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Based on the rapid development of intelligent technologies in recent years, the digital transformation of the whole industry and society has become increasingly important. Among them, digital twins and artificial intelligence have great potentials in improving industry processes and further enhancing productivity. This paper proposes an Intelligent Digital Twin System (IDTS) based on artificial intelligence and digital twins for the paper industry. The system includes the prediction models for the stirring speed of the dump chest, the water consumption of the deflaker, the supply air pressure of the dryer, and the exhaust air temperature of the dryer. The sensors, 5G network slices, and other equipment collect related data during the papermaking process for generating twin data, and we use the prediction models to analyze the data and monitor important indicators (stirring speeds, water consumptions, supply air pressures, and exhaust air temperatures) for the manufacturing processes, which are used to improve the energy utilization and production efficiency of the paper industry and thus facilitate cost saving. We apply this intelligent digital twin system and its associated prediction models to an actual paper manufacturing factory and show their effectiveness by improving the operational efficiency and saving labor and maintenance costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This article explores the application of image processing techniques in recyclable waste paper sorting. In recycling, waste papers are segregated into various grades as they are subjected to different recycling processes. Highly sorted paper streams facilitate high quality end products and save processing chemicals and energy. From 1932 to 2009, different mechanical and optical paper sorting methods have been developed to fill the paper sorting demand. Still, in many countries including Malaysia, waste papers are sorted into different grades using a manual sorting system. Because of inadequate throughput and some major drawbacks of mechanical paper sorting systems, the popularity of optical paper sorting systems has increased. Automated paper sorting systems offer significant advantages over human inspection in terms of worker fatigue, throughput, speed, and accuracy. This research attempts to develop a smart vision sensing system that is able to separate the different grades of paper using first-order features. To construct a template database, a statistical approach with intra-class and inter-class variation techniques are applied to the feature selection process. Finally, the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm is applied for paper object grade identification. The remarkable achievement obtained with the method is the accurate identification and dynamic sorting of all grades of papers using simple image processing techniques. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Post-hoc explaining approaches for deep learning (DL) models has attracted much attention in safety–critical applications such as rotating machinery intelligent fault diagnosis (IFD). However, with the help of the explanation techniques, the models are still fragile to domain shifts caused by varying speeds and loads without help for improving their cross-domain performance. Since humans in the decision-making loop are essential for a reliable diagnostic system to determine the reliability of diagnosis, this paper proposes a causal explaining guided domain generalization (CXDG) method to realize trust worthy IFD with human in the decision loop. Specifically, an explaining model is trained with the conditional mutual information, which is a causal strength metric, and utilized to tell the causal features in the input data as the attributions of the diagnostic model. A translation process of the attributions is proposed to make the explaining process understandable. Furthermore, the aim of this paper is not only explaining but also beyond that the diagnostic model is guided to focus on the causal features to improve its generalization ability in unseen domains. The effectiveness of the method is validated on two experiment datasets. The results show that the proposed method can both explain the attributions of the diagnosis model and be beneficial to the generalization ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human–robot cooperative tasks have gained importance with the emergence of robotics and artificial intelligence technology. In interactive reinforcement learning techniques, robots learn target tasks by receiving feedback from an experienced human trainer. However, most interactive reinforcement learning studies require a separate process to integrate the trainer's feedback into the training dataset, making it challenging for robots to learn new tasks from humans in real-time. Furthermore, the types of feedback sentences that trainers can use are limited in previous research. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a robot teaching strategy that uses deep RL via human–robot interaction to learn table balancing tasks interactively. The proposed system employs Deep Q-Network with real-time sentiment feedback delivered through the trainer's speech to learn cooperative tasks. We designed a novel reward function that incorporates sentiment feedback from human speech in real-time during the learning process. The paper presents an improved reward shaping technique based on subdivided feedback levels and shrinking feedback. This function serves as a guide for the robot to engage in natural interactions with humans and enables it to learn the tasks effectively. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed interactive deep reinforcement learning model achieved a high success rate of up to 99.06%, outperforming the model without sentiment feedback. • A robot teaching strategy for cooperative tasks via human–robot interaction is proposed. • Deep Q-Network is employed with real-time feedback delivered by the trainer's speech. • A novel reward function is designed to guide the robot in natural interactions. • The function incorporates the feedback with improved reward-shaping techniques. • Experiments on a robot proved the effectiveness of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Adopting PRISMA methodology to investigate cybersecurity threats in FinTech. • Identifying the most effective defense strategies to negate the threats by examining 74 published papers. • Comparing the threats and defenses from different perspectives, including their impacts and technical details. • Proposing a novel and refined taxonomy of security threats and defense strategies in FinTech. • Recommending future research directions to address existing security gaps in current FinTech systems. The rapid evolution of the Smart-everything movement and Artificial Intelligence (AI) advancements have given rise to sophisticated cyber threats that traditional methods cannot counteract. Cyber threats are extremely critical in financial technology (FinTech) as a data-centric sector expected to provide 24/7 services. This paper