the digestion. The CI of the microparticles did not influence the Q bioaccessibility values (23.1–29.7 %). The highest Q delivery occurred during the simulated colonic phase (44.4–66.4 %) due to the action of the inulinase. The controlled crystallization in spray-dried microparticles is a promising strategy for the designing of polyphenol-based microparticles with specific delivery properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Freeze drying and spray drying are applied to dry hemp protein isolate (HPI). • Drying compromises certain HPI subunits' content and affects disulphide bonds. • HPI's denaturation temperature rises after drying indicating structural changes. • Freeze-dried HPI shows better oil-holding ability and emulsifying stability. • Drying increases HPI's digestibility but lowers the release of free α-amino groups. Hempseed protein has gained increasing attention for its sustainability and nourishment. This study aimed to investigate the effects of spray drying and freeze drying on the physicochemical properties, functionality, and digestibility of hempseed protein isolate (HPI). Compared to undried-HPI, both drying techniques altered physicochemical and structural properties. Particularly, protein denaturation temperature increased in freeze-dried HPI (FD-HPI) and spray-dried HPI (SD-HPI) samples (∼90 °C) than in undried-HPI (82.5 °C). Lysine content decreased from 38.26 mg/g in undried-HPI to 35.03 and 33.18 mg/g in FD-HPI and SD-HPI, respectively. Results revealed the loss of 26 and 17 kDa bands after drying. Notably, FD-HPI exhibited higher emulsifying stability and oil-holding capacity than SD-HPI. While both FD-HPI and SD-HPI had higher digestibility than undried-HPI, a 50% reduction in the liberation of free α-amino groups after digestion was found. This study provided information regarding changes in HPI after drying, offering insights for HPI production and application in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Emulsion-based methods resulted in higher EE compared to coaxial electrospraying. • Spray-drying and coaxial electrospraying resulted in capsules with a high oxidative stability. • The physical integrity of the capsules was retained after food fortification. • The fortified salad dressings presented a high physical and oxidative stability during storage. • Non-emulsified delivery systems resulted in less lipid oxidation of the food matrix. The influence of the encapsulation technology (spray-drying, mono- or coaxial electrospraying assisted by pressurized gas, EAPG) and the oil load (13, 26 or 39 wt%) on the oxidative stability of: i) fish oil-loaded capsules, and ii) capsule-fortified salad dressings were investigated. The highest encapsulation efficiency (EE > 83%) was achieved by the emulsion-based encapsulation methods (e.g., spray-drying and monoaxial EAPG), irrespective of the oil load. Nonetheless, monoaxially EAPG capsules were the most oxidized during storage due to their increased surface-to-volume ratio. On the contrary, non-emulsion-based coaxial EAPG resulted in low lipid oxidation after processing and subsequent storage. The oxidative stability of the capsule-fortified salad dressings correlated well with that of the encapsulates, with the dressing fortified with the coaxially EAPG capsules showing significantly lower levels of oxidation. Our results show that the fortification approach (e.g., emulsion or non-emulsion-based delivery systems) significantly influenced the oxidative stability of the enriched food matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The oxidative stability of fish oil-loaded capsules was studied by ESR-spin trapping. • The oxygen permeability of MCT oil-loaded capsules was investigated by ESR-oximetry. • Electrosprayed capsules oxidized faster than spray-dried capsules. • Spray-dried capsules had low oxygen permeability through the encapsulating wall. • The oxidative stability of the capsules correlated well with their oxygen permeability. The oxidative stability and the oxygen permeability of oil-loaded capsules were investigated by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR). The capsules were produced by spray-drying or electrospraying in the monoaxial or coaxial configuration using glucose syrup as the encapsulating agent. ESR-spin trapping results showed that electrosprayed capsules oxidized faster and during the early stages of incubation, irrespective of the emitter configuration (monoaxial or coaxial), when compared to those produced by spray-drying. Furthermore, ESR oximetry showed that oxygen inside the spray-dried capsules reached equilibrium with the surrounding atmosphere significantly slower than the monoaxially electrosprayed capsules (i.e., ∼2h and ∼10 min, respectively). These findings have been attributed to the larger particle size of the spray-dried capsules influencing the oxygen diffusion area (i.e., lower surface-to-volume ratio) and diffusion path (i.e., thicker encapsulating wall for a fixed oil load). Together, the lower oxygen uptake reported for the spray-dried capsules correlated well with their higher oxidative stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Spray-drying stabilization of Poppy-pollen (PP) pigments and phytochemical was done. • Antioxidant, thermal and photo-stability of PP extract increased during storage. • The color indices and sensory perception of fortified gummy-candies were improved. In this study, poppy-pollen extract (as a novel source of pigment and natural phytochemical) was microencapsulated. The spray-drying process maintained the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of phenolic (84–93%), anthocyanins (71–83%), and also antioxidant activity of extract in inhibiting DPPH (68–80%), ABTS (74–95%), OH (63–74%) radicals and reducing power (84–95%). The results of the Photo- and thermal (40-70˚C) stability of the bioactive compounds (TPC and TAC) indicated the thermal degradation and decomposition of particles' surface compounds during storage. The chemical (FTIR) and morphological analyses respectively revealed the insertion of extract compounds in the carrier matrix and the production of healthy particles with wrinkled structures. An increase in the carrier concentration elevated physical-stability, maintained structural properties, reduced hygroscopicity, and formed liquid/solid bridges or deliquescence phenomenon. The evaluation of the color histogram of the fortified gummy-candies indicated the usability of the spray-dried PP extract in producing an attractive red color with high sensory perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Olive leaves extract was microencapsulated and nanoencapsulated. • The phenolic profile of olive leaves extract was evaluated by incorporating biscuits. • Encapsulation of olive leaves extract showed high protection under baking conditions. Olive leaf was characterized by a high content of phenols and flavonoids (oleuropein, luteolin, and their