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In view of the merits of all-purpose wheat flour (APWF) to soft wheat flour (SWF) in cost and protein supply, the feasibility of heat-moisture treatment (HMT, 19% moisture for 1 h at 60, 80 and 100 °C, respectively) to modify APWF as a substitute SWF in making short dough biscuits was explored. For underlying mechanisms, on the one hand, HMT reduced the hydration capacity of damaged starch particles by coating them with denatured proteins. On the other hand, HMT at 80 °C and 100 °C significantly denatured gluten proteins to form protein aggregates, highly weakening the gluten network in dough. These two aspects jointly conferred APWF dough with higher deformability and therefore significantly improved the qualities of biscuits. Moreover, the qualities of biscuits from APWF upon HMT-100 °C were largely comparable to that from SWF, even higher values were concluded in spread ratio, volume, specific volume and consumer acceptance. [Display omitted] • Heat-moisture treatment (HMT) modified all-purpose flour for short dough biscuit. • HMT reduced the hydration capacities of flour components, especially that of damaged starch. • HMT weakened starch-starch, protein-starch and protein-protein interactions in dough. • All-purpose flour by HMT-100 °C presented comparable biscuit quality to soft wheat flour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Two ndPCR approaches were advanced targeting sesame CO6b-1 and ITS regions. • Sensitivities of 5 and 0.1 mg/kg of sesame in dough/biscuits were achieved. • Sensitivity was improved by one order of magnitude comparing with real-time PCR. • Food matrix and food processing did not affect the performance of the ndPCR. • This is the first ndPCR for the analysis of allergenic foods at trace amounts. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important allergenic food whose presence can be the cause of severe allergic reactions in sensitised individuals. In this work, nanoplate digital PCR (ndPCR) was used to develop two methods to detect trace amounts of sesame in processed foods and compared with previously proposed real-time PCR assays. Two independent ndPCR approaches were successfully advanced, achieving sensitivities of 5 and 0.1 mg/kg of sesame in dough/biscuits, targeting the CO6b-1 and ITS regions, respectively. The sensitivity using both targets was improved by one order of magnitude comparing with real-time PCR and was not affected by food processing. CO6b-1 system was not influenced by food matrix, exhibiting similar performance regardless the use of complex matrix extracts or serial diluted DNA. Herein, ndPCR was proposed for the first time for the detection of allergenic foods with the advantage of providing better performance than real-time PCR regarding sensitivity and robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Effects of biscuit baking/recipe on furanic derivatives and other VOCs were studied. • Biscuits baked in static/ventilate mode were analyzed for some VOCs and quality. • Commercial shortbreads with eggs, with chocolate chips and dry petits were evaluated. • Ventilated mode resulted in faster biscuits baking and a slightly lower VOCs content. • Dry petits had lower VOCs concentrations than shortbreads with high sugar/fat content. Biscuit baking can cause the formation of heat-related toxic compounds, mainly through the Maillard reaction, including some volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are potentially carcinogenic to humans. This study investigates the effects of different baking conditions and recipes on quality characteristics (moisture, water activity, colour, texture) and on the concentration of some VOCs (furfural, furfuryl acetate, 5-methylfurfural, furfuryl alcohol, 3-methylbutanal, hexanal) in biscuits. Specifically, lab-made biscuits baked under static and ventilated conditions and three commercial biscuit types categorised as shortbreads with eggs, with chocolate chips and dry petits were evaluated. Concerning the lab-made biscuits, the ventilated mode resulted in faster baking and a slightly lower concentration of investigated VOCs compared to the static mode. Besides the process conditions, the recipe also played a role in the final quality and target volatiles, whose concentrations were lower in dry petits than in shortbreads, which are characterised by higher sugar and fat contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Near infrared spectroscopy was used as a fast and accurate method to analyze cookies. • A new chemometric approach was used to calibrate the data. • The best methodology was able to identify all 5 different cookies main cereals. • Results showed that this technique can be used to quantify nutritional contents. The consumption of cookies is ever growing and during the COVID-19 pandemic reached record consumption values and it is imperative to guarantee the quality and safety of the products. Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy, combined with chemometric techniques, provides a promising solution in that regard, due to its speed and simple sample preparation. The objective of this study was to investigate the possibilities of using FT-NIR to predict lipids, carbohydrates, fibers, proteins, salt and energy contents, as well as to identify cookies type and main cereals present in a batch of 120 commercially acquired samples. The prediction models were performed using ordinary least squares (OLS), partial least squares (PLS), and PLS based classification models including discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), k-nearest neighbors (PLS-kNN) and naïve Bayes (PLS-NB). The best prediction models allowed for good accuracies, with correlation coefficients higher than 0.9 for all studied nutritional parameters. PLS-kNN methodology was able to identify all 5 main cereals (wheat, integral wheat, oat, corn and rice) as well as the 14 types of cookies based on the nutritional contents. The developed methods were able to accurately identify the cookies type and composition, confirming the proposed methodology as a fast, reliable, environmentally friendly and non-destructive alternative to standard analytical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Substituting wheat flour by native starch reduces starch digestibility in cookies. • Starch in sugar-snap cookies is not completely gelatinised after baking. • Starch digestibility in sugar-snap cookies increases with dough water content. • Higher water retention of native starch affects dough spread and cookie texture. An I-optimal response surface experimental design revealed impacts of dough moisture content (DMC, 14–22%) and level of wheat flour substitution (10–50%) by wheat gluten and one of six different native starches [wheat, (waxy) maize, rice, potato, pea] on sugar-snap cookie starch thermal properties, in vitro starch digestion, dough and cookie hardness and spread ratio. Increasing DMCs from 14 to 22% increased the cookie starch digestion rate constants of each starch source used. A linear increase of the constant by 25–30% across the 14 to 22% DMC range for all starches was predicted and validated. That cookie spread and hardness were related to the water retention capacity of the native starches used