introduces a novel and refined taxonomy of security threats in FinTech and conducts a comprehensive systematic review of defensive strategies. Through PRISMA methodology applied to 74 selected studies and topic modeling, we identified 11 central cyber threats, with 43 papers detailing them, and pinpointed 9 corresponding defense strategies, as covered in 31 papers. This in-depth analysis offers invaluable insights for stakeholders ranging from banks and enterprises to global governmental bodies, highlighting both the current challenges in FinTech and effective countermeasures, as well as directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and its related capabilities has led industries to rethink the existing practices of conventional supply chain management and data analysis. Machine learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL) and their unique ability to predict future data and classify data have led to important research in the supply chain (SC) domain, particularly in identifying and prioritizing supply chain risks. This paper proposes several DL methodologies to exploit the benefit of DL, particularly to identify whether any product will be delivered late due to any unforeseen reason in a complex SC system. Four different DL architectures (Simple-LSTM, Deep-LSTM, 1D-CNN, and TCN-1DSPCNN models) are proposed to extract features, while six variant classifiers: Softmax, random trees (RT), random forest (RF), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), artificial neural network (ANN), and support vector machine (SVM), were used to classify delay or non-delay information. By seamlessly capturing intricate temporal dependencies, these DL models enhance accuracy in robustly identifying supply chain late orders. Leveraging their hierarchical feature learning, these proposed DL models excel in recognizing subtle patterns and correlations, making them ideal for classifying late orders within the supply chain. Their parallel processing prowess facilitates real-time decision support, allowing organizations to address potential delays and allocate resources effectively and proactively. Five-fold cross-validation is presented to avoid over-fitting and to prove the efficiency of the proposed DL models. The total accuracies of the six ML classifiers are 74.03, 75.81, 93.35, 87.72, 93.59, and 95.10, respectively, while the maximum accuracies obtained from four proposed DL methodologies obtained an accuracy of 97.6, 98.63, 100, 100% respectively using the SVM classifier for predicting late orders based on five-fold cross-validation. • This paper investigates a few DL approaches to extract features of SC data. • Both RNN and CNN are applied in the same model. • An improved CNN model has been proposed for feature extraction. • An online dataset is employed to validate the proposed DL architectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent applications are highly susceptible to uncertainty and inconsistency due to the intense and intricate interactions among their autonomous components (or agents), making their verification theoretically and practically challenging. This paper presents the design and implementation of a new open-source and scalable software tool for modeling and verifying intelligent applications with commitment and trust protocols under both uncertainty and inconsistency settings, using reduction-based multi-valued model checking techniques. The proposed tool is equipped with original and novel algorithms that transform our logics of multi-valued commitment (mv-CTLC) and multi-value trust (mv-TCTL) that we recently introduced to their classical two-valued commitment (CTLC) and trust (TCTL) logic versions as well as to Computational Tree Logic (CTL). Moreover, the tool transforms the mv-CTL to CTL, and it is applicable for the classical model checking by transforming the classical logics of trust and commitment to CTL. To demonstrate the practicality and applicability of the proposed tool in real settings, we present and report experimental results over two blockchain-based applications in the healthcare domain. Finally, we provide discussions and comparisons between the proposed approaches regarding scalability and efficiency. Moreover, we provide packages of more than 11 experiments, including the ones we conduct in this paper and enhanced experiments from previous works. Our findings ensure that the proposed approaches and the software tool that implements them are highly efficient and scalable, giving accurate results under varying conditions. • Design and implementation of an open-source scalable tool for systems model checking. • System modeling with multi-valued logic capturing uncertainty and inconsistency. • Practical demonstration using blockchain-based applications in healthcare domain. • Extensive experiments showing scalability, efficiency and reliability of the tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this constantly evolving landscape of urbanization, the relationship between technology and automation, in regards to sustainability, holds immense significance. The intricate strands of human intelligence are seamlessly interwoven with the fabric of technological progress, giving rise to exquisite patterns of synergy and collaborative innovation. Automation is just another step in this process which started with the industrial revolution and now has paved way towards urbanization. Smart homes or home automation is a subset of Internet of Things (IoT) based automation that has added into the comfort, ease, and quality of our living standards and is now being integrated to form the concept of Smart Cities. In the past decade, various techniques and processes of smart home automation have been proposed and implemented. To extend and translate the existing methods into new one, the understanding of the former is imperative to the research procedure. This review stands as a comprehensive exploration, diving into the pivotal role of intelligent systems and expert knowledge in driving the transformation of smart homes into sustainable smart cities. By meticulously analyzing and aggregating an array of contemporary techniques used in smart homes, this paper offers profound contributions to the intersection of urban evolution and technological innovation. The review's holistic approach not only facilitates a deep understanding of smart homes' contributions but also charts a course for innovative strategies in city planning, infrastructure, and technological integration. In bridging the gap between technology and sustainable urban development, this exploration underscores the transformative power of leveraging smart home techniques to lay the foundation for harmonious and forward-thinking smart cities. The technologies cover a wide range of methodologies and intelligent systems used for communication, security and management in an urban infrastructure. The paper focuses on analysis of the technology to provide an outlook into achieving the goal of sustainable smart cities and deal with challenges like scalability and big data computation. Our comprehensive analysis yields a holistic set of technology