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Sunset yellow, as a common pigment, is harmful to people’s health. In this work, a new sensitive adsorbent based on the chlorination peanut shell and HBP-NH2 was fabricated via one-step synthesis. Optimization of the modified peanut shell was carried out at different temperatures, different molar ratios of reagents, and different time intervals in HBP-NH2 using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for the first attempt. The structure of modified peanut shell was characterized by FT-IR, SEM, and TGA analysis. The adsorption properties of the modified peanut shell for Sunset yellow were investigated by batch and column experiments. Batch adsorption’s results suggested that modified peanut shell had a high adsorption capability for Sunset yellow and its maximum saturated adsorption capacity was 468.0 mg/g at 308 K, estimated from the Langmuir model. Furthermore, the modified peanut shell can be eluted easily using 3 mol/L NaOH. The proposed method was successfully applied to quantify the amount of SY in jelly and soft drinks with good recovery valuing from 98 to 104%. Hence, the proposed sensor shows a rapid and sensitive method, low cost, and simple, which is appropriate for alternative technique use for the analysis of food colorants in commercial products.