suggested that they underwent limited changes during baking. For each starch examined, formulations were optimized to lower in vitro starch digestion rate and extent, and cookie hardness, while maximizing dough spread ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Glucomannan was incorporated as a fat replacer in the cookies. • Glucomannan had a plasticizing effect on the cookie dough, which mimicked the fat. • Glucomannan enveloped starch granules in the cookie dough. • Glucomannan improved the cookie's textural properties and spread ratio. • Dough having low rheological parameters, adhesiveness, and hardness was preferred. This work evaluated the structure and quality parameters of dough and cookies prepared using fermented cassava flour, soy protein concentrate, and glucomannan. Glucomannan was incorporated as a fat replacement. The levels of fat replacement were 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% (CS100, GL90, GM80, and GH70, respectively) relative to the original fat content. Rheological analysis showed that the loss tangent of GH70 dough was the lowest (0.39) with an angular frequency of 0.62 rad/s. Thus, glucomannan affected the dough and caused it to exhibit more solid-like behaviors. Glucomannan covered the starch granules, which mimicked that of fat. A complex interaction was confirmed among starch, glucomannan, and protein in the dough. Glucomannan decreased dough hardness and adhesiveness but significantly increased (p < 0.05) cookie hardness, crispiness, and spread ratio. Dough with low rheological properties, adhesiveness, and hardness will produce good-quality cookies. Glucomannan can be applied as a fat replacer in cookies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • 20% HB concentration with 9% corn oil addition had better HEP printability. • HEP-LHB had moderate predicted glycemic index of 65.6. • HEP-LHB could ameliorate the high fat diet-induced metabolic disorders. • HEP-LHB could decrease Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. • HEP-LHB could contribute to the proliferation and growth of probiotics. In this study, to explore the possibility of applying whole-grain highland barley (HB) in functional food, HB premade biscuit was created by hot-extrusion 3D printing (HEP) for the first time, and its printability and nutritional functions were evaluated. The rheology results showed 20% (w/w) HB suspension with 9% corn oil addition had better printability due to the formation of a structure with higher elasticity and stronger resistance to deformation. Moreover, the obtained premade biscuit had lower predicted glycemic index (pGI) and starch digestibility. Meanwhile, in vivo experiment results showed it could affect the glycolipid metabolism, ameliorate the high fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic disorders and maintain the balance of the gut microbial ecology. This could be attributed to the decrease in Firmicutes / Bacteroidetes ratio and the proliferation of propionate-producing probiotics, especially Veilonella, Weissella and Desulfovibrio. Overall, this study could provide basic data and innovative approaches to prepare nutritional whole-grain foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Allulose and kestose were applied as a sugar alternative in a cookie system. • Kestose led to lower water mobility than allulose, delaying starch gelatinization. • Delayed gelatinization lowered pasting/thermo-mechanical properties of wheat flour. • Kestose was more feasible to replace sucrose in terms of cookie quality attributes. The effects of different sweeteners on the physicochemical properties of soft wheat flour were investigated mainly in terms of thermal, rheological, and water mobility features, and their feasibilities as an alternative to sugar were evaluated in the cookie system. Kestose significantly reduced the solvent retention capacity of wheat flour, followed by sucrose, fructose, and allulose. Thermal analysis showed that the sucrose and kestose distinctly led to an increase in the gelatinization temperature of wheat flour, which was explained by lower T 2 relaxation times. In addition, the pasting viscosities and thermo-mechanical properties of wheat flour containing kestose became lower compared to allulose, and these differences were morphologically confirmed by the real-time microscopic measurements during heating. Furthermore, when the sweeteners were incorporated into the cookie formulations, kestose played a positive role as a sugar replacer in the cookie system by presenting a comparable spread factor, texture, and color to cookies with sucrose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Hesperidin (HES) and synephrine (SYN) could trap acrolein (ACR) to form adducts. • ACR-adducts (HES-ACR and SYN-2ACR) were synthesized and identified. • SYN, as an accelerant, promoted HES to form more ACR-adducts. • The synergistic effect of HES and SYN was verified in roast duck wings and cookies. Acrolein (ACR) is a harmful and active aldehyde produced in processed food that endangers foods safety. We undertook this work to explore the ACR-trapping ability of hesperidin (HES) and synephrine (SYN) from the diet. After comparing their ACR-trapping abilities, the reaction pathways of HES and SNY were analyzed using LC–MS/MS, and two adducts (HES-ACR-1 and SNY-2ACR) were synthesized, and their structures were identified by NMR. Then, we not only evaluated the synergistic trapping effects of HES and SNY on ACR in the model through the Chou-Talalay method but verified it in the processing of roasted duck wings and cookies. Furthermore, based on the quantitative analysis of the ACR-adducts of HES and SNY, we demonstrated that SYN, as a promoter, could greatly improve the ACR-capturing ability of HES by forming more adducts (3-fold). Our findings could serve as a guide for using SNY and HES as new scavengers in food processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• G and M levels in foods were analyzed by GC–MS followed by Soxtec extraction. • The highest concentrations of G and M were found in processed fats and cookies. • 58% of palm oil-containing foods exceeded the upper limits of G or M set by the EU. • Packaged foods with palm-derived oils had significantly higher levels of G and M. • Main exposures to G and M were from cookies and instant noodles that exceeded TDIs. Glycidyl esters (GEs) and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDEs) are carcinogenic contaminants found in refined oils. This study aimed to determine levels of GEs and 3-MCPDEs in packaged foodstuffs, and estimate daily exposure levels using food consumption data. The analysis involved Soxtec extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the recovery of spiked GEs and 3-MCPDEs was within the range of 80%∼110%. Results showed that GEs and 3-MCPDEs were almost ubiquitous in food products (95%), with the highest concentrations found in processed fats, followed by cookies and spreads. Food products containing palm-derived oils had significantly higher levels of contaminants (p < 0.05), with up to 58.1% of palm oil-containing foodstuffs exceeding the upper limits of either GEs or 3-MCPDEs set by the European Union. Cookies and instant noodles were identified as the main sources