derivatives), presenting functional and health-related properties. The chemical instability of phenolics through technological processes and their degradation in the digestive system may negatively impact them, leading to lower absorption. This study evaluates the phenolic profile of micro- and nano-encapsulated olive leaf extract in biscuits during the INFOGEST static in vitro digestion, aiming to enhance stability and sensorial properties. Ultrasound-assisted extraction and chromatography characterized the extract, while spray drying (maltodextrin-glucose) and nano-encapsulation (maltodextrin, whey protein isolate, and arabic gum) techniques were used with specific solutions. Encapsulated formulations underwent microscopy (TEM, SEM) and encapsulation efficiency analysis. Micro- and nano-encapsulation improved biscuit functionality by enhancing phenolic stability during digestion. However, the highest concentration adversely affected sensory and textural parameters. These findings contribute to developing functional food products enriched with bioactive compounds, providing improved health benefits while maintaining sensory attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Different drying methods alter the egg white's protein structure. • Using a foam mat as an auxiliary method prevented the degradation of proteins. • Foam-mat EHD (DC-) had highest enthalpy, which indicated less protein denaturation. • The flowability of egg white powder with different drying methods was significant. • The main structure of the beta-sheet decreased with different drying methods. This research investigated the effects of spray drying (SD, set at 180 °C), freeze-drying (FD, set at −35 °C), and electrohydrodynamic drying (EHD) with and without the foam-mat method on egg white. The configuration used in EHD was a wire-to-plate type at room temperature. The results showed no significant difference in gel hardness and WHC% (P ≥ 0.05). Also, the foam-mat EHD powders resembled the FD powders in microstructure, appearance, flowability, and absorption intensity of the Amide I and II bands. Furthermore, the foam-mat EHD (DC-) powder had the highest protein content (66.1%), enthalpy (−183.06 J/g), and foaming capacity (725%) (P < 0.05). This finding was proved by FTIR, Raman, and SDS-PAGE tests, which revealed the minor structural changes in proteins (peptide chain structure, Amide I, Amide II, α -helix, and β -sheet). FD powder demonstrated good protein stability in zeta potential and foam stability tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Genera Aronia , Prunus, and Rubus (Rosaceae) were the main sources of 15 specimens. • Microencapsulation by spray drying showed encapsulation efficiency ≥ 90%. • Cyan*/ delphin*/ malv*/ pelargon*/ peon* and petunidin were identified. • Use of maltodextrin or gum Arabic led to the lowest browning index. • The pH influences microencapsulation efficiency, maintenance, and stability. Anthocyanins are naturally colored compounds that can be extracted from plants, especially fruits. Their molecules are unstable under normal processing conditions; thus, they must be protected using modern technologies, such as microencapsulation. For this reason, many industries are searching for information from review studies to find the conditions that improve these natural pigments' stability. This systematic review aimed to elucidate different aspects of anthocyanins, such as main extraction and microencapsulation methods, gaps in analytical techniques, and industrial optimization measurements. Initially, 179 scientific articles were retrieved, of which seven clusters were found with 10–36 cross-linked references. Sixteen articles containing 15 different botanical specimens were included in the review, most focusing on the whole fruit, pulp, or subproducts. The extraction and microencapsulation technique resulting in the highest anthocyanin content was sonication with ethanol, temperature below 40 °C, and maximum time of 30 min, followed by microencapsulation by spray drying with maltodextrin or gum Arabic. Color apps and simulation programs may help verify natural dyes' composition, characteristics, and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Changes in spray-dried camel milk powder properties during storage were studied. • Over 18 weeks of storage at 37 °C, RH had a great effect on the powder properties. • True density, L*, a* and whiteness of the powders did not change during storage. • During storage, browning and fat oxidation increased, but solubility declined. • T g of lactose and unfolding of protein structure evolved over storage period. Changes in physiochemical properties of spray-dried camel milk powders during storage at 11–32% RH and 37 °C over 18 weeks were investigated. The results showed that fresh camel milk powders had amorphous structure, clumsy spherical shape particles and almost 100% solubility in water. During storage at controlled low RH levels (<32% RH), reduction in moisture content and a w of the powders caused glass transition signals of lactose to evolve, although the powders exhibited a slight development of crystallinity. True density, colour (L*, a* and whiteness), and morphology were almost unchanged during storage while b* values associated with non-enzymatic browning, and fat oxidation into volatile compounds increased steadily. Over storage period, solubility of the powder declined just slightly and secondary structure of proteins unfolded from α-helices to β-sheets, loops and β-turns. These changes were more profound for the powders stored at 32% RH than those kept at 11 and 22% RH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Eugenol (E) was efficiently encapsulated by spray-drying using WP or LE. • Chitosan incorporation reduced the emulsion stability and encapsulation efficiency. • A fast release of E in different food simulants was observed for every encapsulant. • Antioxidant capacity was coherent with the E content inside the powder particles. • Antimicrobial effect (E. coli and L. innocua) was coherent with the powder E content. The encapsulation of eugenol (E) by spray-drying using whey protein (WP) or soy lecithin (LE) and maltodextrin in combination with oleic acid (OA) and chitosan (CH) was analysed in order to obtain antioxidant and antimicrobial powders for food applications. Formulations with only WP or LE showed higher encapsulation efficiencies (EE) (95–98%) and antibacterial effect against E. coli and L. innocua due to their greater E load. Incorporation of OA or CH promoted lower EE, which negatively affected the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the powders. Furthermore, the addition of CH implied less thermal protection against the E losses. The eugenol release was not notably affected by pH or polarity of the food simulant, but the release rate significantly decreased when incorporating OA and CH. The E-LE formulations better retained the eugenol than E-WP powders when