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1. Effects Of Humidity And Temperature On Downward Flame Spread Over Filter Paper

Author

H. Kushida, Ritsu Dobashi, M. Suzuki, and T. Hirano

Subjects
Materials science, Meteorology, Filter paper, Flame spread, Heat transfer, Nozzle, Humidity, Relative humidity, Duct (flow), Composite material, Wind tunnel
Abstract

Effects of humidity and temperature on downward flame spread over combustible solids have been studied experimentally. The flame spread tests were carried out in a vertical duct mounted on a nozzle of a wind tunnel. The humidity and temperature of the air flowing in the duct were controlled with a humidifier and heater installed in the wind tunnel. The velocity and temperature were adjusted to the values of 10 cm/s, and 20 "C or 30 "C, respectively, and the humidity was widely varied. The test pieces used were of filter paper as a typical hygroscopic material. It was found that the ratio w / w,, of the weight of water absorbed in the paper, to the weight of the paper sheet does not depend on the thickness of the paper sheet, and is closely related not to the absolute humidity but to the relative humidity. The humidity is supposed to affect the flame spread rate both in the gas and condensed phases. From the comparison of these effects in two phases, the effect in the condensed phase, namely, the effect of the higroscopicity of the paper sheet, is inferred to be the desicive factor. The effect in the gas phase is also examined by estimating the heat transfer from the spreading flame into the preheating region of the sheet. The results show that the heat supply from the flame is closely related to the absolute humidity.

Published
2000
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2. Effects Of Flame Retardant On The Behavior And Temperature Profiles Of Flames Spreading Over Paper

Author

S. Sega, Y. Sakai, K. Suzuki, and K. Sato

Subjects
Premixed flame, Leading edge, Materials science, Filter paper, Flame spread, Airflow, Analytical chemistry, Pyrolysis, Fire retardant, Adiabatic flame temperature
Abstract

Experiments of flame spread over a filter paper treated with a solution of flame retardant, NH,H,PO, or NaHCO,, were conducted in an upward opposed air flow. The flame spread rate and temperature profiles of gas phase/paper surface were examined. Except promoted flame spread with small addition of NH4%P0,, these agents retarded the flame spread rate and reduced the critical flow velocity for spread. NH,H PO decreased the pyrolysis zone temperature more than 100 K while NaHCO, decreased 2d or30 K at most. With increasing add-on rate, the flame leading edge location receded and also the flame stand-off distance increased. The leading edge practically corresponded to 1400 K isotherm tip. The slowly ascending flame temperature distribution near the leading edge, observed for NH4H2P04 addition, suggested diluted pyrolysis gas, and another type of flame temperature distribution observed for NaHCO, addition suggested inhibition effects in flame reaction zone.

Published
1994
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5. Delayed Extinction Of Flames Spreading Downward Over Paper Sheets

Author

Keiji Takeno and T. Hirano

Subjects
Materials science, Thermocouple, Extinction (optical mineralogy), Flame spread, Heat transfer process, Mineralogy, Mechanics, Transient temperature, Pyrolysis, Schlieren photography
Abstract

The mechanisms of delayed extinction of flames spreading downward over paper sheets have been explored experimentally. The transient temperature fields near spreading flames were examined using schlieren photography and fine thermocouples. Just after an instantaneous increase of free-stream velocity, the flame was observed to approach the pyrolysis zone and its length increased. At the same time, the temperature of the pyrolysis zone surface started to increase at the rate of several hundreds °cls, Then, the flame turned away from the pyrolysis zone surface and finally became small to extinction. At a few tens ms after the velocity increase, the temperature of the pyrolysis zone surface reached its maximum of several tensoC higher than that before the free stream velocity increase. Based on the experimental results, the heat transfer process of delayed extinction has been discussed in detail. The phenomena to be considered for the theoretical prediction of rate or limit of flame spread were elucidated.