comparisons and illuminates the promising future prospects within this domain. The information is highly insightful in creating a bigger picture for adopting state of the art technologies like Federated Learning (FL), Digital Twin and Embedded Edge computing in better planning and infrastructure management in smart cities. These findings offer reliable and potent methods to chart not only the course of research but also to enhance these technologies for the betterment of mankind's convenience and advancement. • Technical advancement needed for transformation of home automation to a next level. • Smart cities that build from the foundation of homes automations have been discussed. • Comparison with the existing papers to unlock new research directions in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) caused a lot of mortality. The high mortality rate occurred because of the physicians' wrong or late identification of COVID-19 severity. So, developing Computer-Aided Design (CAD) systems using Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques is critical to help physicians correctly identify the severity of COVID-19 in the early stages of the pandemic and then decrease the COVID-19 mortality percentage. In this paper, we develop a new green CAD system using a new hybrid handcrafted feature extraction algorithm and two-stage neural network architecture to grade the COVID-19 patient based on Computed Tomography (CT) scan images as having a moderate, severe, or critical infection. Because the proposed system uses handcrafted feature extraction algorithms, it consumes minimum resources and time than recent works. The proposed system consists of three phases: lesion segmentation, feature extraction, and diagnosis. Firstly, lesions from the CT scan image are manually segmented, and then three schemes are applied to extract salient features from the segmented lesions. These schemes are the Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG), Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF), and a new hybrid method that consists of cascading Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM). Then, the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) is computed for each scheme to extract the statistical markers. In the grading phase, a two-stage neural network approach is used. First, the extracted features are individually trained and tested for each scheme in the first neural network stage, and then the results of the first stage are combined to train and test each patient in the second neural network stage. The performance of the proposed system was assessed on a CT image dataset of 300 COVID-19-positive patients collected from the Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) website. The experimental results showed that our proposed system achieved 100% accuracy and kappa when the dataset was partitioned into 80% for training and 20% for testing. Also, it achieved 95.67% ± 0.47, 99.33% ± 0.77, and 100% ± 0 accuracies and 93.48% ± 0.74, 98.997% ± 1.16, and 100% ± 0 kappa values when the data was organized using 2, 4, and 10 folds, respectively. A green complexity algorithm analysis shows that this proposed system takes O(n) time complexity and 1 h and 20 min to train and test all cases. The performed green complexity analysis shows that the proposed system consumes 117.80 g Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO2e), 130.80 Wh, and 0.13 tree months for the carbon footprint, the energy needed, and the carbon sequestration, respectively. These results show that the proposed work consumes fewer resources and provides a green CAD system. • This paper proposes a CAD system for COVID-19 severity prediction. • The proposed system uses a two-stage neural network architecture. • The proposed system consists of two phases: feature extraction and severity identification. • A green complexity analysis is performed to prove the greenness of the proposed system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying artificial intelligence in education is relevant to addressing the current educational crises. Many available solutions apply Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to help improve educational outcomes. Therefore, a series of works have been developed integrating techniques in different educational contexts, for instance, in online teaching practices. Given the various studies and the relevance of CNNs for educational applications, this paper presents a systematic literature review to discuss the state-of-the-art. We reviewed 133 papers from the IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, and Scopus databases. Based on our revision, we discuss characteristics of studies such as publication venues, educational context, datasets, types of CNNs models, and performance of models. We evidence that the literature regarding CNNs still misses more studies discussing educational problems faced by Global South students, considering both teaching and learning perspectives. Such a population cannot be neglected during experiments due to specific educational weaknesses (for example, basic skills) demanding personalized solutions. • A systematic literature review of 133 published papers. • China covered most publications, followed by India. • There is a research gap regarding using CNNs in some regions of the Global South. • The main educational context with CNN applications is students' performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are increasingly applied to traffic flow prediction (TFP) to enhance prediction accuracy. This study utilizes bibliometric methods and network analysis measures to gain insights into the research status, development process, opportunities, and challenges of AI-based TFP research based on the literature data retrieved from the Web of Science core collection. The study first conducts basic statistical analysis of all papers. Subsequently, cooperation network analysis is conducted to identify the most productive countries/territories, institutions, and authors, the cooperative relationships, and the formed research communities. Co-citation network analysis is then employed to identify publications that have made outstanding contributions to the AI-based TFP field. Finally, the main path analysis of the paper citation network is used to analyze the knowledge diffusion process, while the keyword co-occurrence analysis is conducted to reveal the evolution characteristics of the research topics. Based on the bibliometric analysis results, we gain insights into the opportunities and challenges in this field from the perspectives of data, models, and applications, and provide pertinent suggestions for future research. Overall, this study can assist researchers in capturing the state-of-the-art and research directions in AI-based TFP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) that utilizes neural networks (NNs) has a broad range of applications. However, NNs necessitate significant amounts of computation and data storage, which imposes considerable hardware demands and drives the need for AI chip research. To address this need, AI chip researchers must delve