heated above 200 °C, this being relevant for the powder inclusion in thermally treated products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Reconstitution of powder milk prior to mid-IR analysis is proposed to overcome the blending duality. • Semicarbazide, ammonium sulfate and cornstarch were used to challenge the proposal. • Wet-blended adulterated milk powders were generated using a benchtop spray dryer. • The mid-IR model for reconstituted milk showed comparable sensitivities to both blending practices. Mid-infrared analysis of reconstituted milk is proposed as a feasible solution for the detection of milk powder adulteration regardless of the blending practice. To challenge the concept, skim milk powders were spiked with three of the most reactive/unstable of potential milk adulterants: semicarbazide hydrochloride, ammonium sulfate and cornstarch. To create the wet-blended set, a fraction of each sample was reconstituted and re-spray dried at laboratory scale with a benchtop spray dryer. Dry and wet-blended adulterated samples were reconstituted prior to mid-infrared measurement and projected onto a one-class classifier SIMCA model for reconstituted skim milk. Quantitative sensitivities, determined from the normalized orthogonal distances, were compared. Although the non-industrial spray drying introduced a spectroscopic bias, as revealed by the control samples, the non-targeted mid-infrared model showed comparable sensitivities for both blending practices once the main bias-rich spectral regions were removed, validating thereby the proposed concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Black rice anthocyanins were encapsulated by spray-drying and ionic gelation. • Spray-dried microcapsules had better retention and release of anthocyanins. • Simulated digestion revealed the release characteristics of 13 wall materials used. • Whey protein isolate preserved in vitro intestinal anthocyanin stability and bioactivity. Anthocyanin-rich extracts derived from the bran of a select Thai black rice cultivar, Leum Pua, were encapsulated by spray drying. In this microencapsulation method, twelve wall materials comprising maltodextrin (M), gum arabic (G), whey protein isolate (W), and their combinations were employed. For comparison, an ionic gelation method was employed using alginate-whey protein isolate (AL-W) as a wall material. Thirteen microcapsules were analysed by scanning electron microscopy, and their encapsulation efficiencies were almost 100%, except for that of the W (83%). M (88%) and its combination with W exhibited the best anthocyanin retention, while pure W contained the highest amount of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. An in vitro digestion study using simulated gastrointestinal fluids revealed the highest released total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the intestinal fluids when the microcapsule was spray-dried with pure W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • First study to consider encapsulation of DHA in complementary food. • Microencapsulation of fish oil using a pH dependant release polymer. • Oxidation protection of encapsulated fish oil. • Direct spray drying compared to solid lipid nanoparticle formulation of DHA. Abstract The omega-3-fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 22:6 n -3, is an important food component for the visual and brain development of infants. In this study two approaches have been explored for the encapsulation of DHA in the pH dependant polymer hydroxyl-propyl-methyl-cellulose-acetate-succinate (HPMCAS). In the first approach Direct Spray Drying (DSD) was implemented for the microencapsulation of DHA/HPMCAS organic solutions, whilst in the second approach solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) dispersions of DHA, were first produced by high-pressure homogenization, prior to being spray dried in HPMCAS aqueous solutions. The DSD approach resulted in significantly higher quantities of DHA being encapsulated, at 2.09 g/100 g compared to 0.60 g/100 g in the spray-dried SLNs. The DHA stability increased with the direct spray-drying approach. Release studies of DHA in the direct sprayed dried samples revealed a lag time for 2 h in acidic media followed by rapid release in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Novel hybrid materials were produced by an electrohydrodynamic process. • Probiotics were successfully encapsulated in blended nanofibres or capsules. • PVOH/GA electrospun nanofibres were used to encapsulate cells for the first time. • Symbiotic encapsulation with GA enhanced the stability of cells. To enhance the probiotics' viability, novel vehicles consisting of synthetic/natural biopolymers, i.e., polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), polyvinylpyrrolidone, whey protein concentrate and maltodextrin, encapsulated with L. plantarum KLDS 1.0328 and gum arabic (GA) as a prebiotic were fabricated by electrohydrodynamic techniques. Inclusion of cells into composites caused an increase in conductivity and viscosity. Morphological analysis showed that cells were distributed along the electrospun nanofibres or distributed randomly in the electrosprayed microcapsules. Both intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions exist between biopolymers and cells. Thermal analysis revealed that the degradation temperatures (>300 °C) of various encapsulation systems have potential applications in heat-treatment foods. Additionally, cells especially immobilized in PVOH/GA electrospun nanofibres showed the highest viability compared with free cells after exposure to simulated gastrointestinal stress. Furthermore, cells retained their antimicrobial ability after rehydration of the composite matrices. Therefore, electrohydrodynamic techniques have great potential in encapsulating probiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Lactobacillus was encapsulated in SPI-PG microparticles. • Addition of PG increased cell survival during spray drying and storage. • Electrostatic interaction intensity consists with cell survival in gastric digestion. The objective of this research was to investigate the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and storage properties of Lactobacillus plantarum 550 encapsulated in soy protein isolate (SPI) and peach gum polysaccharide (PG) through spray drying. High survival rates (>8.1 Log CFU/g) were obtained for all encapsulation formulas containing PG. Combination of SPI and PG showed positive effects on both gastric resistance and storage stability of cells. Among the formulas tested, sample of SPI:PG = 3:1 showed the highest survival (7.88 ± 0.12 Log CFU/g), corresponding to the strongest electrostatic interaction between SPI and PG. With PG content increasing, the storage stability of probiotic was also enhanced, as PG could reduce the moisture content within microcapsules as well as scavenge free radicals generated during storage. In conclusion, the current study demonstrates that SPI combined with PG may provide effective protection to cells not only during spray drying, but also during storage and gastrointestinal digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Electrostatic attraction of basic protein to cells increased survival rates of spray-dried bacteria. • Transglutaminase treated basic and acidic proteins retained 84% viable bacteria after drying. • Close connection between protein and cells can increase the protective efficiency. Abstract Spray drying is a fast and low-cost method of drying lactic acid bacteria, but it features a low survival rate. A pre-treatment was designed to increase the survival by embedding bacteria in basic or acidic proteins with the principle of opposite charges attraction. Transglutaminase (TGase)-induced cross-linking then tightened the cell–protein complexes. The results showed that mixing of basic proteins with acidic proteins and TGase treatment increased the survival rates of spray-dried Lactobacillus bulgaricus sp1.1. 