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Objective: To determine whether ovarian follicular fluid (FF) stem cell factor concentrations are associated with successful IVF pregnancies. Design: Nested case-control design evaluation of stem cell factor levels from the FF of oocytes fertilized and transferred after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. Setting: University-based ART program. Patient(s): Infertile women undergoing IVF in a university-based ART program. Intervention(s): Fifty-seven FF samples from a cohort of patients ( n = 13) with tubal factor and unexplained infertility were stored at −80°C and subsequently evaluated for stem cell factor concentration. Patients with endometriosis, polycystic ovary disease, and male factor infertility were excluded. Stem cell factor concentrations were measured using a commercially available ELISA kit according to the manufacturer's specifications. The groups were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance, and significance was determined using the X 2 analysis of contingency table, the unpaired t-test, or the Mann-Whitney rank-sum test. Main Outcome Measure(s): FF stem cell factor concentration, pregnancy. Result(s): Stem cell factor concentrations were significantly higher in the FF of the patients who achieved successful pregnancies than in those who did not (641.7 ±75.2 pg/mL versus 475.5 ±50.58 pg/mL). Conclusion(s): Elevated FF stem cell factor concentrations are associated with an increased likelihood of IVF success. Therefore, stem cell factor may play a role in human follicular and oocyte development, and increasing infrafollicular stem cell factor concentrations may improve pregnancy rates after oocyte retrieval, fertilization, and ET.