into extensive literature for entity information on hardware issues, architectures, optimizations, performances, and applications. Nevertheless, the influx of relevant papers has far surpassed their ability to read and absorb all the information. In this article, automatic information extraction in the AI chip domain using entity recognition techniques is conducted to alleviate the burden of paper reading for AI chip researchers. Our approach involves creating a manually annotated dataset called the ACER dataset to support automatic information extraction from literature in the field of AI chips. To address the challenge of recognizing entities with complex structures and lacking explicit features, the GIA-PME model is proposed, which utilizes a gated interaction attention mechanism and probability-matrix encoding. Our proposed approach enhances entity cognition by utilizing the keyword sequence of each entity type as prior knowledge. It also incorporates a dedicated embedding to learn the eigenvectors of entity structures. Finally, it combines the prior knowledge with eigenvectors using a designed gated interactive attention mechanism to assist with recognition. In addition, the proposed probability matrix encoding is used to detect nested entities to avoid information loss. Experimental results show that our GIA-PME model achieves the best performance compared to existing models, thus improving the strict/relaxed F1-score to 70.9/81.7 (+5.3 ∼ 9.1) on the ACER dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel Iaah system is proposed in this paper. • A combined forecasting model (BWCE) is constructed in the Iaah system. • The Iaah system relaxes the assumptions of traditional Black-Litterman models. • The Iaah system expands the objective function of industry asset allocation. The B-L (Black-Litterman) model combines the subjective views of investors with the market's historical equilibrium return through the Bayesian theorem. This approach somewhat compensates for the limitations of the Mean-Variance model, making the asset allocation model attract significant attention. However, due to many investors lacking ample investment experience, they might struggle to provide appropriate subjective views. To address this issue, an Iaah (Industry Asset Allocation Hybrid) system based on the B-L model is proposed. First, a combined model is constructed, which simulates view return vectors and solves the problem of inaccurate view quantification. Then, the Iaah system introduces a dynamic condition correlation algorithm to optimize inherent parameters and explores asset allocation results in the time-varying effects. Next, it expands the types of objective functions and improves the deficiency of only considering the return and variance while ignoring the downside risk. Finally, based on a variety of performance metrics, the Iaah system is evaluated from multiple perspectives to test its practical value. The experiment results with the daily data of 10 SSE (Shanghai Stock Exchange) industry indexes show that the proposed system not only realizes the diversified allocation of industry assets and enhances the investment performance, but also exhibits strong robustness against changes in subjective parameters. It is conducive to managing personal wealth and achieving preservation and appreciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seamless positioning ability has become an essential requirement in large-scale smart city scenes with the development of Artificial Intelligence of Things technology. The performance of seamless positioning is limited by the inaccurate crowdsourced navigation database, cumulative error of built-in sensors, and changeable measurement errors of different location sources. In order to solve these problems, this paper presents the CrowdLOC-S framework, which provides a concrete and accurate indoor/outdoor localization performance using the combination of crowdsourced Wi-Fi fingerprinting, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), and low-cost sensors. A data and model dual-driven based trajectory estimator is developed for improving the long-term positioning performance of built-in sensors, and a hybrid one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN), Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) enhanced quality indicator is proposed for quality evaluation of crowdsourced trajectories and further Wi-Fi fingerprinting database construction. Besides, the transfer learning approach is applied in the quality indicator for autonomously predicting the location errors towards different indoor and outdoor location sources and realizing seamless scenes switching. Finally, a unified extended Kalman filter is developed to realize multi-source integration-based seamless localization using the positioning information provided by indoor and outdoor location sources and corresponding quality indicator results. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that the presented CrowdLOC-S system is proven to realize precise and efficient indoor and outdoor positioning performance in complex and large-scale urban environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing stress is a crucial soft skill that affects cognitive performance and health. Stress detection through biometrics can be used to improve and evaluate stress management. However, measuring the effects of stress on biometrics and executive functions is difficult and dependent on the individual. Despite these challenges, this paper presents a case study that collects a comprehensive multimodal dataset with two stress metrics, four biometric signals, and twenty-two executive function metrics from Game-based Assessment (GBA) trace data specifically designed for this purpose. The experiments suggest that biometrics, especially the heart rate and skin temperature, are effective predictors of stress. Additionally, noteworthy correlations were observed between heart rate and certain executive function variables. The levels of GBA that measured shifting and processing speed showed a higher heart rate than the response inhibition levels. This case study, together with the developed stress detectors, enables the detection of persons who struggle to manage stress and measure their executive function performance under stressful situations. • We present a novel multimodal study on key topics for the 21st century society. • We introduce an innovative Game-based Assessment to measure executive functions. • For the first time, stress, biometrics, and executive functions are analyzed together. • The model allows the detection of users who cannot manage stress correctly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent computing is an independent algorithm system that imitates the laws and principles of nature's biological chain to design and solve practical problems in modern society, it can help people better handle some big data problems through artificial intelligence technology and different cognitive characteristics. Especially, when dealing with group decision problems, it is often considered as human behavior based on cognitive computing. The