of exposure to GEs and 3-MCPDEs, with potential daily intake levels exceeding the tolerable daily intakes in children aged 0 ∼ 12 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs) are heat stabile molecules. • Reduction in QA content is highly dependent on the applied unit process. • The depletion of quinolizidine alkaloids can be attributed to leaching into water. • The production of sterilized lupin beans reduces the QA concentration by over 60%. Lupin, a protein-rich grain legume, and products thereof, are becoming increasingly important in our diets. However, variable and high concentrations of quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs) may hamper this evolution. This study assessed the fate of QAs when processing Lupinus albus seeds and lupin-based foods, to give a first indication of the food industry's ability to sufficiently reduce the QA concentration. Typical unit processes, including toasting, dehulling, sterilization (sterilized jarred lupins), oven baking (cookies), frying (chips) and boiling in water (pasta), were simulated on lab-scale. A quantitative determination of five QAs and qualitative screening of other relevant QAs, in the derived fractions and lupin-based foods, was performed with a validated UHPLC-MS/MS and -HRMS method, respectively. Results revealed that the reduction in quinolizidine alkaloid content is highly dependent on the applied unit process, that QAs appear to be heat stabile, and that the depletion can be attributed to the leaching in cooking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of raw plantain flour (RPF) and its citric acid (CA)-esterified counterpart (EPF) on the carbohydrate nutritional properties of cookies was investigated. Cookies were elaborated with commercial wheat flour (CWF), RPF, EPF, or a CWF-EPF blend, and assessed for composition, starch digestibility, texture and sensory properties. EPF-cookie showed the lowest digestible starch (DS) content and estimated glycemic index (pGI) (25.0% and 59.3, respectively). Cookies made with CWF-EPF exhibited the highest indigestible fraction values attributed to the synergistic presence of the RS from EPF and the protein and non-starch polysaccharides from CWF. All RPF containing cookies exhibited lower hardness than CWF-cookie. Although the use of RPF decreased consumer's acceptability compared to CWF-cookie, the cookies with EPF showed sensory characteristics of 52–65% compared with the CWF-cookie (100%). This study shows CA esterification of plantain flour as a successful strategy to manufacture cookies with low DS and pGI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Cookies with Japanese quince fruits (JQF) had high antioxidative potential. • Presence of acetic acid in enriched cookies intensified acidic and citrus aroma. • Stored cookies were rich in hydrocarbons, including newly generated ones. • Addition of JQF enhanced microbiological safety of stored cookies. • Consumers preferred cookies containing 1 and 1.5% JQF to those containing 6 or 9%. Abstract The study aimed at assessing effects of freeze-dried Japanese quince fruit (FJQF; 0–9%) added to cookies to improve their antioxidant attributes during storage, sensory and volatile characteristics and acceptability by consumers. Cookies containing FJQF had 2-3.5-fold higher radical scavenging activity and exhibited less secondary lipid oxidation products compared with the control cookies. Enriched cookies had higher contents of volatile hexanal, heptanal, octanal, 2-heptenal, (E) than control cookies. Acetic acid dominated in the volatile profile of enriched cookies (ranging 7.05–23.37%), hence intensities of acidic and citrus aroma were scored high. Cookies stored for 16-weeks showed increased amounts of hydrocarbons as compared with fresh cookies and new hydrocarbons were also generated, which were not detected in fresh cookies. The consumer panel indicated a higher preference for cookies containing 1.0 and 1.5% FJQF than those containing 6.0 and 9.0%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflower butter use as an allergen-free alternative to tree and legume nut butter in baking is limited by chlorogenic acid induced greening that occurs at alkaline pH. Limited information is available on controlling this greening in a food matrix. This study examined how different liquid sweeteners and relative humidity influenced greening of sunflower butter cookies. Doughs had similar initial pH (7.52–7.66) which increased to 8.44–9.13 after baking as ranked: xylitol > maple syrup > corn syrup > honey > agave syrup. Cookies made with maple syrup had the highest moisture and greening corresponding with lowest free chlorogenic acid. The % greening followed the same trend as greening intensity, and was positively correlated (r = 0.9101) with chlorogenic-lysine adduct content. Our findings provide an ingredient solution to controlling greening, as results demonstrate that greening can be promoted with high relative humidity storage, and use of high moisture and pH ingredients. Unwanted greening can be inhibited by simply changing the liquid sweetener. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an effort to increase the nutritional value of common gluten-free (GF) cereal-based foods, GF cookies using alfalfa seed flour (ASF), at different substitution levels to common rice flour (0% as control, 15%, 30% and 45% w/w), were produced. Crude protein, total dietary fibre, total polyunsaturated, total n -3 and n -6 fatty acid contents increased linearly (p < 0.05) by raising the substitution levels of rice with ASF. The hardness, the total phenolic content, the in vitro antioxidant capacity and the resistant starch increased linearly (p < 0.05), whereas the starch hydrolysis index decreased linearly (p < 0.05) by raising the substitution levels of rice flour with ASF. Despite the fact that ASF-substituted GF cookies had inferior sensory attributes compared to the control, the score given by the panellists remained at fairly good levels for all tested parameters, showing acceptability of the substituted GF cookies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to identify best cultivars suitable for sorghum cookies accordingly nutrient and mineral compositions were evaluated. Protein and fat content of cookies were ranged from 5.89 ± 0.04 to 8.27 ± 0.21% and 21.03 ± 0.01 to 23.08 ± 0.03% respectively. The starch content of cookie ranged between 47.06 ± 0.01 and 42.15 ± 0.03% and dietary fiber was reported highest in CSH14 (9.27 ± 0.01%). The highest Mg (56.24 ± 0.03 mg/100 g) P (255.54 ± 0.03 mg/100 g), and K (124.26 ± 0.02 mg/100 g) content were found in C43 cultivar. CSV18R was reported highest iron content (1.23 ± 0.01 mg/100 g). The sensory scores for overall acceptability of cookies were highest in CSH23, CSH13R and CSV18R cultivars which are rich in dietary fiber and minerals. Normally the hybrids are high yielders and the grain price/qt is 20% lower than varieties. It is implied the raw material costs of two identified cultivars (CSH23 & CSH13R) would help the industry to reduce overall cost of production and offer a better profit margins over the varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Batch-wise is compared to continuous production in cookies manufacturing. • HSI-NIR