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An anti-interference colorimetric sensor array (CSA) technique was developed for the qualitative and quantitative detection of target heavy metals in corn oil. This method involves a binding mechanism that triggers changes in atomic energy levels and visible color changes. A custom-built olfactory visualization device was employed to gather spectral data, revealing distinct CSA color difference patterns. Subsequently, three pattern recognition algorithms were used to create an identification model for the target heavy metals. The results showed that the ACO-KNN (Ant Colony Optimization-K-Nearest Neighbor) model outperformed the other models, achieving accuracy rates of 90.28% and 89.58% for the calibration and prediction sets, respectively. The ACO-PLS (Partial Least Square) model was more stable with the lowest root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), which were 0.1730 and 0.1180, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of Pb and Hg were (0.3, 0.6, 1.1 and 2.2) x 10−3 mg/L, respectively. • Anti-interference colorimetric sensor array with spectral detected corn oil. • Binding mechanism between dyes and heavy metals was developed. • Different recognition algorithms were compared in developing identification models. • The ACO-KNN and ACO-PLS models had optimal performance of heavy metals detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pretreatment steps of current rapid detection methods for mycotoxins in edible oils not only restrict detection efficiency, but also produce organic waste liquid to pollute environment. In this work, a pretreatment-free and eco-friendly rapid detection method for edible oil is established. This proposed method does not require pretreatment operation, and automated quantitative detection could be achieved by directly adding oil samples. According to polarity of target molecules, the content of surfactant in reaction solutions could be adjusted to achieve the quantitative detection of AFB1 in peanut oil and ZEN in corn oil. The recoveries are between 96.5%–110.7% with standard deviation <10.4%, and the limit of detection is 0.17 μg/kg for AFB 1 and 4.91 μg/kg for ZEN. This method realizes full automation of the whole chain detection, i.e. sample in-result out, and is suitable for the on-site detection of batches of edible oils samples. • Chemiluminescence immunoassay was integrated with magnetic beads separation. • A pretreatment-free and eco-friendly rapid detection method was established. • The detection of mycotoxins in edible oils realized the full automation in whole chain. • The mode of sample in-result out was suitable for on-site detection of batches of samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored how co-oleogelator type, concentration, and water addition affect lipid digestion and β-carotene (βC) bioaccessibility in corn oil oleogels. Oleogels containing 0.1% βC, 20% glyceryl stearate (GS), with lecithin (L) or hydrogenated lecithin (HL) (at 0, 0.5, or 2.5%) and their water-filled counterparts (1% water) were examined. In vitro intestinal digestion revealed HL-oleogels experienced higher lipolysis due to their smaller crystal size enhancing surface area for lipase action, whereas L-oleogels presented lower digestibility, attributed to larger oil droplets and a minimized surface area. Water addition didn't significantly change lipid digestibility. βC bioaccessibility was inversely related to co-oleogelator concentration, with L-oleogels demonstrating the largest decrease, likely due to less free fatty acids released for micelle formation. However, water-filled oleogels enhanced βC bioaccessibility. These findings highlight that tailored microstructure in oleogels can control lipid digestion and βC bioaccessibility, paving the way for designing efficient delivery systems for targeted nutrient delivery. • Co-oleogelator Types Alter Oleogel Structure & Nutrient Access. • Lecithin (L) Reduces Oleogel In Vitro Lipid Digestibility. • Hydrogenated Lecithin (HL) Boosts Lipid Digestibility. • L and HL Decreases β-Carotene Bioaccessibility in Oleogels But Water Increases It. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to upcycle a byproduct of the edible oil industry, cold-pressed nettle seed meal (CPNSM), into a plant-based emulsifier, thereby increasing the sustainability of the food system. The protein content of the nettle seed protein (NSP) powder was 48.3% with glutamic acid (16.6%), asparagine (10.7%), and arginine (9.7%) being the major amino acids. NSPs had a denaturation temperature of 66.6 °C and an isoelectric point of pH 4.3. They could be used as emulsifiers to form highly viscous coarse corn oil-in-water emulsions (10% oil, 4% NSP). Nevertheless, 10-fold diluted emulsions exhibited rapid creaming under different pH (2–9), salt (0–500 mM NaCl) and temperature (>40 °C) conditions, but they were relatively stable to aggregation. Our findings suggest that NSPs could be used as emulsifiers in highly viscous or gelled foods, like dressings, sauces, egg, cheese, or meat analogs. [Display omitted] • Nettle seed protein (NSP) powder was isolated from cold-pressed nettle seed meal. • NSPs remained in their native state due to the mild extraction conditions used. • NSPs could be used as a plant-based emulsifiers to form oil-in-water emulsions. • NSP-coated oil droplets were stable to coalescence, but not creaming (due to large size). • NSPs may be useful emulsifiers in plant-based foods, like dairy, egg, and meat analogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Chlorophylls hindered β-carotene micellarization and promoted β-carotene degradation. • In the presence of β-carotene, more chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b