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Objective: To evaluate the reliability of medical history taken before hormonal medication administration to identify women with an increased risk for thromboembolic events detected by laboratory screening., Design: Prospective study., Setting: Outpatient endocrine clinic of a university-based hospital., Patient(s): Four hundred forty-three consecutive women (median age 49 years) who presented with endocrine disorders., Intervention(s): None., Main Outcome Measure(s): Parallel screening, on first visit, with a complete medical history, and same-day laboratory screening for thromboembolic risk. Laboratory examination in a two-step procedure with a standard assay and confirmation by genotyping on the second visit., Result(s): A total of 13.8% (61/443) patients with an abnormal activated protein C (APC) resistance test were identified. Second blood samples revealed a prevalence of factor V (Leiden) heterozygosity in 10.9% (homozygosity in 0.2%). There was a significantly higher prevalence of thrombotic events in a first degree relative of patients with APC resistance (in 18.3%) compared with women with a normal test outcome (in 7.8%). However, medical history (personal and family history) was negative concerning hints for thromboembolic events in more than 80% of patients with a laboratory risk profile for thromboembolic morbidity. No association of APC and factor V testing with the patients' gynecological/obstetric history (e.g., live birth rate, miscarriages) was observed., Conclusion(s): Medical history alone may be inadequate to identify all patients at risk for thromboembolic complications with hormonal treatment., (Copyright © 2011 American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)