Published
1989
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7. Effects Of Gasification Properties Of A Combustible On Flame Spread Over Its Surface

Author

T. Hirano and T. Suzuki

Subjects
Paper sheet, Premixed flame, Flammable liquid, Materials science, Waste management, Filter paper, humanities, Boiling point, chemistry.chemical_compound, fluids and secretions, chemistry, Flame spread, Composite material, Carbon number, reproductive and urinary physiology
Abstract

An experimental study of flame spread over the surface of a filter paper sheet soaked with a combustible liquid was performed to obtain knowledge of the effects of gasification properties on flame spread phenomena. Gasification properties of paper sheets were controlled by changing a soaking liquid selected from normal paraffins, ranglng in carbon number from 8 to 13. Flame spread rate increased as the boiling temperature of the soaking liquid decreased. The increasing rate of flame spread rate with decreasing of the boiling temperature became large as the boiling temperature decreased Flame spread rate decreased as the paper sheet thickness increased. The decreasing rate of flame spread rate with increasing of the thickness became small as the boiling temperature decreased or the thickness increased.

Published
1994
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8. Investigating the Vulnerabilities of Structures to Ignition From a Firebrand Attack

Author

John R. Shields, Samuel L. Manzello, Yoshihiko Hayashi, and Daisaku Nii

Subjects
Ignition system, Tar paper, law, business.industry, Full scale, engineering, Structural engineering, engineering.material, Fire research, business, Oriented strand board, law.invention, Wind tunnel
Abstract

A unique experimental apparatus, known as the Firebrand Generator, was used to generate a controlled and repeatable size and mass distribution of glowing firebrands. The size and mass distribution of firebrands produced from the generator was selected to be representative of firebrands produced from burning vegetation. The vulnerability of roofing materials to firebrand attack was ascertained using fluxes of firebrands produced using this device. The experiments were performed at the Fire Research Wind Tunnel Facility (FRWTF) at the Building Research Institute (BRI) in Tsukuba, Japan. A custom mounting assembly was constructed to support full scale sections of common roofing materials inside the FRWTF. The sections constructed for testing included full roofing assemblies (base layer, tar paper, and shingles) as well as only the base layer material, such as oriented strand board (OSB). The custom mounting assembly allowed for the construction of flat roofs as well as the construction of angled roofs (valleys). Results of this study are presented and discussed.

Published
2008
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9. 表面改性纳米红磷-聚乙烯醇高性能 复合薄膜的制备及性能研究.

Author

张佳琦, 张 迪, 王 鑫, and 桂 宙

Subjects
FIREPROOFING, FIREPROOFING agents, ENTHALPY, POLYVINYL alcohol, HEAT capacity
Abstract

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Published
2024
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10. 细水雾与隔热层协同对锂离子电池灾害传播抑制的研究.

Author

唐 琪, 胡 健, 朱小龙, and 王喜世

Abstract

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Published
2023
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11. 燃烧室机匣烧穿后的超声速射流火焰数值模拟研究.

Author

李松阳, 王勇强, 颜斯倩, 崔振涛, and 陈 龙

Abstract

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Published
2023
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12. 基于双波长光电传感的抗干扰烟雾报警器研究.

Author

代云志, 李开远, 刘红奎, and 袁宏永

Subjects
MIE scattering, TECHNOLOGICAL innovations, PHOTOELECTRIC devices, ACTION spectrum, FIRE alarms, FIRE detectors
Abstract

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Published
2024
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13. 倒虹段凹型管廊电缆舱火灾温度场 及 CO 分布规律研究.

Author

耿加良, 米红甫, 邹碧海, 罗珩博, and 贺 静

Subjects
STRUCTURAL design, WIND speed, HIGH temperatures, TUNNELS, VENTILATION, TUNNEL ventilation
Abstract

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Published
2024
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15. 基于 MCLP-BACOP 模型的城市消防站选址研究.

Author

姜学鹏, 刘飞扬, 王启睿, and 荚旭东

Abstract

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Published
2022
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17. 火灾烟与粉尘混合颗粒光散射矩阵特性研究.