84.78% of cells in the TGase-treated milk basic protein (MBP)-soy protein isolate (SPI) bacterial solution remained after drying. Positively charged MBP adhered to more bacteria (negative charge) and formed tight closed loop-shaped complexes with SPI (negative charge) by electrostatic attraction, and TGase enhanced this attraction by strengthening of the hydrogen, C O and C N bonds and exposing the inner α-helix. Imbedding bacteria in TGase-treated acidic–basic protein can increase efficiency of the current formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Desolvation increases the gastric digestibility of whey protein isolates (WPI). • Desolvation facilitates the formation of WPI-riboflavin ground-state complexes. • Molecular modification of WPI using desolvation can be retained in the dry state. • Crosslinked and spray-dried WPI microparticles achieve intestinal targeting. Abstract This study reports on the preparation of riboflavin-loaded whey protein isolate (WPI) microparticles, using desolvation and then spray drying. Ethanol desolvation led to the exposure of embedded hydrophobic amino acids of WPI to riboflavin, facilitating the formation of riboflavin-WPI complexes. The extent of desolvation and cross-linking influenced the morphology of the spray-dried microparticles, while the moisture content of microparticles decreased with desolvation and increased with crosslinking. The modification of WPI conformation upon desolvation could be retained in the dry state via spray drying. The gastric resistance, release site and release characteristics of microparticles were readily adjusted by varying the ethanol and calcium ion contents from 0 to 50% v/v and from 0 to 2 mM, respectively. The sample prepared from 30% v/v ethanol without calcium crosslinking displayed rapid peptic digestion in less than 30 min. The samples from 30% v/v ethanol at 1 and 2 mM Ca2+ exhibited excellent gastric resistance and intestinal release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Olive leaves extract (OLE) was encapsulated with sodium alginate by spray-drying. • Polyphenols profile from OLE was evaluated under gastrointestinal digestion (GID). • Encapsulation of OLE influenced the degradation pathway of OE during GID. • Encapsulation of OLE increased the OE bioaccessibility and potential bioavailability. Abstract An olive leaf extract (OLE) was microencapsulated with sodium alginate (SA) by spray-drying to study the evolution of oleuropein (ORP) during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, and its bioaccessibility and potential bioavailability from OLE and OLE-SA microparticles. Secoiridoids, flavonoids, simple phenols, oleosides and elenolic acid were identified in OLE. OLE/SA ratio 1:1.6 and inlet air temperature 135 °C were the optimal conditions for OLE-SA microparticles. ORP (70%) from OLE was degraded during gastric digestion, giving hydroxytyrosol and ORP-aglycone, whereas only the superficial ORP was released from microparticles. The remaining ORP from OLE was degraded under intestinal conditions, leading to oleosides; whereas alginate was swollen and disintegrated, releasing the ORP (90% of encapsulated ORP). ORP from both OLE and microparticles was degraded to hydroxytyrosol under colonic conditions. Encapsulation of OLE allowed the protection of ORP under gastric conditions and its controlled release at intestinal conditions, and higher bioaccessibility (58%) and potential bioavailability (20%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphic abstract Highlights • Solubility of pea protein was improved via solid dispersion-based spray-drying. • Gum arabic had better performance on the solubility of pea protein isolate at acidic pH. • Beany flavours were mitigated with the assistance of amorphous matrix carriers. Abstract Recently, there is a strong interest in incorporation of pea protein as a preferred alternative to animal protein into protein-fortified food. However, the utilization of pea protein as a food ingredient has been largely limited because of its poor functionality. The aim of this study was to understand if solid dispersion-based spray-drying processing could be applied to enhance the solubility and mitigate off-flavour in pea protein isolate (PPI). The influence of amorphous matrix carrier type (gum arabic and maltodextrin), and PPI to carrier ratio (90:10–60:40) on physical properties, solubility, and off-flavour profile of PPI was investigated. The results demonstrated the possible mechanism by which factors such as surface area/volume ratio, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interaction between PPI and carriers enhance PPI solubility. Meanwhile, beany flavours were mitigated through the unfolding of secondary structure of PPI by forming solid dispersions with gum arabic or maltodextrin during spray-drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Trehalose ensures the highest survival of L. lactis during drying and storage at 20 °C. • Spray-drying is an attractive alternative to freeze-drying for properly protected cells. • Spray-dried cells protected with skimmed milk showed the highest resistance to simulated digestion. • Cells from spray-dried skimmed milk-protected preparation had the highest in vitro adhesion ability. Abstract In order to assess the essential probiotic properties of a strain dedicated for administration in humans and animals, characteristics of finally formulated products, rather than the cells solely, seems to be of crucial importance. In this study, composition of protective blends for manufacture of L. lactis probiotic powders was optimized using a statistical experimental design. The powders, generated by either spray- or freeze-drying techniques, were subsequently subjected to storage testing, and in vitro digestion in simulated stomach and small intestine. Finally, maintenance of adherence capability to human enterocyte-like cell lines, was evaluated. Our data demonstrated that 10% trehalose ensures the highest viability of L. lactis bacteria upon both drying techniques (viability of 60–68%). Moreover, skimmed milk-protected spray-dried cells exhibit the highest resistance to harsh environmental conditions of stomach (53.9 ± 7.6% survival rate) and higher adhesion ability to HT-29 cell line after digestion (528 ± 29 cells per 100 epithelial cells). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • pH-cycling during manufacture offers a potential route to tailor MPC functionality. • Colloidal Ca dissociated with pre-acidification but recovered with pH-restoration. • Micellar caseins dissociated with pre-acidification and pH-restoration. • Solubility and emulsibility improved with pre-acidification and pH-restoration. • Heat stability declined with pre-acidification but improved with pH-restoration. Abstract This study investigates the effects of pre-acidification (pH 6.7–5.4) of skim milk, followed by pH-restoration of the retentates, on spray-drying performance, physico-chemical properties and functionality of the resulting milk protein concentrate (MPC). Powder recovery decreased with decreasing pH of pre-acidification but improved with pH-restoration. Colloidal calcium was gradually solubilized with decreasing pH of pre-acidification but was slightly recovered by pH-restoration. Dissociation of micellar caseins increased with decreasing pH of pre-acidification of skim milk and was further increased by pH-restoration. Casein micelles maintained their overall structures at pre-acidification pH of 6.7–6.0, and partially disintegrated into loosely entangled aggregates at pH 5.7–5.4; while after pH-restoration, micelles generally maintained their overall structures at pre-acidification pH of 6.0, and completely disintegrated at pH 5.7–5.4. Solubility and emulsifying properties of MPC improved with decreasing pH of pre-acidification and with pH-restoration. Heat stability of MPC declined with decreasing pH of pre-acidification but improved with pH-restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Skins of jiotilla and pitaya could be a source of betalains up to 89% instead of pulp. • Capacity of mucilage to extract and preserve betalains from fruit skin was proved. • Dissolved mucilage powders from pulp or skin of mature pitaya display the same color. Abstract In this work the capacity of O puntia ficus indica mucilage as a wall agent in the microencapsulation of Escontria chiotilla and Stenocereus queretaroensis pulp and skin pigments through a spray drying process was studied. The acidified mucilage was used as an extracting medium for betalains present in the skin of these fruits. The shear-thinning behavior of the mucilage-betalain solutions was suitable for spray drying, wherein microcapsules with smooth and spherical morphologies were observed by SEM and characterized by FTIR. Additionally, microcapsules of mucilage achieved the retention of betalains at more than 90% after three months of storage. The colors obtained from the redissolution of the powders from skin and pulp samples do not present significant differences; therefore, the use of skin fruits can be a source of colorants, taking advantage of waste from other processes, promoting a culture of the use of environmentally-friendly technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Chlorophyll loaded microcapsules were produced by spray-drying. • Inclusion of chlorophylls in microcapsules was proved by FTIR, XRD, and DSC analyses. • An increase in concentration of MD in carriers improved the quality of microcapsules. • Microencapsulation enhanced thermal and storage stability of chlorophylls. • Storage stability of microcapsules was related to their physicochemical properties. Abstract Detailed investigations on the physicochemical and structural characterization of chlorophyll loaded microcapsules and their storage stability have not previously been conducted. Therefore, our objective was to encapsulate unstable chlorophylls using different blends of gum Arabic (GA) and maltodextrin (MD) (GA-MD ratios of 5:5, 3:7, and 0:10) by spray-drying to improve storage stability of chlorophylls. An increase in concentration of MD in wall materials was associated with lower moisture content (0.56%), higher encapsulation efficiency (77.19%), chlorophyll content (46.78 µg/g dry powder), degree of crystallinity, and thermal stability of microcapsules. Furthermore, FTIR, XRD, and DSC analyses confirmed inclusion of chlorophylls within microcapsules. The entrapment of chlorophylls within microcapsules enhanced their storage stability at all temperatures (4, 20, and 40 °C) for ten days; notably, microcapsules coated with MD alone showed the highest storage stability (94.7–97.5%). In conclusion, microencapsulation of chlorophylls using MD alone was optimal for enhancing chlorophylls' storage stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • An omega–3 concentrate has been microencapsulated in OSA-starch by PGSS-drying. • PGSS-drying and spray-drying showed similar encapsulation efficiency. • PGSS-drying yielded particles with better stability against oxidation. • PGSS-dried particles with ascorbic acid maintain PV below limits after 28 days at 4 °C. Abstract Particles from Gas-Saturated Solutions (PGSS)-drying has been used as a green alternative to encapsulate omega–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n –3 PUFAs) at mild, non-oxidative conditions. PGSS-dried particles have been compared to those obtained by conventional drying methods such as spray-drying and freeze-drying, finding encapsulation efficiencies (EE) up to 98% and spherical morphology for PGSS- and spray-dried particles. Freeze-dried powders showed irregular morphology and EE from 95.8 to 98.6%, depending on the freezing method. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed glass-transition and melting peaks of OSA-starch and a cold-crystallization peak corresponding to the encapsulated n –3 PUFA concentrate. Compared to conventionally dried powders, PGSS-dried microparticles showed lower primary and secondary oxidation after 28 days of storage at 4 °C. Ascorbic acid addition combined with the mild processing conditions of PGSS-drying yielded particles with a maximum peroxide value of 2.5 meq O 2 /kg oil after 28 days of storage at 4 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers are increasingly looking for foods with attractive taste, easy preparation, quick consumption and nutritious. Avocado is a nutritional fruit that presents a preservation challenge to food industry. The development of powder blends using spray drying of avocado as a powdered drink is an attractive option that generates products with high nutritional value and stable. Two avocado formulations were spray dried using a design of experiments to assess the influence of drying conditions on powder blends. Results showed higher drying temperatures in combination with smaller