q-rung orthopair fuzzy set (q-ROFS) is not only a generalization of Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS), but also can deal with the decision problem of multi-source information in a wider area. In this paper, we first give the detailed explanations of the relationship between the q-ROFS and q-rung orthopair fuzzy number (q-ROFN)by an example, and itis pointed out that there are some defects in the existing two ranking methods for the Pythagorean fuzzy numbers (PFNs) and intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (IFNs) through counterexamples, and then all q-ROFNs are mapped into the unit triangle of the first quadrant through q-compression mapping, and the concept of distance factor for q-ROFNs is proposed by Euclidean distance between each q-ROFN and the maximum element (1,0).Secondly, a novel inverse score function for q-ROFNs are put forward by the distance factor and hesitancy degree, and the monotonicity of the inverse score function are discussed. Finally, a new ranking criterion of q-ROFNs is given by the new score formula, and then the rationality of the ranking criterion is proved, and through the method of solving the conditional extreme value of multivariate function (Lagrange multiplier method), there is indeed an extreme value point (corresponding to the maximum q-ROFN) on υ = μ. Besides, a q-rung orthopair fuzzy decision-making method for multi-source information is given by the new ranking criterion and aggregation operations, and the comparison of examples shows that the inverse score function and decision-making method do have many advantages in the q-ROFN environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entities and relations extraction are the key tasks in the construction of biomedical knowledge graph, which play an important role in the biomedical artificial intelligence. However, extraction of entities and relations from biomedical texts is challenging because of the overlapping triples problem. The previous approaches typically divided the task into two separate sub-tasks. However, these methods failed to address the error propagation problem. Recent methods have been proposed to perform both sub-tasks simultaneously. Nonetheless, most current methods still encounter issues related to imbalanced interactions and independent features. In this paper, we propose a novel method based on feature partition encoding and relative positional embedding to joint extract biomedical entity and relation triples simultaneously. Compared to previous work, our method shows exceptional accurate in extracting entities and relations, while efficiently tackling the challenge of overlapping triples in biomedical texts. Our work has two contributions. Firstly, our method divides the features into task-specific and shared parts through entity, relation and sharing partitions at the encoding stage. And the encoded features will be aggregated according to the subsequent tasks. Secondly, we introduce a relative positional embedding method to capture the relative distance information between token pairs. In this way, our method can effectively deal with the sub-tasks interactions problem and improve entities and relations extraction. The experimental results show that our method improves the F1 scores of relations extraction by 3.2%, 2.1%, 3.4%, and 2.8% on four biomedical datasets, respectively. • Joint extraction is to recognize biomedical entities and relations simultaneously. • Feature partition encoding divides neurons into entity, relation, shared partition. • Relative positional embedding benefits both entities and relations extraction. • FPE is effective in addressing the issue of overlapping triples in biomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the enormous development of Machine Learning, especially Deep Learning, has led to the widespread adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems in a large variety of contexts. Many of these systems provide excellent results but act as black-boxes. This can be accepted in various contexts, but there are others (e.g., medical ones) where a result returned by a system cannot be accepted without an explanation on how it was obtained. Explainable AI (XAI) is an area of AI well suited to explain the behavior of AI systems that act as black-boxes. In this paper, we propose a model-agnostic XAI framework to explain the behavior of classifiers. Our framework is based on network theory; thus, it is able to make use of the enormous amount of results that researchers in this area have discovered over time. Being network-based, our framework is completely different from the other model-agnostic XAI approaches. Furthermore, it is parameter-free and is able to handle heterogeneous features that may not even be independent of each other. Finally, it introduces the notion of dyscrasia that allows us to detect not only which features are important in a particular task but also how they interact with each other. • Performing model-agnostic Explainable AI on classifiers. • Introducing the concept of dyscrasia of feature occurrences. • Assessing the relevance of a feature during classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things and next generation mobile communication, the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) as a typical application has attracted increasing attention as a typical application thereof owing to its convenience and practicality. To address certain privacy preservation issues concerning accessing patients records from past case databases as well as diagnosed patients' sensitive information on the Internet of Medical Things, an IoMT-secure privacy-preserving medical record search scheme (PMRSS) based on ELGamal blind signatures is proposed. In this paper, we first show that certain security flaws exists in the PMRSS. To address these flaws, we propose an improved privacy protection medical record searching scheme (iPMRSS) in IoMT for intelligent diagnoses based on the elliptical curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP). Security analysis demonstrates that our iPMRSS provides correctness, identity privacy is ensured based on the hard problem assumption of Elliptical curve discrete logarithm problem. Data security is satisfied based on the security of the Blind ECDSA Signature. Performance evaluations demonstrate that our theoretical results are consistent with simulations, thereby a comparative analysis with related state of art techniques show that our proposed iPMRSS scheme in about 1.5 ms has shorter time cost under some security level. • A privacy-preserving medical record searching scheme proposed by Sun et al. is not secure by a linear algebra attack. • A secure improved PMRSS scheme is proposed. • Security of the improved scheme achieves privacy and data security. • Performance of the improved scheme is reasonable for real applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Ensemble classifier system is applied to biometric verification. • For each base classifier, the classifier's competence is separately calculated. • A lip geometrical features measurements are proposed. • Experiments