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3. Free school fruit: can an extra piece of fruit every school day contribute to the prevention of future weight gain? A cluster randomized trial

Author

Bere, Elling, Klepp, Knut-Inge, Øverby, Nina Cecilie, and The Norwegian Research Council

Subjects
weight status, School fruit scheme, free fruit, fruits and vegetables, overweight, Original Article, school fruit scheme, lcsh:TX341-641, Public Health Nutrition, School fruit, weight, lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply, VDP::Medical disciplines: 700::Health sciences: 800::Nutrition: 811
Abstract

Background: Several school fruit programs are initiated with the aim to improve diet and thereby contribute to reduce the prevalence of overweight. To date, no published studies have demonstrated that school fruit schemes do prevent overweight.Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess if increased consumption of fruits and vegetables, due to free school fruit, have an impact on future weight status.Design: An intervention study including 10- to 12-year-old children from nine schools in two Norwegian counties (Hedmark and Telemark) participating in the Norwegian School Fruit Program for free during the school year 2001/2002 and children from 29 control schools. Follow-up studies were performed in 2005 and 2009. The cohort includes 1950 pupils (984 boys, 966 girls) at baseline, 1,602 participants in 2005 and 320 participants in the 2009 survey, of which 282 also had participated in 2005.Results: In 2005, there was no significant difference between the free fruit group and the control group regarding weight status, Body mass index, or perceived weight status. In 2009, a significant difference in prevalence of overweight was observed (15% vs. 25%, p=0.04). In the crude logistic analysis, the OR for being overweight was 0.52 (95% CI: 0.28–0.97) for the intervention group compared to controls. When adjusting for school, sex, grade level and parental education, the association was no longer statistically significant.Conclusions: These results indicate that free school fruit might contribute to prevent future excessive weight gain. However, the study results are limited by low participation rate.Keywords: school fruit scheme; free fruit; fruits and vegetables; overweight; weight status(Published: 11 August 2014)Citation: Food & Nutrition Research 2014, 58: 23194 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v58.23194Responsible Editor: Anna S Olafsdottir, University of Iceland, Iceland.

Published
2014

6. An assessment of the testretest reliability of the New Nordic Diet score.

Author

Bjørnara, Helga Birgit, Hillesund, Elisabet Rudjord, Torstveit, Monica Klungland, Stea, Tonje Holte, Øverby, Nina Cecilie, and Bere, Elling

Abstract

Background: There is a growing interest in the New Nordic Diet (NND) as a potentially health promoting, environmentally friendly, and palatable regional diet. Also, dietary scores are gaining ground as a complementary approach for examining relations between dietary patterns and various health outcomes. A score assessing adherence to the NND has earlier been published, yet not tested for reliability. Objective: To assess the test–retest reliability of the NND score in a sample of parents of toddlers, residing in Southern Norway. Design: A questionnaire survey was completed on two occasions, approximately 14 days apart, by 67 parents of toddlers [85% females, mean age 34 years (SD=5.3 years)]. The NND score was constructed from 24 items and comprised 10 subscales that summarize meal pattern and intake of typical Nordic foods. Each subscale was dichotomized by the median and assigned values of ‘0’ or ‘1’. Adding the subscales yielded a score ranging from 0 to 10, which was further trichotomized. Test–retest reliability of the final NND score and individual subscales was assessed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, respectively. Additionally, cross tabulation and kappa measure of agreement (k) were used to assess the test–retest agreement of classification into the NND score, and the subscales. Results: Test–retest correlations of the NND score and subscales were r=0.80 (Pearson) and r=0.54–0.84 (Spearman), respectively, all p<0.001. There were 69% (k=0.52) and 67–88% (k=0.32–0.76) test–retest correct classification of the trichotomized score and the dichotomized subscales, respectively. Conclusion: The NND score and the 10 subscales appear to have acceptable test–retest reliability when tested in a sample of parents of toddlers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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