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Strains of Rhizobium leguminosarumbv. viciae, isolated from the legume species Lathyrus japonicusand Lathyrus pratensisin northern Quebec (Canada), showed different capacities for growing at low temperature. In the present study, we investigated some mechanisms related to cold adaptation. Two cold-adapted strains (psychrotrophs) were compared to a poorly adapted strain and to a cold-sensitive strain (reference strain) for freezing survival, protein induction and fatty acid composition under low temperature. Following cold shocks (25°C to 10, 5 and 0°C), a common 6.1-kDa CSP (cold shock protein) was induced in all strains, but the total number of CSPs synthesized at 0°C was higher in cold-adapted strains than in the cold-sensitive strain. The synthesis of CAPs (cold acclimation proteins) was observed under continuous growth at 5°C in all three strains capable of growth at this temperature. Levels of survival after 24 h at −80°C where higher in cold- (79%) and poorly adapted (64%) strains than in the cold-sensitive strain (33%), but a 2-h acclimation period at 5°C before freezing doubled the survival of the cold-sensitive strain. Low temperature conditions affected similarly the fatty acid composition of all strains, regardless of their cold adaptation level. The proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increased significantly with the lowering of growth temperature from 25 to 5°C, but showed a tendency to decrease after a cold shock from 25 to 5°C. A specific unsaturated fatty acid, cis-12 octadecanoic acid, was produced during growth at 5°C. The unsaturated cis-vaccenic acid was the principal component under all conditions. The cold adaptation trait was weakly reflected in symbiosis with the agronomic legume, Lathyrus sativus, with which one cold-adapted strain showed a slightly higher nitrogenase activity and shoot dry matter yield than a commercial strain under a sub-optimal temperature regime.

After screening several fungal isolates obtained from Venezuelan soils, the isolate IR‐94MF1 of Penicillium rugulosumwas selected for its high mineral phosphate solubilizing activity (Mps+) with hydroxyapatite. Mutants with altered (Mps−) or amplified activity (Mps++) were obtained by UV irradiation of conidia. When glucose was used as the sole C source by the fungus, gluconic acid was associated with the hydroxyapatite activity. In solid media, in comparison to glucose and maltose, sucrose appeared to be the best C source for the solubilization of hydroxy‐apatite and FePO4.

The mechanisms of action of mineral phosphate solubilization (MPS) were studied in the wild‐type Mps+Penicillium rugulosumstrain IR94‐MF1 and in negative (Mps−) and superpositive (Mps++) mutants derived from it. MPS activities were measured in liquid media using sucrose as C source, four N (arginine, nitrate, nitrate+ammonium and ammonium) and P sources (KH2PO4, hydroxyapatite, FePO4and AlPO4). Ammonium significantly (P<0.01) decreased phosphate solubilization, and this activity was 1–66 times higher in the Mps++mutant than in the wild‐type depending on the P and N sources used. The Mps+phenotype was strongly associated with the production of gluconic or citric acids. The results also suggest for the MPS−mutant the involvement of the H+pump mechanism in the solubilization of small amounts of phosphates.