Author

吕海平 and 张启兴

Abstract

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Published
2024
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18. 锂离子电池燃烧过程可燃气体伴生行为研究.

Author

姜学鹏, 陈兆琪, 王正阳, and 张俊峰

Abstract

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Published
2024
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19. 坡度对峡谷火蔓延影响的实验研究.

Author

杜治昊, 刘乃安, 谢小冬, 张林鹤, 刘凤凯, 颜卫东, and 郭鹏程

Abstract

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Published
2024
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20. 近年我国家装材料变化对住宅火灾的影响研究.

Author

黄梦瑶, 黄丽达, 孙占辉, 潘 睿, and 袁宏永

Abstract

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Published
2022
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21. 基于无人机的火灾检测系统设计与实现.

Author

李 宁, 刘 青, 熊 俊, and 董力文

Abstract

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Published
2022
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22. 基于无人机多传感吊舱系统的火点实时定位方法.

Author

李兴东, 肖 旭, 陈显东, 张时雨, and 刘九庆

Abstract

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Published
2022
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23. 不同风速作用下单侧开口大空间 烟气温度分布特性模拟研究.

Author

戴程呈, 李元洲, and 单晓玉

Abstract

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Published
2023
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24. d.

Author

杨泽伟, 周 勇, 程旭东, and 全珈兴

Abstract

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Published
2023
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25. 柴油/四氢呋喃/乙醇的燃烧与微爆特性实.

Author

王 震, 胡 勇, 邱 榕, 程 诚, and 蒋 勇

Abstract

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Published
2023
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26. 双层盾构隧道火灾超 380℃ 耐火极限范围研究.

Author

王泽军, 肖 亮, and 姜学鹏

Abstract

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Published
2023
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27. 1kV 配电电缆的电弧引燃过程研究.

Author

徐志豪, 朱振宇, 靖子洋, and 吴淑群

Abstract

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Published
2023
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28. 基于支持向量机的综合管廊火灾纵向温度实时预测.

Author

陆梓萍, 王 克, 周晓冬, 王 董, 姜 楠, 贾欣苗, and 杨立中

Abstract

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Published
2023
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29. 自然对流下含水率突变锯末阴燃转明火的实验研究.

Author

徐明睿, 乔艺骞, 尹增兵, 张林鹤, and 陈海翔

Abstract

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Published
2023
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30. 城市“W”型中长距离沉管隧道火灾烟气运动规律研究.

Author

魏立新, 唐宏辉, 赵家明, 殷耀龙, 谢艺强, and 徐志胜

Abstract

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Published
2023
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31. 泡沫-细水雾对变压器油池火的冷却 及热辐射阻隔特性研究.

Author

吴刘锁, 胡 健, 张建成, 罗剑飞, 石长江, 张美琪, 景 伟, and 朱小龙

Abstract

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Published
2023
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32. 热颗粒和热辐射共同作用阴燃点燃松针燃料床: 数值研究.

Author

方 伟, 张宏民, 陈海翔, and 彭志红

Abstract

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Published
2023
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33. 基于红外热成像的隧道火焰检测技术研究.

Author

马庆禄, 马 恋, 孔国英, and 赵映慈

Abstract

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Published
2022
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34. 海峡两岸非正规聚落火灾现状分析研究.

Author

夏 婷, 万鸿民, 吴佳隆, and 王 禹

Abstract

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Published
2022
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35. 一种基于社会力的行人-自行车混合疏散模型及模拟研究.

Author

杨龙楠, 宋卫国, 张 俊, 张赛男, 王 巧, 姜克淳, and 许 晗

Abstract

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Published
2022
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36. 相变材料填充率影响锂电池组 热失控传播特性的实验研究.

Author

任广振, 姜文东, 余 斌, 吕洪坤, 张晓龙, 陈 斌, 李光宇, and 陶常法

Abstract

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Published
2022
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37. 火源位置对L型管廊电缆火灾影响规律的数值模拟研究.

