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In order to optimize the extraction process of crude polysaccharide of willow bud (CPW, Crude polysaccharide of willow bud) and to investigate its in vitro antioxidant activity, the experiment was carried out to extract crude polysaccharides from willow buds by ultrasound-assisted hydroalcohol precipitation and optimized using response surface analysis; the in vitro antioxidant effect of CPW was evaluated by detecting its total antioxidant capacity, scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals (DPPH·) as well as its ability to inhibit superoxide anion radicals (O2 - ·) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH), using vitamin C (vitamin C, VC) as a control. The results showed that the optimal extraction process for CPW was 70∶1 (mL/g) liquid/feed ratio, 56 ℃ water bath temperature, and 440 W ultrasonic power. The extraction process was used to achieve 6.6% extraction of CPW. In addition, different concentrations of CPW were effective in scavenging DPPH radicals and inhibiting the production of ·OH and O2 - ·. It shows that the process is practicable and the extracted CPW has better antioxidant capacity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The saturated saline flotation method and McMaster's method were used to detect the parasite in 136 horse manure samples from three horse farms in Jilin Province. The results showed that 107 of 136 fecal samples were positive, and the total infection rate was 78.67%. The main parasitic species are Strongylus equi and Parascaris equi. The infection rate of Strongylus equi was 70.58% (96/136), and the average number of fecal eggs per gram (EPG) was 166. The infection rate of Parascaris equi was 26.47% (36/136), and the average EPG was 246. Some horses were co-infected with Strongylus equi and Parascaris equi, and the co-infection rate was 21.32% (29/136). Strongylus equi was distributed at all ages, and its infection rate and infection intensity decreased with age. Parascaris equi mainly infected young horses, and most of them were mixed with Parascaris equi and Strongylus equi. In addition, the parasite infection rate and infection intensity were significantly different in the three horse farms, which was mainly related to the breeding environment. These studies revealed that enteric parasites were commonly infected in horse farms in Jilin Province. It was suggested to strengthen the monitoring of enteric parasites in horse farms in the region, and deworming horses twice a year in spring and autumn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]