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Patulin is a toxic metabolite of a number of fungi; its toxicity is serious and its contamination in food is a worldwide problem, especially in apple-based food. Effective control of patulin contamination strongly depends on reliable analytical methods. In this review, various analytical methods, especially those that have appeared in the last ten years, are summarized, including the highly reproducible chromatography and mass-spectrometry-based methods, highly selective sensor-based methods and indirect quantitative PCR methods. This review also summarizes the promising features of novel materials in sample preparation for patulin determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A survey was conducted to determine levels and dietary intake of Patulin (PAT) from apple juices consumed in Spain. One hundred samples of apple juice were bought from distinct supermarkets. PAT was extracted by a liquid–liquid extraction technique and analysed with a micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) method. 66% of the samples contained PAT over the limit of detection of the method (0.7μgL−1). The PAT apple juice mean and median levels obtained were 19.4 and 4.8μgL−1, respectively, in a range between 0.7 and 118.7μgL−1. In 11% of the samples, PAT contamination exceeded the maximum permitted level of 50μgL−1 established by the EU regulation. In Spain, no significant variations were observed with respect to data published 15 years ago. Intakes were calculated for average consumers among adults, children and babies and then compared with the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) proposed by JECFA in 1995. Estimated daily intake of PAT in this study represents 14%, 39% and 63% of the PMTDI, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A high performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD) and a gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer (GC-MSD) are described for the determination of patulin (PAT) in apple juice. The limits of detection (DL) and quantification (QL) for the HPLC-DAD and GC-MSD method were found to be (DL=0.23μgkg−1 QL=1.2μgkg−1) and (DL=5.8μgkg−1 and QL=13.8μgkg−1), respectively. The recovery factors for HPLC-DAD and GC-MSD were found to be 99.5% (RSD%=0.73) and 41% (RSD%=10.03), respectively. The HPLC-DAD method was used to determine the occurrence of PAT in 90 samples of fruit juices. Results revealed the presence of PAT in 100% of the samples examined. The mean values of PAT in concentrated fruit juices and in the commercial fruit juices collected from the Greek market were found to be 10.54μg PAT kg−1 and 5.57μg PAT kg−1 juice, respectively. The most contaminated samples were four concentrated juices ranging from 18.10μg PAT kg−1 to 36.8μg PAT kg−1 juice. The daily exposure to patulin for the consumers of all ages in Greece, is ranging from 0.008μg PAT kg−1 bw to 0.1μg PAT kg−1 bw if the daily intake of fruit juices is from 0.1 to 0.5kg. With the exception to the most contaminated sample, the daily exposure due to the samples examined, is below the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake for PAT (0.4μg PAT kg−1 bw). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]