Author

耿德望, 刘 泓, 王 克, 陆梓萍, and 杨立中

Abstract

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Published
2022
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38. 水成膜泡沫对变压器油池火的窒息特性研究.

Author

张美琪, 张建成, 吴刘锁, 王 卓, 景 伟, 石泽耀, 朱小龙, and 胡 健

Abstract

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Published
2022
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39. 纵向风作用下竖井自然排烟对 隧道内烟气逆流长度的影响.

Author

钟 委, 袁相蕊, and 高子鹤

Abstract

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Published
2022
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40. 基于机器学习的热释放速率实时预测方法.

Author

舒舜, 张羽杨, 陆梓萍, 王董, 姜楠, and 杨立中

Abstract

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Published
2022
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41. 模组箱体空间内磷酸铁锂电池热失控及其传播行为研究.

Author

王庭华, 翟宏举, 秦 鹏, 吴静云, 田方媛, 郭鹏宇, and 王青松

Abstract

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Published
2022
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42. 气液共存工况下蒸气最小点火能微量测试方法研究.

Author

王 宇, 丁 炯, 杨遂军, 王志宇, 叶魏涛, and 叶树亮

Abstract

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Published
2023
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43. Ignition Temperature and Surface Emissivity of Heterogeneous Loosely Packed Materials from Pyrometric Measurements

Author

Bogdan Z. Dlugogorski, Eric M. Kennedy, and Samorn Hirunpraditkoon

Subjects
Materials science, Infrared, law, Emissivity, Mineralogy, Autoignition temperature, Composite material, Combustion, Porosity, Intensity (heat transfer), Calorimeter, Pyrometer, law.invention
Abstract

This paper reports the ignition temperature and emissivity of heterogeneous materials characterised by high void fraction of between 0.92 and 0.94 and composed of loose particles of shredded grass and paper, planed wood, shredded plastic bags, as well as sugar and bread, with about 95 % of the particles (by mass) of less than 50 mm in size. These materials reflect a typical composition and void fraction of so-called refusederived fuels (RDF), which are obtained from municipal solid waste, then densified and combusted for energy recovery. An infrared pyrometer, with a spectral response range of 8 to 14 µm, recorded the surface temperature of the surrogate RDF, prior to the onset of the flaming combustion, in a stand alone mass loss calorimeter operated at 20 and 45 kW m -2 . The overlapping spectral ranges of the pyrometer and the radiator heater necessitated the development of a practical methodology to obtain the actual surface temperature from the apparent measurements, which included the effect of the reflected radiation. In addition to surface temperatures (292 ‐ 325 °C for 20 kW m -2 and 250 ‐ 294 °C for 45 kW m -2 ), in this contribution, we estimate the actual emissivities (0.95 ‐ 0.98) of the materials from the intensity of the reflected radiation.

Published
2014
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44. Overview of Problems and Solutions in Fire Protection Engineering of Wind Turbines

Author

Solomon Uadiale, David Lange, Evi Urban, Guillermo Rein, and Richard Carvel

Subjects
Flammable liquid, Engineering, Architectural engineering, Wind power, business.industry, Context (language use), Turbine, Civil engineering, Fire protection engineering, Renewable energy, Fire triangle, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Fire protection, business
Abstract