reveals surface compositional inhomogeneity with the manufacturing procedure. • HSI-NIR and chemometrics are a perfect combination to study food production. • PCA, ASCA and HSI-NIR are essential to understand physicochemical effects in food. The Danish buttered cookie is a famous confectionery product. Its success makes manufacturing of the large volumes required challenging, introducing the need for different strategies to increase production while maintaining a high-quality standard. Two manufacturing lines used are batch-wise and continuous dough mixing. Despite the recipe being the same, the outcome of the two production types differs in texture and external appearance. While this does not infringe on the quality, changes in texture are observable. This manuscript analyses the physicochemical differences of the cookies after baking using Near Infrared hyperspectral imaging and Chemometrics. The study demonstrates that the changes in texture between batch and continuous production are mostly due to the difference in crystalline sucrose emerging in invisible spots on or near the surface of the cookies and a higher tendency of migrated butter-fat spots on the surface of the cookies for the continuous manufacturing procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• -Highland barley (HB) was subjected to dry-, semidry-, wet-milling methods. • -Variations in flour properties and cookies quality caused by milling were studied. • -The shortening in cookies would help generate V-type starch-lipid complex. • -The content of dietary fiber, β-glucan and V-type complex affects digestibility. • -Findings provide a scientific basis for the development of HB functional foods. Highland barley (HB) was subjected to dry-, semidry-, wet-milling methods and assessed for flour physicochemical properties and eating quality of corresponding sugar-free cookies. Results showed that there were significant differences between different milled flours in damaged starch content, particle size, hydration, pasting properties, and color. High a* values and poor hydration/pasting properties of wet-milled flours were associated with its smallest particle size and lowest content of damaged starch (25.3%), β-glucan (1.87%), and dietary fiber (10.87%), resulting in dark brown color, slightly high spread ratio, low hardness, and fast digestibility of the corresponding cookies. Conversely, the low digestibility of the cookies (predicted glycemic index 58.85) prepared from dry-milled flours was attributed to the higher content of dietary fiber, β-glucan and V-type starch-lipid complex, which would affect enzyme accessibility and may be beneficial for making HB sugar-free cookies. This study is expected to promote the development of HB functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonia caramels are the most common antioxidant colour agent used in bakery formulations, although their high sugars content. An alternative could be coffee melanoidins, which are brown coloured compounds with antioxidant properties, readily available from instant coffee. However, high caffeine content is limiting its direct application. To evaluate the possibility of obtaining coloured melanoidin-rich, sugars- and caffeine-poor fractions from instant coffee, in this work, simple procedures based on their ethanol insolubility (fraction EtPp) or retention by ultrafiltration (fraction HWSn) were exploited. Melanoidins incorporation into biscuits formulation (amounts of 1, 5 and 10% w/w related to flour content) resulted in acceptable coloured products with higher antioxidant activity. The biscuits supplemented with 1% EtPp or HWSn had a low caffeine content. The caffeine of one espresso coffee was equivalent to 130 biscuits containing EtPp and 31 biscuits containing HWSn. Besides, both fractions did not promote extra formation of acrylamide or 5-hydroxymethylfurfural during baking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allergenic ingredients in pre-packaged foods are regulated by EU legislation mandating their inclusion on labels. In order to protect allergic consumers, sensitive analytical methods are required for detect allergen traces in different food products. As a follow-up to our previous investigations, an optimized, sensitive, label-free LC-MS/MS method for multiplex detection of five allergenic ingredients in a processed food matrix is proposed. A cookie base was chosen as a complex food matrix and home-made cookies incurred with whole egg, skimmed milk, soy flour, ground hazelnut and ground peanut were prepared at laboratory scale. In order to improve the analytical workflow both protein extraction and purification protocols were optimized and finally a sensitive streamlined SRM based analytical method for allergens detection in incurred cookies was devised. The effect of baking on the detection of selected markers was also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Simultaneous detection method of 9 mycotoxins, AA and 5-HMF were established. • The QuEChERs extraction method with d-SPE with EMR-lipid was optimized. • All the LQQs of the method sacrificed the limit of EU regulation. • The recovery ranged from 72.11 to 115.59% and precision were lower than 15. A robust and sensitive analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 9 mycotoxins, AA, and 5-HMF by UHPLC-MS/MS was developed. Clean-up of the extracts was achieved by d-SPE with EMR-lipid. A new column phase (C 18 -PFP) was selected for HPLC separation after comparison with the C 18 column. Finally, the method gave good linear relations with regression coefficients R2 > 0.99. The recovery of all the tested compounds was within the range of 70.67 to 104.88%, and the intraday and interday relative standard deviations (RSD) were lower than 12.49. The proposed method was then applied to investigate the mycotoxins, AA and 5-HMF in 20 food samples sold in the retail market. AA and 5-HMF were widely detected, and half of the samples were found to contain at least one mycotoxin contamination. Therefore, this method is potential to be used as a convenient and effective method for the cookies product quality control in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study on development of functional food products containing green and yellow tea leaves. The results indicated that green and yellow tea are significant tools in the creation of the nutritional value, antioxidative potential and stability of the lipid fraction of cookies. Tea-fortified cookies showed considerably higher contents of dietary fiber, especially hemicellulose and insoluble fractions, and were characterized by significantly higher antioxidant potential associated with their phenolics content. Results of ABTS, DPPH, ORAC FL and PCL assay showed significantly higher antioxidant potential of tea cookies, highest for yellow tea. The antioxidative potential of applied teas was significant in terms of the inhibition of hydroperoxide content, while formation of secondary lipid oxidation products was less spectacular. It is concluded that tea leaves could be widely used as a source of polyphenols with high antioxidative potential, as well as fiber; thus introducing numerous health benefits for the consumer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the