droplets resulted in higher yields, lower residual moisture, lower water activity, and in smaller, less dense particles with color green. The inclusion of maltodextrin proved to be vital in preserving high contents of protein, ascorbic acid, and phenolic compounds at any drying conditions possibly due to hydrogen bonding stabilization of those compounds. Using a scalable and efficient drying process, avocado high nutritional value was maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production, characterization and stability of nanoencapsulates of saffron hydrophilic apocarotenoids, i.e. crocins and picrocrocin, in maltodextrin using spray-drying are presented. The effect of mesh size and core:wall ratio (w/w) on the product yield and encapsulation efficiency of these apocarotenoids was examined. Nanoencapsulates were characterized and their stability was examined in the presence or absence of a strong phenolic antioxidant, the caffeic acid, under thermal and in vitro gastrointestinal conditions. Spherical particles were obtained. Product yield and encapsulation efficiency (%) of crocins and picrocrocin was found to be satisfactory. Thermal stability and bioaccessibility of these apocarotenoids was enhanced by nanoencapsulation. Further protection was provided by caffeid acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish-oil (FO) was encapsulated with hydroxypropylcelullose (HPC) by conventional spray-drying with water (FO-water) and solvent spray-drying with ethanol (FO-EtOH), methanol (FO-MeOH) and acetone (FO-Acet) in order to study the effect of the solvent on the encapsulation efficiency (EE), microparticle properties and stability of FO during storage at 40 °C. Results showed that FO-Acet presented the highest EE of FO (92.0%), followed by FO-EtOH (80.4%), FO-MeOH (75.0%) and FO-water (71.1%). A decrease of the dielectric constant increased the EE of FO, promoting triglyceride-polymer interactions instead of oil-in-water emulsion retention. FO release profile in aqueous model was similar for all FO-microparticles, releasing only the surface FO, according to Higuchi model. Oxidative stability of FO significantly improved by spray-drying with MeOH, both in surface and encapsulated oil fractions. In conclusion, encapsulation of FO by solvent spray-drying can be proposed as an alternative technology for encapsulation of hydrophobic molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spherical aggregates can be obtained from taro starch by spray-drying without using bonding agents. Accurate information about thermal issues of spherical aggregates can provide valuable information for assessing the application as encapsulant. Spherical aggregates of taro starch were obtained by spray-drying and analyzed using dynamic vapour sorption. The use of the Guggenheim, Anderson and de Boer (GAB) model indicated a Type II isotherm pattern with weaker interactions in the multilayer region. Differential enthalpy and entropy estimates reflected a mesoporous microstructure, implying that energetic mechanisms dominate over transport mechanisms in the sorption process. The limitation by energetic mechanisms was corroborated with enthalpy-entropy compensation estimates. The diffusivity coefficient was of the order of 10 −8  m 2 ·s −1 , which is in line with results obtained for common materials used for encapsulation purposes. The thermodynamic properties and the lack of a bonding agent indicated the viability of spherical aggregates of taro starch for encapsulation of biocompounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lutein, a xanthophyll, is associated to decreased risk of age-related macular degeneration, atherosclerosis and other diseases (Bovier et al., 2013; El-raey, Ibrahim, & Eldahshan, 2013). When lutein is extracted, it becomes highly unstable, reducing its functionality as an antioxidant. The aim of this research was to improve the stability of lutein using maltodextrin, arabic gum and a modified starch, to obtain micro-particles using spray-drying. Each of the formulations was characterized in terms of yield, encapsulation efficiency, particle size distribution, water activity and moisture content. The formulations with arabic gum (100%) and arabic gum:maltodextrin:modified starch (33.3:33.3:33.3%), with encapsulation efficiencies of 91.94 ± 6.88 and 65.72 ± 0.93%, respectively, were selected to study stability at 45 °C and 75% RH (relative humidity). Based on our results, encapsulation could be considered as an alternative for the generation of high value-added functional ingredients that can be used in different industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acerola pulp and residue extracts were microencapsulated by spray and freeze-drying, using gum arabic and maltodextrin as encapsulating agents. Total anthocyanins, carotenoids (CA), ascorbic acid (AA), phenolic compounds (PC), total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, color, moisture, water activity, solubility, hygroscopicity and microstructure of the powders were analyzed. The acerola residue extract had higher concentrations of bioactive compounds (except for AA) and lower antioxidant activity. The microencapsulated powders by spray and freeze-drying showed good physico-chemical properties. Spray-dried powder has lower microencapsulation efficiency for CA, AA and PC and in general, it presented the best characteristics due to its higher concentration of bioactive compounds (except AA), and antioxidant activity by FRAP and ORAC assays. The spray-dried particles were of spherical shape while the freeze-dried products were of irregular structures. Overall, these results demonstrate the better utility of agro-industrial acerola residue in the form of microparticles of bioactive compounds, retaining good antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Impact study of freeze and spray drying technologies in yeast mannans extracts. • Characterization of structural, physicochemical and biological properties. • Morphology, colour, moisture and solubility were the main differences. • The antioxidant capacity was similar in both extracts. Mannans are polysaccharides whose physicochemical and biological properties render them commercialization in several products. Since these properties are strongly dependent on production conditions, the present study aims to assess the impact of different drying technologies – freeze (FDM) and spray drying (SDM) – on the structural, physicochemical, and biological properties of mannans from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Structural analysis was assessed by FT-IR, PXRD and SEM, whereas physicochemical properties were evaluated based on sugars, protein, ash and water contents, solubility, and molecular weight distribution. Thermal behaviour was analysed by DSC, and antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS assays. The parameters which revealed major differences, in terms of structural and