The wind energy industry is one of today’s leading industries in the renewable energy sector, providing an affordable and sustainable energy solution. However, the wind industry faces a number of challenges, one of which is fire and that can cast a shadow on its green credentials. The three elements of the fire triangle, fuel (oil and polymers), oxygen (wind) and ignition (electric, mechanical and lighting) are represent and confined to the small and closed compartment of the turbine nacelle. Moreover, once ignition occurs in a turbine, the chances of externally fighting the fire are very slim due to the height of the nacelle and the often remote location of the wind farm. Instances of reports about fires in wind farms are increasing, yet the true extent of the impact of fires on the energy industry on a global scale is impossible to assess. Sources of information are incomplete, biased, or contain non-publically available data. The poor statistical records of wind turbine fires are a main cause of concern and hinder any research effort in this field. This paper aims to summarise the current state of knowledge in this area by presenting a review of the few sources which are available, in order to quantify and understand the fire problem in wind energy. We have found that fire is the second leading cause of catastrophic accidents in wind turbines (after blade failure) and accounts for 10 to 30% of the reported turbine accidents of any year since 1980’s. In 90% of the cases, the fire leads to a total loss of the wind turbine, or at least a downtime that results in the accumulation of economic losses. The main causes of fire ignition in wind turbines are (in decreasing order of importance): lighting strike, electrical malfunction, mechanical malfunction, and maintenance. Due to the many flammable materials used in a wind turbine (eg. fiberglass reinforced polymers, foam insulation, cables) and the large oil storage used for lubrication of mechanical components, the fuel load in a turbine nacelle is commonly very large. The paper finishes with an overview of the passive and active protection options and the economics (costs, revenue and insurance) of wind turbines to put in context the value of a loss turbine compared to the cost and options of fire protection. We hope that this paper will encourage the scientific community to pursue a proper understanding of the problem and its scale, allowing the development of the most appropriate fire protection engineering solutions.

Published
2014
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45. Effect of Humidity on Self-heating of a Sub-bituminous Coal under Adiabatic Conditions

Author

Muksin Saleh, R.R.R. Iman, and Yulianto Sulistyo Nugroho

Subjects
Bituminous coal, Waste management, business.industry, Chemistry, geology.rock_type, Energy value of coal, geology, Environmental engineering, food and beverages, Humidity, Sub-bituminous coal, complex mixtures, humanities, respiratory tract diseases, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, Relative humidity, Coal, Limiting oxygen concentration, Adiabatic process, business
Abstract

A spontaneous increase in coal temperature with a possible transition into fires represents a direct hazard to coal storage and transportation. This paper evaluates the self-heating characteristics of a sub-bituminous coal under adiabatic oxidation conditions. This paper assesses the effect of relative humidity of the gas supply on the self-heating rates of coal. It is shown that an increase in the gas supply relative humidity has a marked affect on the self-heating rates of the coal. In this work the sub-bituminous coal sample undergo oxidation most rapidly when the relative humidity of the gas supply is about 70%. The effect of relative humidity decreases as oxygen concentration in the gas supply increases. A practical consequence of this finding is that improved fire safety measures should be considered during sub- bituminous coal related operations in hot and humid regions.

Published
2008
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46. Sharing Building Information using the IFC Data Model for FDS Fire Simulation

Author

Johannes Dimyadi, Michael Spearpoint, and Robert Amor

Subjects
Data sharing, Data model, Building information modeling, Process (engineering), Computer science, business.industry, Fire Dynamics Simulator, Industry Foundation Classes, Data file, Systems engineering, business, Fire protection engineering
Abstract

This paper describes part of a research project that looks into the potential and challenge of using the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) open standard building information model in fire engineering design. In particular the paper describes work undertaken to share building geometry and other information with the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) fire simulation model. A commercially available building information modeling (BIM) authoring application has been used to create building geometries and export IFC data files. A web-based conversion tool has been created to generate FDS input data given the output from a dedicated fire engineering IFC parser tool. The capabilities and outcome of data sharing process is illustrated in this paper using a simple test case building.

Published
2008
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47. Comparative Analysis of Taiwan Fire Risk with Asia/Oceania Countries and Other Countries around the World

Author

Shen-Wen Chien, Tzu-Sheng Shen, and Wei-Wen Tseng

Subjects
Geography, Economy, Service (economics), media_common.quotation_subject, Fire safety, Built environment, Fire risk, media_common
Abstract

This paper addresses the problem of societal fire risk perception by using the Taiwanese fire statistics, description of fire risk in Asia/Oceania countries, and comparison with levels of fire risk in Australia, Japan, the UK and USA. It is demonstrated that the fire statistics in Taiwan indicates a progress in fire safety provisions, underlying the importance of fire service reorganization since 1995. Some countermeasures, including such as “Community Woman Fire Safety Advisors” and “Fire Safety Feng Shui Masters”, proposed by a new central and local fire authorities contributed significantly to the progress. Performed analysis of fire statistics through countries of Asia/Oceania region illustrates that each country has its own problems, which likely depend on climate, natural and built environment, and economy. Through comparison with fire risk problems in leading world countries, paper identifies and explores some important issues of fire safety in Taiwan, e.g. the need to develop in Taiwan a unified fire incident/accident data base system involving local fire brigades.