potential sources of valuable bioactives is pomace, a by-product from fruit juice processing industry. In the presented study, bioactive compounds extracted from cherry pomace, encapsulated in whey and soy proteins, have been incorporated in cookies, replacing 10% (WE10 and SE10) and 15% (WE15 and SE15) of flour. Total polyphenols, anthocyanins, antioxidant activity and colour characteristics of enriched cookies were followed during 4 months of storage. Total polyphenols of WE10, SE10, WE15 and SE15 have shown a slight increase (23.47, 42.00, 4.12 and 1.16%, respectively), while total anthocyanins (67.92, 64.33, 58.75 and 35.91%, respectively) and antioxidant activity (9.31, 24.30, 11.41 and 12.98%, respectively) decreased. Colour parameters ( L ∗ , a ∗ and b ∗ ) of cookies were influenced by the colour of encapsulates. Fortified cookies received satisfactory sensory acceptance as well. Encapsulated sour cherry pomace bioactives have positively influenced functional characteristics of fortified cookies and their preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple validated LC–MS/MS-based method was set up to detect milk contamination in bakery products, taking the effects of food processing into account for the evaluation of allergen recovery and quantification. Incurred cookies were prepared at eight levels of milk contamination and were cooked to expose all milk components, including allergenic proteins, to food processing conditions. Remarkable results were obtained in term of sufficiently low LOD and LOQ (1.3 and 4 mg/kg cookies, respectively). Precision was calculated as intra-day repeatability (RSD in the 5–20% range) and inter-day repeatability (4 days; RSD never exceeded 12%). The extraction recovery values ranged from 20% to 26%. Method applicability was evaluated by analysing commercial cookies labelled either as “milk-free” or “may contain milk”. Although the ELISA methodology is considered the gold standard for detecting allergens in foods, this robust LC–MS/MS approach should be a useful confirmatory method for assessing and certifying “milk-free” food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some wheat-based food systems, such as cakes and cookies, include mixtures of gluten and egg white protein (EWP) and are processed under heating conditions. Changes in these proteins during processing can affect the quality of the end product. This study investigated protein polymerization during heating of (mixtures of) wheat gluten and EWP. Chemical changes were studied by size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC), sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE), thiol (SH) measurement and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). During heating, protein polymerization was observed in the mixtures of gluten, glutenin, gliadin and EWP according to SE-HPLC profiles and results of SDS-extractable protein. The results of SDS–PAGE profiles of different proteins were in accordance with SE-HPLC. The number of SH groups in the majority of proteins showed a significant decrease, implying that disulfide (SS) bonds contributed to the extractability loss. In addition, changes of secondary structure tested by FTIR indicated protein aggregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sesame coat is a valuable by-product. The study was carried out on sesame peels flour at different replacing levels of white wheat flour in five cookies dough formulations. The functional properties of composite flours such as swelling capacity, water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, emulsifying capacity, foam capacity, gelatinization temperature, least gelation concentration and bulk density were increased with increase in the sesame peels flour incorporation along with wheat flour. Texture analysis of dough revealed that, the addition of sesame peels flour affected the quality of dough in terms of hardness, cohesion, adhesion and breaking strength. Cookies supplemented with sesame peels flour showed interesting physical properties with lower moisture content and higher spread factor than those made by white wheat flour. But, their hardness increase with the increase of the replacement ratio and their color becomes indesirable. Interestingly, sensory results indicated that cookies supplemented with sesame peels flour were acceptable at a level that not exceeds 30% of incorporation. By the addition of SPB1 biosurfactant at 0.1%, the dough texture profile was significantly improved and the action of this bioemulsifier was more pronounced than a commercial emulsifier known as glycerol monostearate. With the addition of SPB1 biosurfactant on cookies’ dough, we manage to obtain cookies softer and with better overall quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethanolic extract from black beans coat is a source of flavonoids, saponins and antocyanins. Nixtamalized maize flours (NF) are used for the preparation of products such as tortillas, tortillas chips, cookies among others. The objective of this research was to study the effect on textural parameters and color after adding flavonoids, saponins and anthocyanins from black bean seed coat in NF used for the production of tortillas and gluten-free cookies. Furthermore, the retention of bioactive compounds after tortilla and gluten-free-cookie preparation was assessed. Ethanolic extracts of black bean seed coats were added (3 g/kg or 7 g/kg) to NF in order to prepare corn tortillas and gluten free cookies characterized in terms of dimensions, color and texture. Addition of 7 g/kg affected the color of cookies and tortillas without effect on texture and dimensions. It was possible to retain more than 80% and 60% of bioactives into baked tortillas and cookies, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cookie was enriched with various levels of RS3 and RS4. • RS-fortified cookies revealed less in-vitro digestibility and remarkably reduced postprandial blood glucose and glycaemic index. • TOPSIS successfully determined the best formulation through MCDM approach. This research aimed to develop a healthy cookie formulation containing different types of resistant starch, through the application of TOPSIS approach, as a potent feature of MCDM methodologies. Physicochemical investigations reveled that a harder, denser and less sticky dough was produced by the addition of both types of RS. The baking of these doughs resulted in the production of crumblier cookies of less spread ratio, lower porous crumb and whiter surface/crumb. Moreover, in-vitro digestibility of the cookies demonstrated that the baking process can adversely reduce the resistance of RS4 to the enzymolysis reactions. This phenomenon was further corroborated by in-vivo studies where the RS4 enriched cookies were less capable in reducing the postprandial blood glucose. TOPSIS, through successful solving of the multiple criteria decision 9 (alternatives) × 15 (evaluated attributes) matrix suggested that the cookie containing 15% RS is the best alternative in all aspects, possessing acceptable physicochemical/organoleptic attributes, and in-vivo/in-vitro dietary fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Defatted sesame flour supplementation did not modify the cookies' overall technological quality. • Cookies