confirmed our method outperforms other state-of-the-art methods. Abstract Machine learning approaches are largely focused on pattern or object classification, where a combination of several classifier systems can be integrated to help generate an optimal or suboptimal classification decision. Multiple classification systems have been extensively developed because a committee of classifiers, also known as an ensemble, can outperform the ensemble's individual members. In this paper, a classification method based on an ensemble of binary classifiers is proposed. Our strategy consists of two phases: (1) the competence of the base heterogeneous classifiers in a pool is determined, and (2) an ensemble is formed by combining those base classifiers with the greatest competences for the given input data. We have shown that the competence of the base classifiers can be successfully calculated even if the number of their learning examples was limited. Such a situation is particularly observed with biometric data. In this paper, we propose a new biometric data structure, the Sim coefficients, along with an efficient data processing technique involving a pool of competent classifiers chosen by dynamic selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • An integrated scheme is proposed for prognostics of Lithium-ion batteries. • The prognostic scheme contains pre-processing and prediction modules. • Novel imputation techniques handle battery data with missing observations. • The proposed multiple imputation technique reveals the uncertainty of estimations. • Extreme learning machines predict the remaining useful life over a long horizon. Abstract This paper focuses on the development of a prognostic scheme for estimating the remaining useful life (RUL) of Lithium-ion batteries with missing observations. The scheme has two main modules based on extreme learning machines: pre-processing and prediction. The pre-processing module uses novel single and multiple imputation techniques to estimate the missing observations. The prediction module aims to obtain precise predictions even in the presence of missing observations and with the related uncertainty. The pre-processing module sends imputed subsets of samples to the prediction module, which makes use of extreme learning machines for one-step and multi-steps predictions. The prediction module contains various multi-steps prediction strategies including iterative, direct and DirRec, which use the constant-current experimental capacity data for the long-term prediction of the remaining useful life. Accurate prediction of RUL requires continuity in the time-series dataset. The proposed scheme is designed to build an intelligent prediction system with the ability to handle time-series data containing missing values and is robust enough to generate a complete time-series dataset and, then, make short or long term predictions. The experimental results confirm that the proposed framework can be beneficial for intelligent diagnostic and prognostic systems related to battery as well as other wide range of applications. The main focus of the paper is the development of an integrated imputation-prediction scheme and not the evaluation of individual performances of the imputation or prediction techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Process model for transformation of formalized sentences into relational database. • Algorithms of functions and procedures for each step of transformation. • Meta model for the structure and content of formalized sentences in the relational database. Abstract Verbalized text contains knowledge necessary and sufficient for transfer of numerous human cognitions. The question is how this knowledge was saved into text. Authors believe that they found an important idea how to assemble knowledge into nodes of knowledge. Similar methods in the field of knowledge networks exist, but none of them does it in the same way as the Node of Knowledge (NOK) method. Basic terms and concepts in a language are represented in words whose meaning is final and cannot be divided in subterms. More complex meaning can be achieved by combining words in sentences. According to authors' opinion, each sentence includes connective medium for words in the sentence (related to semantic reasons), which is inwrought in the Node of Knowledge method. Using the Node of Knowledge method each sentence can be presented as a network of connected words. This network is enriched with links between words so a computer can interpret meaning and knowledge of the sentence in the same way an intelligent person does. A formalized and semantically enriched record of sentences (called Formalized Node of Knowledge – FNOK) is developed. Authors find that in this way, even without statistical text analysis, an algorithm can give correct answer to a question set based on written text. This paper presents the system for transformation of textual knowledge expressed in natural language sentences into a relational database. The system is a part of a larger knowledge-based system based on the Node of Knowledge (NOK) conceptual framework for knowledge-based system development. This paper starts with sentences written in the formalized and enriched form for which a logical transformation into the structure of a relational database is proposed. The system and algorithms for the transformation of formalized sentences into n-tuples of the relational database are distributed and represented in several steps. The research has shown that it is possible to store semantically enriched sentences in relational databases. The solution presented in this paper is important for further development of the system for receiving questions from users and providing answers (i.e. question-answering system), with the ability to use well-developed relational SQL languages. Relational database of texts enables numerous applications in the field of expert and intelligent systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain has been viewed as a breakthrough and an innovative technology due to its privacy, security, immutability, and data integrity characteristics. The consensus layer of the blockchain is the backbone and the most important layer of the blockchain architecture because it acts as the performance and security manager of the blockchain. The detection of Long-Range Attacks (LRA) on the Proof-of-Stake (PoS) blockchain is a complex task. Earlier studies have shown various challenges in detecting long-range attacks and monitoring the activities of validator nodes on the blockchain network. Thus, this paper proposes a novel dataset for node classification on a proof-of-stake permissionless blockchain and proposes a Deep Learning method that can be used to classify nodes into malicious or non-malicious nodes to mitigate long-range attacks with high accuracy. The performance metrics for the model are compared and measured which suggest the developed performance of the proposed model. The proposed solution can serve as a guide on how future researchers and blockchain developers can simulate and curate proof-of-stake datasets and goes further to demonstrate that