appeared in the micelles. • Olive oil group and dephytylated chlorophyll group formed micelles with smaller particle and higher zeta-potential. Chlorophylls and β-carotene are fat-soluble phytochemicals in daily diets, while their bioaccessibility interaction remains unknown. Eight dietary chlorophylls and their derivatives (chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , pheophytin a , pheophytin b , chlorophyllide a , chlorophyllide b , pheophorbide a , pheophorbide b) were combined with β-carotene in six different oil matrices (corn oil, coconut oil, medium-chain triglycerides, peanut oil, olive oil and fish oil) and were subjected to in vitro digestion. Generally, chlorophylls significantly decreased β-carotene bioaccessibility by competitive incorporation into micelles. Dephytylated chlorophylls had a greater inhibitory effect on the micellarization and bioaccessibility of β-carotene compared to phytylated chlorophylls. In their co-digestion system, olive oil group exhibited the smallest particle size and biggest zeta potential in both digesta and micelles. For chlorophylls, the phytol group and their levels are key factors, which was also buttressed by the mice model where additional supplementation of pheophorbide a significantly hindered the accumulation of β-carotene and retinoids compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) is easily overused or illegally added to edible oil and attracts a growing concern because of its cytotoxic, liver-damaging, and carcinogenic effects. Thus, a sensitive and intelligent point-of-care testing (iPOCT) method is developed to fulfill the on-site monitoring. This iPOCT method depended on a fluorescent immunochromatographic assay within 15 min. Under optimization, the limit of quantification (LOQ) was calculated as 0.03 μg mL-1. The iPOCT method provided a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.02 μg mL−1, a wide linear range of 0.03–100 μg mL−1, and great selectivity. Recoveries by the spiking experiments ranged from 97.4% to 103.5% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 2.4%–4.9% in soybean, peanut, rapeseed, and corn oil samples. The results showed that the iPOCT method is highly consistent with the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. • ZnCdSe/ZnS QDs-based fluorescence lateral flow was developed for the quantitative detection of TBHQ. • This proposal for TBHQ detection was highly sensitive in real edible oil samples. • This proposal waives the lab-dependent equipment or complex procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The bilayer films containing TOC exhibited good antioxidant activity. • The release rate can be controlled by changing the distribution of TOC in the film. • The distribution of TOC in the films affected the oxidation degree of corn oil. The antioxidant poly (lactic acid) bilayer active films with a different distribution of α-tocopherol (TOC) in two layers (outer layer/inner layer: 0%/6%, 2%/4%, 3%/3%, 4%/2%, 6%/0%) were developed. The effects of TOC distribution on the structural, physicochemical, mechanical, antioxidant and release properties of the films and their application in corn oil packaging were investigated. The different distributions of TOC showed insignificant effects on the color, transparency, tensile strength and oxygen and water vapor barrier properties of the films, but it affected the release behavior of TOC from the films into 95% ethanol and the oxidation degree of corn oil. The film with higher TOC in outer layer showed a slower release rate. The corn oil packaged by the film containing 4% TOC in outer layer and 2% TOC in inner layer exhibited the best oxidative stability. This concept showed a great potential to develop controlled-release active films for food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pure edible olive, sunflower, and corn oils and blended batches were acoustically characterized by ultrasound. • Ultrasound measures distinguished and categorized three pure oil types via velocity, attenuation, and other frequency parameters. • Ultrasonic parameters allow the discrimination of different levels of olive oil adulteration. • Acoustic parameters were significantly correlated with viscosity and density. • Ultrasound is a feasible tool to classify pure and adulterated oil samples. At present, the quality of edible oil is evaluated using traditional analysis techniques that are generally destructive. Therefore, efforts are being made to find alternative methods with non-destructive techniques such as Ultrasound. This work aims to confirm the feasibility of non-destructive ultrasonic inspection to characterise and detect fraudulent practices in olive oil due to adulteration with two other edible vegetable oils (sunflower and corn). For this purpose, pulsed ultrasonic signals with a frequency of 2.25 MHz have been used. The samples of pure olive oil were adulterated with the other two in variable percentages between 20% and 80%. Moreover, the viscosity and density values were measured. Both these physicochemical and acoustic parameters were obtained at 24 °C and 30 °C and linearly correlated with each other. The results indicate the sensitivity of the method at all levels of adulteration studied. The responses obtained through the parameters related to the components of velocity, attenuation, and frequency of the ultrasonic waves are complementary to each other. This allows concluding that the classification of pure and adulterated oil samples is possible through non-destructive ultrasonic inspection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, to explore the possibility of applying whole-grain highland barley (HB) in functional food, HB premade biscuit was created by hot-extrusion 3D printing (HEP) for the first time, and its printability and nutritional functions were evaluated. The rheology results showed 20% (w/w) HB suspension with 9% corn oil addition had better printability due to the formation of a structure with higher elasticity and stronger resistance to deformation. Moreover, the obtained premade biscuit had lower predicted glycemic index (pGI) and starch digestibility. Meanwhile, in vivo experiment results showed it could affect the glycolipid metabolism, ameliorate the high fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic disorders and maintain the balance of the gut microbial ecology. This could be attributed to the decrease in Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and the proliferation of propionate-producing probiotics, especially Veilonella, Weissella and Desulfovibrio. Overall, this study could provide basic data and innovative approaches to prepare nutritional whole-grain foods., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

• An extraction method is developed for impurities in different edible oils using GFAAS. • It is simple and sensitive and does not use microwave or hot plate for digestion. • It is an alternative method to determine ultratrace impurities in various edible oils. • Applicable to different edible oils extracted from various seeds. • TMAH and EDTA together resulted in better detection limits for edible oils. A new method for extraction and determination of trace and ultratrace impurities from edible oils via an ultrasound-assisted extraction using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) has been described. Method is simple and sensitive. Extraction variables like pH, concentrations of TMAH and EDTA, ultrasonication and centrifugation times were all optimised for analytes using engine-oil. Under optimised conditions, extraction of spiked analytes from all the edible oils into aqueous-medium were investigated and found to be quantitative (89–101%). Using this method, concentrations of impurities in edible-oils were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (GFAAS) using standard-addition calibration method and validated with microwave-digestion method. The method was successfully applied to edible oils extracted from various seeds such as mustard oil, sun flower oil, sesame oil, ground nut oil, coconut oil, rice bran oil and corn oil containing ultratrace impurities. Accuracy of developed method for edible-oils was checked with corresponding results obtained by microwave digestion method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The evolution of minor compounds in the oxidation of corn oil was studied. • Their monitoring was carried out without the use of solvents or reagents. • Markers of incipient corn oil oxidation are proposed for the first time. • A new approach for characterizing the oxidation state of edible oils is proposed. The aim of this study is to shed light on the evolution of the minor compounds in the corn oil oxidation process, through the information provided by direct immersion-microextraction in solid phase followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (DI-SPME-GC/MS). This methodology enables one, in a single run, to establish the identity and abundance both of original oil minor components, some with antioxidant capacity, and of other compounds coming from both main and minor oil components oxidation. For the first time, some of the compounds formed from oil minor components degradation are proposed as new markers of oil incipient oxidation. Although the study refers to corn oil, the methodology can be applied to any other edible oil and constitutes a new approach to characterizing the oxidation state of edible oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Mycotoxins (aflatoxins, zearalenone and α-zearalenol) were determined in edible oils. • A QuEChERS procedure coupled to UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS was optimized and validated. • More than 190 samples were analysed including olive, sunflower, soy and corn oil. • Mycotoxins were detected in more than 40% of the samples analysed. • Zearalenone was the most widely detected at concentrations up to 25 µg kg−1. Abstract An analytical method based on a QuEChERS procedure (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) has been developed for the determination of mycotoxins (α-zearalenol and zearalenone, and aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2) in edible oils. The analysis was performed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole analyser (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS). The method was fully validated and the quantification limit is 0.5 μg kg−1 for aflatoxins and 1 μg kg−1 for α-zearalenol and zearalenone. Suitable recoveries were obtained at low concentration levels (0.5–25 μg kg−1 for aflatoxins and 1–25 μg kg−1 for α-zearalenol and zearalenone), ranging from 80 to 120%. Intra and inter-day precision values were also evaluated and relative standard deviation was lower than 20%. The expanded uncertainty, U, was also evaluated ant it was below 32% at 25 µg kg−1. The validated method has been applied to monitor the presence of mycotoxins in 194 samples belonging to different types of edible oils (olive oil, sunflower oil, soy oil and corn oil). Zearalenone was detected in 25% of the analysed samples at concentrations up to 25.6 μg kg−1, and aflatoxin G1 and G2 in 3% and 14% of the samples at a maximum concentration of 1.9 and 6.8 μg kg−1 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glyoxal (GO) is one of the major toxic intermediates generated during lipid oxidation and degradation. We investigated the inhibitory activities and mechanisms of propyl, octyl, and dodecyl gallates (PG, OG, and