Published
2008
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48. Development of Design Fires for Performance-Based Fire Safety Designs

Author

George Hadjisophocleous and Ehab Zalok

Subjects
Engineering, Combustibility, business.industry, Forensic engineering, Commercial premises, Computer modelling, Fire safety, business, Toxic gas, Civil engineering, Flammability
Abstract

This paper discusses a procedure for the development of design fires for buildings and presents a study undertaken to quantify design fires for commercial buildings. This procedure includes building surveys, full-scale experiments and computer modelling. In this study, a survey of commercial premises was conducted to determine fire loads and types of combustibles present in these buildings. Based on the results of the survey a number of fuel packages were designed that represent fire loads and combustible materials in commercial buildings. The fuel packages were used to perform full-scale, post-flashover fire tests to collect data on heat release rates, compartment temperatures and production and concentration of toxic gases. Results from these experiments are presented and discussed. The paper also discusses a computer modelling study in which a computational fluid dynamics model was used to simulate the tests and to model a fire in a real-scale commercial store.

Published
2008
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49. Experimental and Numerical Study on Performance of Concrete Slabs Subjected to Severe Fire

Author

Abid Abu-Tair, Faris Ali, and Ali Nadjai

Subjects
Engineering, Creep, Explosive material, business.industry, Deflection (engineering), Slab, Structural engineering, Design load, Reinforced concrete, Spall, business, Finite element method
Abstract

The first part of this paper represents an experimental investigation on explosive spalling and deformation of 6 full-scale simply supported reinforced concrete slabs subjected to conventional fire curve (BS476) and severe hydrocarbon fire curve, performed at the Fire Research Centre, University of Ulster, UK. Each slab was loaded with 65% of its BS8110 design load and was heated from the bottom side only. Temperature profile was recorded at 3 depths within the slabs and the moisture content was also measured before and after the tests. The deflection of the slabs was recorded at the middle of the 3 meters span. The second part of the paper represents a Finite Element Modelling of the slabs using DIANA software. The concrete slabs were modelled including the embedded reinforcement to conduct a non-linear transient structural analysis taking into account cracks appearance and creep. A comparison between the experimental and the FEM results is presented in the paper.

Published
2008
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50. Simulating the Interaction of Occupants with Signage Systems

Author

Peter J. Lawrence, D. Blackshields, Lazaros Filippidis, and Edwin R. Galea

Subjects
Structure (mathematical logic), Engineering, Point (typography), business.industry, Human–computer interaction, Signage, Backtracking, business, Visibility, Emergency exit, Simulation
Abstract

This paper describes the introduction of chained signage systems into evacuation simulation models. Signage systems are widely used in buildings to provide information for wayfinding, thereby providing exiting information during emergencies and assisting in navigation during normal circulation of pedestrians. Recently a system was developed to introduce simple signs into egress models. The system, known as Visibility Catchment Area or VCA, allowed similated agents to interact with signs which point directly to an exit and signs which are located directly above the exit. However, this approach was not able to represent the more general situation of a sign netwokr within an arbitrarily complex building. In this paper we extend the method to include chained signage systems which provides simulated agents that are unfamiliar with the structure a means by which to navigate to an emergency exit. The model includes the associated navigation behaviours exhibited by occupants that rely on a signage system for navigation including: Searching behaviours, Backtracking behaviours, Lost behaviours and Communication behaviours. The new features are demonstrated through a series of demonstration cases and are shown to produce plausible results.

Published
2008
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