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The envelope protein VP28 of white spot syndrome virus ( WSSV) is considered a candidate antigen for use in a potential vaccine to this important shrimp pathogen (the cause of white spot syndrome, WSS). Here, we used spores of Bacillus subtilis to display VP28 on the spore surface. Trials were conducted to evaluate their ability to protect shrimps against WSSV infection. The gene cotB-vp28 was integrated into the chromosome of the laboratory strain B. subtilis PY79, and expression of Cot B- VP28 was detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Expression of Cot B- VP28 was equivalent to 1000 molecules per spore. PY79 and Cot B- VP28 spores were mixed with pellets for feeding of whiteleg shrimps ( Litopenaeus vannamei), followed by WSSV challenge. Superoxidase dismutase ( SOD), phenoloxidase activities and mortality rates of the two shrimp groups were evaluated. Groups fed with PY79 and Cot B- VP28 spores at day 7 had increased SOD activities of 29% and increased phenoloxidase activities of 15% and 33%, respectively, compared to those of the control group. Fourteen days postchallenge, 35% of vaccinated shrimps had died compared to 49% of those fed naked spores ( PY79) and 66% untreated, unchallenged animals. These data suggest that spores expressing VP28 have potential as a prophylactic treatment of WSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]