DG) on the formation of GO in buffer and during thermo-processing of corn oil, and the anti-carbonyl and antioxidative activities of the mono-GO adducts of PG, OG, and DG. Our results suggested that alkyl gallates could more effectively trap GO than gallic acid. The major mono-GO adducts of PG, OG, and DG were purified and their structures were elucidated based on their 1 H, 13 C, 2D-NMR, and HRMS data. We further demonstrated that the mono-GO (MG) adducts retained the anti-carbonyl and antioxidative activities. This is the first study to demonstrate that alkyl gallates, the popular food additives, could prevent not only food oxidation, but also the formation of toxic reactive carbonyl species and their corresponding advanced glycation end products (AGEs) during food processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • HPPI-TOFMS was introduced for rapid evaluation of oxidative deterioration in edible oils via effective detection of their VOCs fingerprints change under thermal-oxidation or photo-oxidation. • For the first time, non-targeted discrimination of oxidized oils into various oxidation degrees was realized by coupling HPPI-TOFMS with OPLS-DA. • Nonanal in extra virgin olive oils, 2-pentylfuran in peanut oils, trans -2-heptenal in sunflower oils and trans– trans -2, 4-heptadienal in corn oils were selected as potential oxidation indicators. Since lipid oxidation often causes serious food safety issues worldwide, determination of oil's oxidative deterioration becomes quite significant, which still calls for efficient analytical methods. In this work, high-pressure photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPPI-TOFMS) was firstly introduced for rapid detection of oxidative deterioration in edible oils. Through non-targeted qualitative analysis, oxidized oils with various oxidation levels were successfully discriminated for the first time by coupling HPPI-TOFMS with the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Furthermore, by targeted interpretation of the HPPI-TOFMS mass spectra and the subsequent regression analysis (signal intensities vs TOTOX values), good linear correlations were observed for several predominant VOCs. Those specific VOCs were promising oxidation indicators, which would play important roles as TOTOX to judge the oxidation states of tested samples. The proposed HPPI-TOFMS methodology can be used as an innovative tool for accurate and effective assessment of lipid oxidation in edible oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The carotenoids in the waste apricot flesh were extracted into the corn oil. • Extraction conditions of ultrasound-assisted corn oil extraction were optimized. • The highest content of carotenoids in corn oil extracts was phytoene. • Corn oil extracts as frying medium can improve the color (a*) of French fries. The valorization of waste apricot flesh (WAF) can solve environmental and economic problems, and also meets the demand for natural pigments. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to recover carotenoids from WAF, to determine the type and content of carotenoids in the extracts and to explore the potential of the extracts for food industry applications. The extraction conditions were optimized. The total carotenoids content (TCC) was 42.75 mg/100 g dried weight under the optimized conditions: Time: 60 min, Temperature: 41.53℃, Power: 200 W, Liquid to solid (LS) ratio: 0.10 g/mL. The highest content of carotenoids in the corn oil extracts (COE) was phytoene. Color of COE under high temperature was investigated. Carotenoids in the COE were degraded at high temperatures. The a* of fries fried by COE was 7.31 times higher than that of corn oil. This study provides guidance for the green recovery of carotenoids and valorization of WAF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

69 maize germ samples from North China Plain, 40 processed products of maize germs obtained in lab, 30 crude corn oils from factories and 40 refined corn oils from supermarkets in China were analyzed of deoxynivalenol (DON) by HPLC combined with ultraviolet detection and immunoaffinity column. 95.7% of maize germs were contaminated by DON. The average content was 449.0 μg/kg. The average of DON in processed products of maize germs including solvent extracted oil, cold-press oil, meal and cake was 163.7, 113.1, 1111.5 and 1175.2 μg/kg, respectively. Only 20% of crude corn oil and 12.5% of refined corn oil were contaminated by DON with the range of 67.5–340.5 μg/kg and 57.1–207.5 μg/kg, respectively. During the production of corn oil, solvent extraction oil had a larger amount of DON than pressing oil. The contamination of DON in corn oil was not serious or widespread, which indicated a low risk of health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of different moisture contents and oxidised compounds on the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of lecithin were determined in bulk oils and in medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCT). CMC of lecithin in MCT was significantly higher than that in other vegetable oils including olive, soybean, corn, and rapeseed oils ( p  < 0.05). Presence of moisture significantly affected the CMC of lecithin in MCT ( p  < 0.05). CMC of lecithin was high when the moisture content was below 900 ppm, whereas at a moisture content of 1000 ppm, CMC of lecithin decreased significantly ( p  < 0.05), and then started to increase. Addition of total polar materials (TPM), which are oxidation products, at 3 and 5% concentrations, decreased CMC of lecithin significantly ( p  < 0.05) in MCT, compared to when 0, 1, and 1.5% of TPM was added to MCT. As the degree of oxidation increased in corn oil, CMC of lecithin gradually decreased. Additionally, under