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Stress can affect the physiological status and production performance of waterfowl through effect on genes and proteins of the neurohumoral regulation, gut microbiota and lipid oxidation, leading to economic losses. Common stress in waterfowl includes heat stress and cold stress. In production, the cold and heat stress of waterfowl can be alleviated by controlling ambient temperature and adding nutrients in diets. In the paper, ducks and geese are taken as representatives of waterfowl and the main influencing mechanisms and nutritional regulation measures of cold and heat stress in winter and summer water-saving poultry production are reviewed, to provide reference for waterfowl breeding and production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]