physicochemical properties regarded morphology (SEM), physical appearance (colour), moisture (3.6 ± 0.1 % and 11.9 ± 0.6 % for FDM and SDM, respectively) and solubility (1 mg/mL for FDM and 25 mg/mL for SDM). Nevertheless, these differences were not translated into the antioxidant capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • YSP was dried by SD and FD, and the drying environments were simulated by GROMACS. • Smaller D h , higher H o and more SH of SD-YSP led to better emulsification properties. • The structure of dioscorin changed drastically during the simulated SD process. • SD process exposed more hydrophobic and free sulfhydryl groups of dioscorin. • SD transformed some α-helices into turns, leading to higher thermal stability. This study focused on the effects of freeze drying (FD) and sprays drying (SD) on the structure and emulsifying properties of yam soluble protein (YSP). The results showed that the surface hydrophobicity (Ho) value, free sulfhydryl group (SH) content, turns content, denaturation temperature and enthalpy value of spray-dried YSP (SD-YSP) were higher than freeze-dried YSP (FD-YSP), but the apparent hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) value of SD-YSP was smaller. The smaller Dh, higher Ho and free SH led to higher percentage of adsorbed proteins and stronger binding between protein and oil droplet in emulsions. Thus, the emulsifying properties of SD-YSP were better, and the SD-YSP-stabilized emulsion had better dynamical rheological properties. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations suggested that some intramolecular disulfide bonds and hydrogen bonds of dioscorin were broken, and some helices transformed into turns during the SD process. These structural changes resulted in better thermal stability and emulsification properties of SD-YSP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Formation of core–shell microencapsulates using 3-FN spray drying. • Comparison of novel core–shell and conventional matrix-type encapsulates. • The effect of pH of whey protein on colour of microencapsulates is evident. • Increased encapsulation efficiency of iron in core–shell encapsulates. • Slower release of iron by core–shell encapsulates compared to matrix-type ones. Considering the growing concern of iron and folic acid deficiency, encapsulation of these nutrients and fortification into foods is emerging as an effective counter-strategy. The present work focuses on a scalable approach for the production of iron, ascorbic acid, and folic acid core–shell encapsulates using novel 3-fluid nozzle (3FN) spray drying with whey protein as core and either pectin or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as shell polymers. The effect of shell formation was observed by comparing core–shell encapsulates with conventional 2-fluid nozzle (2FN) encapsulates. Also, the effect of pH of whey protein on the color of encapsulates is noteworthy; reducing the pH to 4.0 significantly improved the lightness value (52.91 ± 0.13) when compared with the encapsulates with native pH (38.91 ± 0.58). Furthermore, sample with pectin as shell polymer exhibited fair flowability with lowest values of Hausner ratio (1.25 ± 0.04) and Carr's index (20.06 ± 2.71) and highest encapsulation efficiency for folic acid (86.07 ± 5.24%). Whereas, encapsulates having HPMC as shell polymer showed highest lightness value (60.80 ± 0.32) and highest encapsulation efficiency for iron (87.28 ± 4.15%). The formation of core–shell structure was confirmed by evaluation of the surface composition which showed reduced amine bonds and increased aliphatic and carbonyl bonds in the encapsulates prepared by 3FN spray drying. The encapsulates prepared without adjusting whey protein pH showed the least release (∼51 % in 24 h) and bioaccessibility (∼56%) of iron indicating the iron-whey protein complex formation. Based on appearance, smooth surface morphology, flowability, and release behavior, a combination of whey protein and pectin is recommended for co-encapsulation of iron, folic acid and ascorbic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushroom extracts contain bioactive compounds potentially useful to functionalize foodstuffs. Herein, alcoholic extracts of Agaricus bisporus were studied for their bioactivity and viability as functional ingredients in a food product with high water content (yogurt). Extracts were microencapsulated (to improve their stability and hydrophilicity) by spray-drying, using maltodextrin crosslinked with citric acid as encapsulating material. The effect of thermal treatment (after atomization) on crosslinking and bioactivity of microspheres was tested. The incorporation of free and thermally untreated forms resulted in yogurts with higher initial antioxidant activity (EC 50 values: 214 and 272 mg.mL −1 ) that decreased after 7 days (EC 50 values: 248 and 314 mg.mL −1 ). Contrarily, thermally treated microencapsulated extracts showed higher antioxidant activity after the same period (EC 50 values, 0 days: 106 mg.mL −1 ; 7 days: 48.7 mg.mL −1 ), in result of an effective protection provided by microencapsulation with crosslinked maltodextrin and citric acid. Functionalized yogurts showed an overall maintenance of nutritional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explored the potential of ternary aggregates composed of lactoferrin (LF), high methylated pectin (HMP) and EGCG in stabilizing β-carotene emulsions. Different ternary aggregates were fabricated by mixing the three components in different sequences, followed by spray drying. Fluorescence measurement and FTIR analysis indicated that ternary aggregates and LF-HMP binary complex were formed mainly through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. The mixing sequences of three components and the spray drying process resulted in different structures of ternary aggregates. When applied to stabilizing β-carotene emulsions, ternary aggregates were effective in retarding droplet aggregation and creaming, and protecting β-carotene from degradation, compared to the binary complexes of LF, HMP or EGCG. The least loss of β-carotene was observed in the emulsions stabilized by spray-dried ternary aggregates. The conclusion obtained from the present study would be useful in the development of novel delivery systems for bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present work was to find a correlation between microencapsulation technology applied to wines and the resulting quality of the wine itself in terms of volatile composition and phenolic profile. To this aim, samples of Nero d’Avola wines produced in Sicily (Italy) were investigated in order to: i) elucidate the aromatic composition by means of HS–SPME coupled with GC–MS; ii) assess the polyphenolic content by UHPLC mass spectrometry; iii) compare the results obtained from both the screenings with those relative to the same wines that had previously been subjected to spray-drying. The