with defatted sesame flour were preferred by consumers over the control formulation. • Supplemented cookies showed better antioxidant capacity than control before and after digestion. • Only 19% of polyphenols in supplemented cookies would be potentially absorbed after digestion. • Sesame defatted flour showed beneficial effects on the gut microbiota. Defatted sesame flour (DSF), a coproduct of the sesame oil extraction process, is often discarded despite having high polyphenol content. The aim of this study was to improve the antioxidant properties of cookies with increasing amounts of DSF (5, 10, and 20%) and study its impact on processing and gastrointestinal digestion. Besides, we evaluated the effect of this incorporation on the technological and sensory properties of cookies. The formulation with 10% (SFC10) showed technological quality similar to control, and was the most accepted by consumers. After baking, 13 out of 25 polyphenols from DSF were observed, and only 19% of the initial SFC10 polyphenols would be potentially absorbed after digestion. Besides, the addition of DSF benefits the microbiota composition after colonic fermentation. In conclusion, supplementation with 10% of DSF in cookies improves sensorial acceptance and antioxidant properties, without affecting the technological ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Alpinia officinarum Hance (AOH) and curcumin reduce methylimidazole and acrylamide. • Alkyl free radicals and HO· were critical free radicals for the two food hazards. • Generation of intermediates was reduced by AOH and curcumin. • The main intermediates formed were glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and acrylaldehyde. The synchronous mitigative effects of Alpinia officinarum Hance (AOH) and curcumin on the generation of methylimidazole and acrylamide in cookies were investigated. Possible mechanisms related to quenching free radicals, reducing lipid oxidation and eliminating carbonyl intermediates were explored by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and HPLC. The total methylimidazole and acrylamide contents raised with an increase in heating temperature and time, and reached a maximum at 200 °C for 11 min. AOH and curcumin reduced methylimidazole and acrylamide simultaneously; the maximum inhibition rates for methylimidazole and acrylamide were 51.55% (0.015% curcumin) and 73.66% (1.5% AOH). Alkyl free radicals and HO· were proved to be the critical free radicals for methylimidazole and acrylamide, AOH and curcumin quenched these radicals in a dose-dependent manner. The lipid oxidation, active carbonyl intermediates glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and acrylaldehyde were also reduced by AOH and curcumin simultaneously, which may be resulted from the quenching of free radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oleogels of canola oil with candelilla wax were prepared and utilized as a shortening replacer to produce cookies with a high level of unsaturated fatty acids. The incorporation of candelilla wax (3% and 6% by weight) to canola oil produced the oleogels with solid-like properties. The firmness of the oleogels was lower than that of the shortening at room temperature. A more rapid change in the viscosity with temperature was observed with increasing levels of candelilla wax in the steady shear measurements. The replacement of shortening with oleogels in the cookie formulation reduced both viscoelastic parameters (G′ and G″) of the cookie doughs. The level of unsaturated fatty acids in the oleogel cookies was distinctly increased up to around 92%, compared to the shortening cookies (47.2%). The cookies with the oleogels showed desirable spreadable property and the replacement of shortening with the oleogels produced cookies with soft eating characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trans -fatty acids (TFA) have been associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease, by affecting blood lipids and inflammation factors. Current nutrition recommendations emphasise a limitation of dietary TFA intake. The aim of this study was to investigate fatty acid composition in sweet bakery products, with emphasis on TFA, on the Swedish market and compare fatty acid composition over time. Products were sampled in 2001, 2006 and 2007 and analysed for fatty acid composition by using GC. Mean TFA levels were 0.7% in 2007 and 5.9% in 2001 of total fatty acids. In 1995–97, mean TFA level was 14.3%. In 2007, 3 of 41 products had TFA levels above 2% of total fatty acids. TFA content had decreased in this product category, while the proportion of saturated (SFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids had increased, mostly through increased levels of 16:0 and 18:2 n-6, respectively. The total fat content remained largely unchanged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Quality parameters of Indian wheat cultivars were related to cookies making properties. [•] Cultivars with lower intermolecular-β-sheets+ antiparallel β sheets had greater gluten strength. [•] Cookies spread factor was higher in flour with higher fine particle and lower dough strength. [•] Cultivars with higher grain hardness produced cookies with lower spread factor. [•] Cookies breaking strength was positively correlated to dough strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In order to elucidate the effect of sugar composition on the water sorption and softening properties of cookie, three types of sugar composition (sugar alone, sugar-trehalose, and sugar-sorbitol) were employed as an ingredient of cookie, and softening temperature (T s) of the cookie samples, adjusted to various water contents, was investigated using thermal rheological analysis. T s decreased linearly with increasing water content of the cookie samples. At each water content, T s of samples was higher in the order of sugar-trehalose>sugaralone >sugar-sorbitol. On the other hand, the glass transition temperature (T g) of the sugar and/or sugar alcohol mixtures used for cookie preparation was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. A linear relationship was found between anhydrous T s of the cookie samples and anhydrous T g of the sugar and/or sugar alcohol mixtures. These results suggest that sugar composition plays an important role in the softening properties of cookie samples. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Cookies with higher shear viscosity (25 °C) of emulsifier oleogels (EO) are softer. • Cookies with higher hydrophilic and lipophilic balance value of gelator are softer. • The α crystal content of EO is not the decisive factor for cookies hardness. • Solid fat content of EO had no significant effect on cookie hardness. In this paper, the correlation between microstructure and physical properties of emulsifier based oleogels and qualities of cookies, as well as the key factors affecting cookies hardness was studied by using four kinds of food-grade emulsifiers with different concentrations. Monoacylglycerol (MAG) and sorbitan monostearate (SPAN) cookies showed similar hardness and L*, a*, b* to those of shortening cookies, in the concentration range of 6–15% and 12–18%, respectively, and their cross sections are uniformly porous. The solid fat content and α crystals content of emulsifier based oleogels showed no significant effect on cookie hardness. Besides, oleogel cookies prepared with emulsifier gelators with higher hydrophile-lipophile balance value showed lower hardness. In the results, higher shear viscosity (at 25 °C) of emulsifier based oleogels were determined to be the key factor for softer cookies. This study provides theoretical support for the quality control of novel cookies with emulsifier based oleogels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Bakery melanoidins showed antimicrobial activities (against some bacteria and molds) • Common bread melanoidins showed high antimicrobial effect. • Biscuit, soft, and common bread melanoidins had 22, 18 and 26 volatiles respectively. • Bakery melanoidins, used as natural additive, could improve shelf-life and food aroma. This work gives novel information about the antimicrobial effect and volatiles of melanoidins isolated from Maria biscuit, common and soft bread. Melanoidins were isolated from scraped and sieved crusts (1 mm), after gluten digestion, 10 kDa ultrafiltration, and diafiltration. Finally, they were freeze-dried. Headspace solid-phase dynamic extraction coupled with a gas chromatograph with a mass spectrometer was used to determine the volatile profiles. The antimicrobial effect was evaluated against isolated strains of the most relevant food spoilage and pathogen microorganisms, together with some molds and yeasts. Melanoidins from common bread exhibited the most extensive antimicrobial activities and showed the most composite volatile profile. No undesirable compounds, such as furfural and 5-hydroxy-methyl-furfural, were found in any of the melanoidins studied. The obtained data pointed out that bakery melanoidins can exert effective food technological properties as natural antimicrobials that can improve shelf-life and security of foodstuffs, together with a possible contribution to food aroma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cookies contained high levels of α-dicarbonyl compounds. • The contents of α-dicarbonyl compounds increased under in vitro digestion. • Fructose was found to be the most effective sugar on formation of glyoxal and methylglyoxal. The present study investigated the influence of in vitro stimulated digestion system on the content of glyoxal and methylglyoxal in commercial cookies. Glyoxal and methylglyoxal levels in different cookie samples were analyzed before and after in vitro digestion with High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Initial glyoxal and methylglyoxal values ranged between 42.9 and 126.6 µg/100 g, and between 22.9 and 507.3 µg/100 g, respectively. After in vitro digestion, formation of glyoxal and methylglyoxal values were increased up to 645% and 698%, respectively. The results revealed that in vitro stimulated digestion conditions strongly increased the amount of glyoxal and methylglyoxal in cookies. The amount of fructose was found to be more effective on the formation of both GO and MGO than those of glucose and sucrose. Further studies are needed to extensively investigate glyoxal and methylglyoxal formation under in vitro conditions in such foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Validation of four in-house developed methods for the detection of lupine in food. [•] One sandwich ELISA, two competitive ELISAs and a real-time PCR method were validated. [•] Four model food matrices were prepared: bread, cookies, patties and noodles. [•] Both the doughs and the heat-treated foods were analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Baking temperature affected the physical properties of pre-dehydrated cookies. [•] Pre-dehydrated cookie was lower in vitro starch digestibility than normal cookie. [•] Pre-dehydrated cookie was lower blood glucose peak in mice than normal cookie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The effect of addition of amaranth flour and amaranth protein isolate to both a glucose/asparagine model system and real foods (cookies, fried tortilla chips, and baked tortilla chips) was studied to analyse the acrylamide mitigating potential of this underexploited plant with attractive nutraceutical properties. Addition of amaranth flour, with a relatively low protein content (16.45%), did not mitigate acrylamide in either the model system or the studied foods. On the contrary, addition of amaranth protein isolate decreased acrylamide content by 35–40% in the model system, 89% in cookies, 51% in fried tortilla chips, and 62% in baked tortilla chips. This acrylamide reduction was obtained without change in the colour or the texture of the cookies. On the contrary, colour remained unchanged in tortilla chips, but the addition of amaranth protein isolate increased the hardness (16–36%) of the produced tortillas. Although a much more detailed sensory evaluation of cookies and tortilla chips prepared using amaranth protein isolate is needed, the above results suggest that the use of amaranth protein may be an interesting way to both mitigate acrylamide formation and improve nutritional properties of foods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In order to understand the effect of pre-dehydration on the in vitro digestibility of cookie starch, cookie dough samples were dehydrated by vacuum treatment, and melting temperature (T m) of the crystalline amylopectin in the dough, internal temperature and water content of the dough during baking, and non-hydrolysed starch content of the obtained cookies were investigated. The T m of crystalline amylopectin increased with decreased water content of the dough, and the result was described as a T m-curve. The internal temperature of non-dehydrated dough surpassed the T m-curve during baking. Pre-dehydrated dough, on the other hand, always indicated a lower internal temperature than the T m-curve. The non-hydrolysed starch content obtained under a given condition increased significantly with a decrease in the initial water content of cookies. This will be because the melting of crystalline amylopectin was prevented, at least partially, during baking. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Cookies prepared with white or wholegrain wheat flours and substituted with high-oleic sunflower seed (10g/100g and 30g/100g supplementation levels) and hull-less barley flour (30g/100g and 50g/100g levels) were evaluated for nutritional properties, physical and sensory attributes. Sunflower seed significantly increased the contents of Se, Zn, Mg, and Ca, as well as the contents of α-tocopherol and fat in cookies. The contents of Se, Cu, Fe, Zn and β-glucan were raised in cookies by barley supplementation. It was estimated that 100g of barley and sunflower seed-supplemented cookies can meet about 18–49% of dietary reference intake (DRI) for Se. Both supplemented cookies were found not to pose a significant risk, with regard to excessive intakes of heavy elements (Pb, Cd, As, Hg). In addition, the supplementation with sunflower seed improved sensory properties of the cookies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A zero-trans fat shortening was prepared by chemical interesterification (CI) of high oleic sunflower oil, fully hydrogenated canola oil, and fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSO) in a weight ratio of 70:17:13. The product was crystallized in a votator and tested by baking chewy brownie cookies. The CI process produced a fat with comparable plasticity, solid fat content profile, melting point and morphology as the commercial shortening, and was appropriate for use as a high stability shortening. Interestingly, the CI material was predominantly in the β polymorph, and did not seem to be influenced by the mechanical and cooling treatment. Moreover, small crystallites in the range of <5μm were observed. Cookies containing 30% FHCO showed the same hardness, but a higher spread ratio than cookies made using a commercial shortening. The results of sensory analysis showed the same acceptability for the two types of cookies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: For investigating carryover of some organophosphorus pesticide residues in the cereal food chain from grain to consumer, a study was set up on wheat bran, flour and cookies, with and without bran. Special emphasis was given to malathion and chlorpyrifos-methyl residues in cookies for better protection of consumers. Pesticide-free wheat was placed in a small-scale model of a commercial storage vessel and treated with these pesticides. The residue levels of insecticides were determined in wheat, as well as in bran, flour and cookies produced from stored wheat at various time intervals during storage. A multiresidue analysis was performed using GC–NPD and GC–MS. Malathion and chlorpyrifos-methyl residue levels were higher than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) in wheat after 240days of storage. MRLs established by the EC for malathion and chlorpyrifos-methyl in wheat are 8 and 3mgkg−1, respectively. The residue levels of insecticides in flour samples also exceeded the MRL (2mgkg−1 for both insecticides). Eight months of storage were not effective for reducing the residues in wheat to the levels below MRLs. Although, considerable amounts of the insecticides remained in the bran and flour, the cookie processing significantly reduced the concentrations in general. Chlorpyrifos-methyl was more persistent than was malathion and comparatively less degradation occurred during milling and cookie processing due to its physicochemical properties. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• His decreased the concentrations of HMF and AA in model systems and cookies. • Competitive reaction between Asn and His with Glc attributed to AA inhibition. • His eliminated the formed HMF via the carbonyl–amine reaction. • His eliminated two AA molecule via the Michael addition. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and acrylamide (AA) are neoformed food contaminants. In this study, the simultaneous inhibition of HMF and AA by histidine (His) were investigated. In the asparagine (Asn)/glucose (Glc) model system, the inhibition ratios of HMF and AA were in the range of 28–58% and 0–71% when 20 mmol/L His was added. In cookies, His also exhibited excellent inhibition effects on both HMF and AA. At the His concentration of 2% (w/w), the inhibition ratios of HMF and AA reached 90% and 65%. Additionally, the sensory quality of cookies was not affected significantly. Qualitative results suggested that His inhibited the formation of AA by the competitive reaction between His and Asn for Glc, as well as directly eliminated the formed HMF and AA via the carbonyl–amine reaction and the Michael addition, respectively. This study revealed that His could be applied for the inhibition of HMF and AA in heated food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This work investigates the generation and the evolution of some neoformed compounds formed during the baking of a model biscuit. Thank to their physicochemical properties of volatility and hydrophobicity, furfurylic compounds were followed by a double approach: the analysis of the volatile fraction extracted from food matrix and from the vapours released during the thermal process. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was the main furfurylic compound formed, it followed an exponential kinetic in both the matrix and the vapours of baking biscuits. However, at the very final stage of baking a drop in HMF was observed in the cookie matrix whereas increasing amounts of HMF were still found in the vapours of baking. Moreover, some degradation products of HMF such as furaldehyde (F) and 2-methylfurfural (MF) were also detected. These observations support the hypothesis of a concomitant volatilization and degradation of HMF during the baking of the model cookie, under our experimental conditions. Monitoring of baking vapours by dynamic SPME coupled to quantitative analysis of chemical and physical markers in the food matrix seems to be a powerful tool to gain knowledge on the behaviour of neoformed compounds generated by thermal processes in solid food systems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Replacement of wheat flour with defatted wheat germ (DFWG) at levels of 0–25% was investigated for its effect on functional and nutritional properties of cookies. The crude protein content of DFWG was as high as 27.8% with a highly valuable amino acid profile, rich in essential amino acids, especially lysine (2.32g/100g). The physicochemical and sensory evaluation of cookies, revealed that up to 15% substitution of wheat flour with DFWG produced acceptable cookies similar to the control (100% wheat flour) cookies. The protein quality of the cookies was assessed through weanling albino rats by feeding a diet of cookies for 10 days, which was formulated to supply 10% protein, with a casein diet as a control. The cookies containing 15% DFWG, were best regarding protein bioavailability in rats. The protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein utilization (NPU), biological value (BV) and true digestibility (TD) differed significantly among diets containing cookies with 0–10% DFWG, and casein diet when fed to rats. Diets containing 15% DFWG have values, of these parameters, similar to the casein diet. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The influence of the type of sugar and baking temperature on sugar degradation, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) formation and browning was studied in model cookies. The baking process was characterised by the temperature in the cookie and the water content and activity. A reference browning was selected to compare the differently processed cookies. The accumulation of HMF was modelled at three temperatures for three formulas (sucrose (S-CK), glucose (G-CK) or fructose (F-CK)). HMF started to accumulate at a w between 0.5 and 0.7 depending on the temperature and followed a first order kinetic, highly dependent on the baking temperature and type of sugar. Cookies baked at 200°C accumulated 10–100 times less HMF than those baked at higher temperatures. Below 250°C, S-CK produced less HMF than G- or F-CK, but the inverse was observed at 300°C. By simultaneously modelling the kinetics of browning development and HMF formation, rapid comparison of the heat impact on cookies with different formulation and baking process is possible. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]