different moisture contents, corn oils showed a similar pattern of CMC of lecithin in MCT, whereas oxidised corn oil had a little lower CMC of lecithin than unoxidised corn oil. The results clearly showed that the concentration of lecithin for the formation of micelles is greatly influenced by the presence of oxidation products and the moisture content in bulk oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A green dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) using deep eutectic solvent (DES) as the extracting solvent has been developed and applied for the simultaneous quantification of ferulic acid, umbelliferone, boropinic acid, 7-isopentenyloxycoumarin, 4′-geranyloxyferulic acid (GOFA), and auraptene in some vegetable oils using ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with photodiode array detection (PDA). All parameters in the extraction step, including selection and loading of both extracting and dispersing solvents, amount of both extractant and disperser solvent were investigated and optimized. PhAA/TMG DES achieved higher recovery and enrichment factor compared to other DESs. The validated method showed good linearity with correlation coefficients, r 2 > 0.9990 for all the analytes. Furthermore, this is the first time that eco-friendly solvents are used for the extraction of oxyprenylated phenylpropanoids and the corresponding extract analyzed with ultra high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea polyphenols (TP) were emulsified with corn oil and polysorbate 80 by high-pressure homogenization. The oil in water (O/W) TP nanoemulsion had droplet sizes of 99.42 ± 1.25 nm after preparation. The TP nanoemulsion was stable during storage at 4, 25 or 40 °C for 20 days. An in vitro simulated digestion assay showed that the bioaccessibility of (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was increased in the nanoemulsion compared to that in aqueous solution, but that the bioaccessibilities of (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (−)-epicatechin (EC) and (−)-gallocatechin gallate (GCG) were greatly decreased. Compared with rats fed an aqueous TP solution, rats fed the TP nanoemulsion had significantly lower maximum plasma concentrations (C max ) of EGCG and EGC, but the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC 0–t ) was increased. The data show that use of a nanoemulsion system to deliver tea polyphenols may enhance the absorption of EGCG through controlled release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Quantification of ZEN in corn oil by SERS coupled with deep learning models. • The SERS spectra were augmented to boost the generalization ability of the models. • The performance of PLSR, GPR, RFR, 1D CNN, and 2D CNN was comparatively studied. • 1D CNN & 2D CNN showed the best prediction performance compared with other models. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and deep learning models were adopted for detecting zearalenone (ZEN) in corn oil. First, gold nanorods were synthesized as a SERS substrate. Second, the collected SERS spectra were augmented to improve the generalization ability of regression models. Third, five regression models, including partial least squares regression (PLSR), random forest regression (RFR), Gaussian progress regression (GPR), one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D CNN), and two-dimensional convolutional neural networks (2D CNN), were developed. The results showed that 1D CNN and 2D CNN models possessed the best prediction performance, i.e., determination of prediction set (R P 2) = 0.9863 and 0.9872, root mean squared error of prediction set (RMSEP) = 0.2267 and 0.2341, ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) = 6.548 and 6.827, limit of detection (LOD) = 6.81 × 10−4 and 7.24 × 10−4 μg/mL. Therefore, the proposed method offers an ultrasensitive and effective strategy for detecting ZEN in corn oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Phytosterols found in oils have health benefit, but bleaching removes them. • Higher processing times and temperatures increase free phytosterol degradation. • Air and activated clay also promote phytosterol loss. • FPs adsorbed at acidic activated sites are also degraded. • These findings may help develop healthier and more nutritious oils. Phytosterols have health benefits; however, they are partially removed during the bleaching of corn oil. We evaluated the chemical conversion of free phytosterols (FPs) during bleaching. FP degradation accelerated with increased time and temperature, following a first-order kinetic model. In the n -heptane system, air and activated clay promoted the chemical conversion of the FPs. Sterenes formation was analysed under different conditions using a zero-order kinetic model. The apparent activation energies revealed sterene formation decreasing in the following order: campesta-3,5-diene ≈ stigmasta-3,5,22-triene > stigmasta-3,5-diene. Isomers of the above were not detected, indicating that these sterenes were the only primary products of FPs. The desorption test indicated that the FP loss from corn oil was not only due to FPs being adsorbed the activated clay, but also FPs adsorbed at acidic activated sites being degraded. This study presents a vital scientific foundation for retaining FPs to develop healthier and more nutritious oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ostwald ripening (OR) was affected by the hydrophilic head structure of surfactant. • Adding corn oil in oil phase to ≥ 20% perfectly suppressed OR. • Ability of corn oil as OR inhibitor was affected by the hydrophilic head structure. • Gums affected OR differently depending on the oil composition of emulsions. The effects of hydrocolloid gum, gum