artificial intelligence models can be used as a mitigating checkpoint for long-range attacks. The dataset in the paper is publicly available and can be used by other researchers to detect other activities and behaviors on a permissionless blockchain. These techniques can further enhance security, performance and create fairness on the proof-of-stake consensus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inability to measure energy production accurately in photovoltaic power stations is an important issue affected by photovoltaic plants. In certain contexts, the imputation of missing values can be complicated given the lack of similar measurements from other environments and/or the difficulty of generating predictive models when there are simply too many unknowns, when other measurements are not available, or when there are no external correlated signals (e.g., solar irradiation, ambient temperature, modules temperature or wind speed). For such limited environments, this paper proposes a solution based on an artificial neural network with an architecture built in the form of an encoder–decoder. The proposed model can be trained with time series of energy production noting missing data of any kind. This paper demonstrates that the proposed model can perform imputations of missing data comparable to those made by auto-regressive and clustering techniques, even when the time series to be predicted is the same as the one used for training. The model is well suited for environments where the severity of missing values range between 30% and 70%, being especially indicated for environments where the severity of missing values reaches 50%, which surpasses in all the evaluated metrics other methods. • Imputation of absences in PV energy production under contexts of large absences. • A proposal of neural network that supports missing values in the training set. • The model reconstructs missing values even when trained with single partial series. • The model can reconstruct the missing values in the same series used for training. • The model outperforms other methods in highly restrictive missing value scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research introduces Automated Cost-Duration Variance Prediction (CDVP) system to empower project managers to proactively predict project budget, duration, cost variance and duration variance. The research involved the development and comparison of a total of 48 machine learning (ML) algorithms, with 12 algorithms dedicated to each predictive model. To conduct the study, a dataset comprising 1277 historical cases of Field Canals Improvement Projects (FCIPs) was utilized. Factor analysis and stepwise regression analysis were employed for feature selection where five key drivers were identified from the initial 25 parameters. The paper optimized the performance of each algorithm based on Bayesian optimization. The proposed system produces four outputs: project cost, project cost variance, project duration, and duration variance. The developed ML models were able to predict all of the system's outputs with an adjusted determination coefficient R2 score greater than 0.93 and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) less than 8.97. Environmentally, this research recommends to assess CO 2 emissions as a performance criterion to select the low environmental impact algorithms. As a result, Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) and AdaBoost Regressor were green sustainable algorithms that emitted on average 58 and 69 CO 2e grams per computational hours. To enhance interpretability, the study employed the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) technique to provide explanations for the key drivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In artificial intelligence applications, advanced computational models, such as deep learning, are employed to achieve high accuracy, often requiring the execution of numerous operations. Conversely, lightweight computational models are typically more resource-efficient, making them suitable for various devices, including smartphones, tablets, and wearable technology. This paper presents an ultra-low-computation solution for interpreting sign languages to assist deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals without needing specialized hardware or significant computational resources. The proposed approach initially performs data abstraction on the input data. During this process, the image is systematically scanned from various perspectives, and the collected information is then encoded into a one-dimensional vector. Subsequently, the abstracted information undergoes processing through a Fully Connected Neural Network (FCN), resulting in highly accurate output. We also introduced two abstraction methods, namely Opaque and Glass, inspired by the interaction of light with different types of objects. The proposed abstractions facilitate the comprehension of the hand gesture's outer boundary as well as its row-wise and column-wise density of pixels. Our experiments on three datasets confirm the efficiency of the proposed method, achieving an accuracy of 99.4% in recognizing American Sign Language, 99.96% accuracy in recognizing Indian Sign Language, and 99.95% accuracy in recognizing Bangla Sign Language. Notably, the model size and the number of MAC operations are significantly smaller than state-of-the-art computational models trained on the same datasets. • We introduced an ultra-low-computation method for interpreting sign languages. • We developed a new encoding for the abstraction of hand gesture images. • Our approach significantly reduces both model size and MAC operations. • We achieved high accuracy in understanding American, Indian, and Bangla SLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commercialization of Fuel Cell Systems (FCSs) faces a key obstacle in the form of limited cell lifespan and resultant cell degradation. This paper introduces a new approach, leveraging an artificial intelligence-based 2DOF control system to regulate the Oxygen Excess Ratio (OER) with two main goals: mitigating cell degradation due to oxygen starvation and optimizing net power output. The proposed control system incorporates a data-driven feedforward controller in conjunction with a feedback controller, facilitating the tracking of desired OER values generated by a data-driven reference generator. We develop fuzzy models and neural networks as the reference generator and feedforward controller to capture the complex FCS behavior by processing the stack current w/wo the temperature of FCS (i.e. Single input or Double input models). By exploring the effects of the structural settings of the models, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of their impact on the representation performance of the FCS characteristics. Although the fitting performances of all models are quite satisfactory, their actual performance gain is evaluated on a realistic FCS model at various operation points. The findings and comparative analysis emphasize the efficacy of incorporating stack temperature in fuzzy-model-based 2DOF control