results showed a marked reductionThe results here obtained evidenced a marked reduction of odour active compounds in microencapsulated wines, after resolubilization in water/ethanol; when considering the total amount of volatiles, a twofold reduction was observed. Conversely, the qualitative analysis of phenolic compounds and anthocyanin-derived pigments showed no influence of the spray-drying process on these functional constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freeze-drying and spray-drying techniques were evaluated for encapsulation of phenolic compounds (PC) extracted from spent coffee grounds. Additionally, the use of maltodextrin, gum arabic and a mixture of these components (ratio 1:1) as wall material to retain the PC and preserve their antioxidant activity was also assessed. The contents of PC and flavonoids (FLA), as well as the antioxidant activity of the encapsulated samples were determined in order to verify the efficiency of each studied condition. Additional analyses for characterization of the samples were also performed. Both the technique and the coating material greatly influenced the encapsulation of antioxidant PC. The best results were achieved when PC were encapsulated by freeze-drying using maltodextrin as wall material. Under these conditions, the amount of PC and FLA retained in the encapsulated sample corresponded to 62% and 73%, respectively, and 73–86% of the antioxidant activity present in the original extract was preserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present study, we developed and optimized soymilk-cow’s milk enzyme-modified cheese with angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory activity. Bioactive peptide production was found to be a multivariable-dependent process. Maximum bioactivity of hydrolysates was obtained with prolonged curd proteolysis at an increased enzyme concentration. This bioactive cheese paste was subsequently spray-dried under different drying conditions to determine the powder sorption isotherm properties. Higher drying temperatures resulted in cheese powder with weak thermal stability and lower browning indices. Experiments aimed at optimizing thermal stability and physical properties revealed that optimal conditions for producing cheese powder were an inlet air temperature of 150 °C, a feeding rate of 10%, and an air flow rate of 600 L h −1 . Moreover, in addition to flavour, the bioactive cheese powders produced from a combination of soymilk-cow’s milk are of potential source and can be used in the dietary management of hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of complexation to encapsulate nisin (5 g/L concentration) using spray-drying technique and to evaluate how complexation with pectin or alginate (2 g/L concentration) can preserve nisin structure and antimicrobial activity. Spray-drying of nisin-low methoxyl pectin or nisin-alginate electrostatic complexes has led to the microencapsulation of the peptide in different networks that were highly influenced by the polysaccharide type. Turbidity and particle size measurements indicated that while spray-drying promoted the aggregation of nisin-pectin complexes, it favored the dissociation of nisin-alginate aggregates to form individual complexes. Structural changes of nisin induced by complexation with pectin or alginate and spray-drying were studied by using UV–Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results showed that complexation with pectin or alginate preserved nisin structure as well as its antimicrobial activity during spray-drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particulate colloidal aggregate food ingredients were prepared by complexing wheat flour, chickpea flour, coconut flour and soy protein isolate with aqueous wild blueberry pomace extracts, then spray drying, freeze drying, or vacuum oven drying to prepare dry, flour-like matrices. Physico-chemical attributes, phytochemical content and stability during storage were compared. Eighteen anthocyanins peaks were identified for samples. Spray dried matrices produced with soy protein isolate had the highest concentration of polyphenols (156.2 mg GAE/g) and anthocyanins (13.4 mg/g) and the most potent DPPH scavenging activity (714.1 μmoles TE/g). Spray dried blueberry polyphenols complexed with protein were protected from degradation during 16 weeks at 4 °C and 20 °C. Soy protein isolate more efficiently captured and stabilized wild blueberry pomace phytochemicals than other protein sources. Overall, spray drying the blueberry extracts complexed with protein proved to be an environment-friendly strategy to produce stable functional ingredients with multiple applications for the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability of microparticles of Bordo grape skin aqueous extract, produced by spray-drying and freeze-drying using polydextrose (5%) and partially hydrolyzed guar gum (5%), was evaluated under accelerated conditions (75 and 90% relative humidity, at 35, 45, and 55 °C for 35 days) and simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The temperature had a significant effect on the reduction of phenolics content, with retentions varying from 82.5 to 93.5%. The retention of total monomer anthocyanins were in the range of 3.9–42.3%. The antioxidant activity had a final retention of 38.5–59.5%. In the simulated gastrointestinal digestion, a maximum release was observed for the phenolic compounds in the intestinal phase (90.6% for the spray-dried powder and 94.9% for the freeze-dried powder), as well as the antioxidant activity (69.4% for the spray-dried powder and 67.8% for the freeze-dried powder). However, a reduction of monomeric anthocyanins was observed in the intestinal phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional ingredients can be encapsulated by various wall materials for controlled release in food and digestion systems. Starch, as one of the most abundant natural carbohydrate polymers, is non-allergenic, GRAS, and cheap. There has been increasing interest of using starch in native and modified forms to encapsulate food ingredients such as flavours, lipids, polyphenols, carotenoids, vitamins, enzymes, and probiotics. Starches from various botanical sources in granular or amorphous forms are modified by chemical, physical, and/or enzymatic means to obtain the desired properties for targeted encapsulation. Other wall materials are also employed in combination with starch to facilitate some types of encapsulation. Various methods of crafting the starch-based encapsulation such as electrospinning, spray drying, antisolvent, amylose inclusion complexation, and nano-emulsification are introduced in this mini-review. The physicochemical and structural properties of the particles are described. The encapsulation systems can positively influence the controlled release of food ingredients in food and nutritional applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]