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• Peanut is said to provide N credits to future crops in the southeastern USA but evidence is lacking to support this claim. • We evaluated wheat performance following peanut, cotton, and fallow in a conservation tillage cropping system. • Peanut residues contained up to 93 kg N ha-1, but available N at wheat planting was usually not affected by cropping history. • Peanut did not provide detectible N credits to wheat, but there were cases of lower yield after cotton relative to peanut. Agricultural extension services in many peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)-producing regions recommend that farmers reduce nitrogen (N) fertilization rates, or apply N credits, to crops planted after peanut but do not typically specify how peanut residue management or planting schedules of subsequent crops affect the magnitude of peanut N credits. The objective of this study was to quantify peanut N credits to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a conservation tillage cropping system in different subtropical growing environments. A five site-year study was conducted in Florida, USA beginning in 2016. A split-plot experimental design was arranged in which summer crop [peanut, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and weed-free fallow] was the main plot factor, while N rate (0, 34, 67, and 101 kg N ha−1) to winter wheat was the split plot factor. Peanut and cotton were planted under strip-tillage, while winter wheat was drilled into peanut and cotton residues and weed-free fallow plots without tillage. Although peanut residues accumulated 54–93 kg N ha−1, plant available N at winter wheat planting in the 0–15 cm soil depth range of former peanut plots was only higher than in former cotton or fallow plots for one site-year. A previous peanut crop did not affect winter wheat grain yield, but there were cases of lower grain yield, grain N removal, and agronomic efficiency following cotton relative to peanut depending on site. Nonlinear regression procedures predicted that N rates required to optimize grain yields following peanut would exceed 94 kg N ha−1, further indicating the absence of detectible peanut N credits in this study. These results suggest that assuming peanut provides N credits to subsequent crops in the southeastern USA is not justified and, if assumed, will reduce the productivity of subsequent crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]