arabic, carrageenan, and xanthan on the Ostwald ripening of emulsions fabricated using Brij or Tween surfactants were examined. Emulsions prepared using pure n -decane exhibited low stability to Ostwald ripening, and modifying the oil composition by mixing corn oil improved the stability to Ostwald ripening. When gums were added to emulsions prepared using pure n -decane, the stability to Ostwald ripening decreased further, except for xanthan in emulsions stabilized using Tween surfactant. This could be because gums may affect interactions between water molecules and the hydrophilic head of the surfactant, increasing the water solubility of n -decane. However, gum addition (or viscosity increment) increased the stability of emulsions prepared using the modified oil composition (90% n -decane and 10% corn oil). In conclusion, emulsions unstable to Ostwald ripening may be negatively affected by gum addition, whereas emulsions relatively stable to Ostwald ripening may be positively affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A supercritical CO 2 ultra-performance convergence chromatography (UPC 2 ) system was utilized with a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF MS) to examine the triacylglycerol compositions of sunflower, corn and soybean oils. UPC 2 provided an excellent resolution and separation for the triacylglycerols, while the high performance Q-TOF MS system was able to provide the molecular weight and fragment ions information for triacylglycerol compound characterization. A total of 33 triacylglycerols were identified based on their elementary compositions and MS 2 fragment ion profiles, and their levels in the three oils were estimated. The combination of UPC 2 and Q-TOF MS may determine triacylglycerol compositions for oils and fats, and provide sn-position information for fatty acids, which may be important for food nutritional value and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have established that 2-alkylcyclobutanones (2-ACBs) are unique radiolytic products in lipid-containing foods that could only be formed through exposure to ionizing radiation, but not by any other means of physical/heat treatment methods. Therefore, 2-ACBs are currently the marker molecules required by the European Committee for Standardization to be used to identify foods irradiated with ionizing irradiation. Using a spectrum of state-of-the-art analytical instruments, we present in this study for the first time that the generation of 2-ACBs was also possible when fatty acids and triglycerides are exposed to a non-ionizing, short-wavelength ultraviolet (UV-C) light source. An irradiation dosage-dependent formation of 2-ACBs was also observed in UV-C irradiated fatty acids, triglycerides, corn oil, and pork samples. With UV-C irradiation becoming an increasingly common food treatment procedure, it is anticipated that the results from this study will alert food scientists and regulatory officials to a potential new source for 2-ACBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Efficient ZEN degradation was realized over the defective Bi 2 WO 6 ultrathin layer. • DFT calculations and measurements implied •O 2 – and 1O 2 were the main active species. • Reasonable mechanism for ZEN degradation were proposed based on nine intermediates. • Feasibility of developed method was proven taking corn oil as the practical sample. Establishing an effective and sustainable strategy for zearalenone (ZEN) degradation is of great significance to agricultural development and food safety. Herein, more than 98 % of ZEN (2 ppm) was photocatalytic degraded within 90 min over the oxygen-deficient Bi 2 WO 6 ultrathin layers (BWO-U), along with the sharp elimination of biotoxicity to GES-1 cells. Theoretical calculations and characterizations revealed the ultrathin structure and oxygen vacancies endowed BWO-U with strengthened photoelectrochemical activity and O 2 -adsorption capacity, facilitating the generation of •O 2 – and 1O 2 which play decisive roles in ZEN degradation. Furthermore, a possible mechanism was proposed based on nine intermediates identified via LC-MS, including the steps of cis–trans isomerization, oxidation and cleavage. Eventually, the method also exhibited immense potential in reducing ZEN-contamination in corn oil, and made no significant impact on the quality of corn oil. This work might provide a feasible strategy to mitigate ZEN-contamination and cast a new light on the ROS-mediated mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Molecular mobility of antioxidants was compared by NMR relaxation technique. • Hydrogen mobility in ascorbyl palmitate (AP) decreased in the presence of DOPC. • However, hydrogen mobility of α -tocopherol increased when DOPC was present. • DOPC enhanced antioxidant properties of ascorbyl palmitate but not α -tocopherol in corn oil. • Molecular mobility of proton could affect antioxidant activity in bulk oil. Molecular mobility of ascorbyl palmitate and α-tocopherol in the presence of 1,2-dioleoyl- sn - glycero -3-phosphocholine (DOPC) were determined by NMR relaxation technique. Synergistic effects of DOPC on the antioxidative capacities of ascorbyl palmitate were evaluated in DPPH radical scavenging assay and bulk oil matrix. NMR relaxation technique can provide information on the mobility of protons. Molecular mobility of two protons in hydroxyl group of ascorbyl palmitate decreased by 85 and 78% in the presence of DOPC compared to those without DOPC. However, proton mobility of α -tocopherol increased by 41% when DOPC was present. DOPC significantly enhanced the DPPH reactivity in medium chain triacylglycerol, while this effect was not observed in α -tocopherol. Mixture of ascorbyl palmitate with DOPC showed synergistic antioxidant properties in corn oil at 60 °C. DOPC may make protons of ascorbyl palmitate in more rigid state, which can enhance hydrogen donating ability and antioxidant properties of ascorbyl palmitate in bulk oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical instability of β-carotene limits its utilization as a nutraceutical ingredient in foods. In this research, the effect of continuous phase alpha-lactalbumin (α-LA) and (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on β-carotene degradation in medium chain triacylglycerol (MCT)- and corn oil-in-water emulsions was examined. EGCG significantly inhibited β-carotene degradation in both MCT and corn oil-in-water emulsions in a dose dependent manner. α-LA was not able to protect β-carotene in MCT emulsions and the combination of EGCG and α-LA had a similar effect as EGCG alone. EGCG had no effect on lipid oxidation in corn oil-in-water emulsions but can protect β-carotene. β-Carotene was more stable in corn oil emulsions stabilized by α-LA compared to emulsions stabilized by Tween 20. These results show that EGCG is effective at protecting β-carotene in different emulsion systems without negatively impacting lipid oxidation suggesting that it could be utilized to increase the incorporation of β-carotene into food emulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of high (HMP) and low (LMP) methoxylated pectins (2% w/w ) on the rate and extent of the mass transfer of monosaccharides, amino acids, and a corn oil-in-water emulsion across a cellulose membrane was evaluated. A sigmoidal response kinetic analysis was used to calculate both the diffusion coefficients (rate) and the amount of nutrients transferred through the membrane (extent). In all cases, except for lysine, HMP was more effective than LMP in inhibiting both the rate and extent of the mass transfer of nutrients through the membrane. LMP and HMP, e.g. , reduced 1.3 and 3.0 times, respectively, the mass transfer rate of glucose, as compared to control (containing no pectin), and 1.3 and 1.5 times, respectively, the amount of glucose transferred through the membrane. Viscosity, molecular interactions, and flocculation were the most important parameters controlling the mass transfer of electrically neutral nutrients, electrically charged nutrients, and emulsified lipids, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Near infrared hyperspectral imaging and deep learning (DL) were used to predict the oil content in maize kernels. • A convolutional neural network regression model with attention mechanism was designed. • Embryo side of single maize kernel was more suitable for modeling. • Attention mechanism was helpful to reduce the error in oil content prediction. • DL methods performed better than traditional methods and saved modeling effort. An attention (A) based convolutional neural network regression (CNNR) model, namely ACNNR, was proposed to combine hyperspectral imaging to predict oil content in single maize kernel. During the period, a reflectance HSI system was used to collect hyperspectral images of embryo side and non-embryo side of single maize kernel, and the performances of CNNR (without attention mechanism), ACNNR and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were compared. For PLSR, a series of spectral preprocessing and dimensionality reduction methods were used to finally determine the optimal hybrid PLSR model. Whereas for CNNR and ACNNR, only raw spectra were used as their inputs. The results showed that embryo side was more suitable for developing regression models; the attentional mechanism was helpful to reduce the error of prediction, making ACNNR performed best (coefficient of determination of prediction = 0.9198). Overall, the proposed method did not require additional processing on raw spectra, and performed well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A phage-peptide against immune complex of nanobody-aflatoxin B1 was obtained. • A rapid and sensitive noncompetitive immunoassay for aflatoxin B1 was developed. • Enzyme-labeled phage-peptide was prepared to establish direct immunoassay. • The whole incubation time of the immunoassay was 10 min. • The detection limit of the immunoassay for aflatoxin B1 was 0.006 ng/mL. Noncompetitive immunoassays for small molecules are generally considered to be more sensitive than competitive ones. In this study, a phage-peptide against immune complex of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and nanobody Nb28 was obtained by phage-display technology. The phage-peptide was labeled with peroxidase and used to develop a direct noncompetitive magnetic-chemiluminescent enzyme-linked immunoassay (Nc-MCLEIA) for AFB1. The 50% signal saturation concentration (SC 50) and limit of detection (LOD) of Nc-MCLEIA for AFB1 were 0.089 and 0.006 ng/mL, respectively. Compared with competitive immunoassays developed by the Nb28, the sensitivity and efficiency of Nc-MCLEIA were greatly improved. The recoveries of AFB1 from spiked corn, rice, flour, peanut, peanut oil and corn oil samples ranged from 83.8% to 119.2% with coefficient of variable under 8.9%. Furthermore, parallel analysis of natural corn, rice and flour samples by Nc-MCLEIA and HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) proved that the Nc-MCLEIA was reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • MAPB QDs@SiO 2 nanocomposites are synthesized by a one-pot procedure. • MAPB QDs@SiO 2 shows greatly enhanced ECL response in an organic electrolyte. • Ultrasensitive molecularly imprinted ECL sensors are constructed to detect AFB1. • This sensing platform is successfully applied for AFB1 assay in real corn oil. Mycotoxins contamination, especially aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in edible oils, is a health hazard. Therefore, AFB1 trace analysis methods are urgently needed. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a popular sensing method because of its low background interference and high sensitivity. However, existing ECL assays for AFB1 detection are based on aqueous rather than oil systems. Herein, we report a CH 3 NH 3 PbBr 3 quantum dots (MAPB QDs)@SiO 2 -based ECL sensor for AFB1 quantification in corn oil using an organic electrolyte. The luminophore loading and stability of the MAPB QDs@SiO 2 particles were significantly improved compared to those of bulky MAPB materials, resulting in an enhanced ECL response. Further, exploiting molecular imprinting technology, an ECL sensor for AFB1 detection with an ultra-low detection limit of 8.5 fg/mL was prepared. The reliability of the sensor was confirmed by comparable recoveries of corn oil samples with those obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography, indicating its potential for food safety evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at the characterization of blends of Sacha Inchi oil (SIO) with different ratios of SO (soybean oil) and CO (corn oil) by nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR), compared with the data obtained by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC–FID). The 1 H NMR and GC–FID data from different ratios of SIO were adjusted by a second order polynomial equation. The two techniques were highly correlated ( R 2 values ranged from 0.995 to 0.999), revealing that 1 H NMR is an efficient methodology for the quantification of omega-3 fatty acids in oils rich in omega-6 fatty acids or vice versa such as SO and CO and, on the other hand, can be used to quantify ω-6 in oils rich in ω-3, such as SIO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reported the characterisation of some types of monoacylglycerols (MAGs) obtained by the glycerolysis of different partially hydrogenated corn oils (PHCOs) catalysed by Al 2 O 3 loaded with K 2 CO 3 (K 2 CO 3 /Al 2 O 3 ) under the previous selected conditions. A two-stage molecular distillation method of purifying the MAGs was introduced, and the obtained MAG products were more than 90.0 wt.% pure. The fatty acid composition of corn oil significantly changed after hydrogenation sequentially catalysed by Pricat™ Ni catalysts (9908 Ni/kieselguhr and 9920 Ni/Al 2 O 3 ). The PHCO samples generated typical structures with β′-form crystals. Moreover, the melting regions of all hydrogenated samples and their MAGs shifted to higher temperatures. The oxidation stability of MAGs has been significantly increased using hydrogenation to change the fatty acid composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of relative humidity (RH) on the antioxidant properties of α-tocopherol (10, 20, 42, and 84 ppm) were determined in stripped corn oil oxidised at 60 °C. The degree of oxidation in oils was determined by analysing headspace oxygen content and conjugated dienoic acids (CDAs). Changes in moisture and α-tocopherol content were also monitored. The oxidative stability of stripped corn oil and stability of α-tocopherol differed significantly depending on the RH. As the concentration of α-tocopherol increased from 10 to 84 ppm, oxidative stability decreased significantly irrespective of RH. The remaining α-tocopherol content decreased as RH increased, suggesting an important role for moisture content in the stability of α-tocopherol. Antioxidant properties of α-tocopherol were greatly influenced by both moisture content in oil and α-tocopherol concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An electrochemical aptasensor was developed for specific detection of aflatoxin B1. • The presence of AuNPs/ZIF-8 on the sensor surface improved the loading of aptamers. • The linear range of the aptasensor was wider than that of several reported sensors. • The aptasensor was successfully used for the aflatoxin B1 detection in the edible oil. In this study, an electrochemical aptasensor for sensitive detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was fabricated by electrodepositing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the glass carbon electrode (GCE) modified with zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8). The high specific surface area of AuNPs/ZIF-8 nanocomposite increased the aptamers loading on the electrode surface. When compared to other previously reported sensors, the developed aptasensor exhibited a wider linear range of 10.0 to 1.0 × 105 pg/mL with a lower limit of detection (LOD) of 1.82 pg/mL under the optimized conditions. Furthermore, the obtained results revealed that the constructed aptasensor exhibited outstanding selectivity, reproducibility and stability. Moreover, the aptasensor was successfully employed to detect the AFB1 in corn oil and peanut oil samples, with recoveries ranging from 93.49% to 106.9%, demonstrating the potential application value of this methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The water solubility of RES was enhanced by complexation with SPI. [•] Heat treatment favoured the formation and antioxidant activity of SPI–RES complex. [•] The emulsions stabilized by SPI–RES complex showed an improved oxidative stability. [•] The improving effect could be mainly due to the accumulation of RES at the interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Daikon isothiocyanate (ITC) concentration decreases in aqueous solution because of its degradation. [•] Corn oil and milk suppress the degradation of daikon ITC. [•] Milk enhances the absorption of daikon ITC in rats. [•] Foods including daikon with oil or milk may promote the health benefit of daikon ITC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]