systems, showcasing their potential to maximize net power output through enhanced OER control loop performance while also extending the lifespan of FCSs, as confirmed by results from a developed degradation model. • Improved net output power through the integration of AI in a 2DOF control system. • Reduction of degradation using a data-driven 2DOF control system. • Development of data-driven reference generators and feedforward controllers. • Comparative performance evaluations of fuzzy models and neural networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The paper explores AI decision-making to enhance transparency of CIN diagnosis using colposcopy images. • The study presents interpretable insights for clinical validation using different XAI methods. • Saliency method showed best result, using gradients to reveal likely malignancy traits. • Expert Clinic Validation of results conducted, along with statistical analyses. Although artificial intelligence techniques have performed well in analysing medical images, it is essential to consider the degree of understanding or interpretation in evaluations. This is especially important when diagnostic support is involved, as the trustworthiness of machine learning predictions needs to be clarified and evaluated. For deep learning algorithms to be translated into clinical practice, they must be made less opaque. To examine the classification of cervical dysplasia-diagnosed patients, we will explore explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) approaches, by implementing seven different interpretation techniques (Saliency, XRAI, Integrated Gradients, Smooth Gradients, Smooth Integrated Gradients, Grad-CAM, Smoothgrad-CAM). These XAI techniques shall be explored in order to assess the performance of four Convolutional Neural Network models (AlexNet, VGG16, MobileNet, and InceptionNet). Our results show that saliency qualities most closely match expert annotations, and there is a moderate to strong association between a model's sensitivity and the agreement between humans and computers. We also discovered a relevant relationship between expert insights and computational learning. This highlights the potential role of human expertise in influencing effective computer learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced Process Control (APC) has become an increasingly pressing issue for the semiconductor industry, particularly in the new era of sub-5 nm process technology. To minimize human input in analyzing equipment state and output quality, Virtual Metrology (VM), one such incredibly reliable and resource-saving APC tool built on artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques, was introduced as an aide to real metrology and is aimed at predicting semiconductor product quality based on equipment status/process variables and sampled actual metrology. In this paper, VM efforts for semiconductor manufacturing applications are, for the first time, systematically reviewed. Based on comprehensive mining of literature, a generic architecture for semiconductor VM is presented, and the general requirements are discussed. Moreover, the state-of-the-art VM works for prominent processes involved in semiconductor manufacturing are surveyed, and the unique contributions of those VM predictive works are summarized and compared. Nevertheless, VM is still in its infancy stage, and there are significant hurdles that prevent wider VM implementation and acceptance in semiconductor industry. In this end, a critical analysis is provided to reveal the research gaps and discuss the challenges, such that further research can be simulated in the future. It is hoped that this work could illuminate researchers to understand the needs and future directions towards developing VM technology for semiconductor processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augmented reality (AR) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are technologies pioneers in innovation and alteration in several domains. AR allows the creation of an entirely new and interactive experience for users. However, there are several drawbacks in developing AR applications, such as the marker identification process and the creation of content itself. These are very time-consuming procedures and require ad-hoc development. The advantages of using AI to solve AR limitations have recently been explored in literature. Motivated by these findings, in this paper it is proposed DeepReality, a software toolkit plug-in for Unity 3D. It is conceived for allowing developers to integrate any Deep Learning (DL) models into Unity, through AR Foundation and Barracuda inference engine. DeepReality is aimed at simplifying and streamlining the usage of DL models in conjunction with AR. As such, users skilled in Unity and DL can easily create mobile applications (iOS and Android) to: extract visual features of real-world objects (framed with the device camera) via DL; Show on-screen content on top of those real-world objects, via AR. DeepReality performs object semantic processing within the scene, and extended semantic effects for incongruent objects, overcoming the environmental tracking, which is feature-based. In order to test DeepReality usability, experiments have been performed on the execution time and memory usage data, demonstrating the feasibility and possibility of integrating and using DNNs models in mobile applications for AR. The complexity analysis confirms that DeepReality can be completely executed on mobile devices. DeepReality is also open-source and it is freely available in the Unity asset store. By fostering accessible AI-AR integration, DeepReality addresses key shortcomings in existing approaches, encapsulating contributions such as versatile DL integration, open-source accessibility, operational validation, and comprehensive metrics analysis. DeepReality empowers developers to transcend boundaries, enriching AR applications with AI's transformative potential. Our proposed framework fosters benchmarking, comparison, and a future harmonised by AR-AI synergy. [Display omitted] • DeepReality is an open-source toolkit, freely available in the Unity asset store. • DeepReality integrates Deep Learning models for streamlined mobile apps. • DeepReality leverages AR Foundation and Barracuda inference engine. • It demonstrates efficient execution and memory usage in mobile AR. • Complexity analysis confirms that it can be fully executed on mobile devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent Decision Support Systems (DSS) have gained considerable interest within the field of construction engineering through the utilization of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) methodologies. These systems possess the capacity to enhance decision-making processes and optimize the results of projects. Nevertheless, it is imperative to conduct a thorough and inclusive examination that incorporates and evaluates the various methodologies employed within this particular discipline, thereby bridging the existing void in research. The current state of research in the field of AI and ML in construction engineering is characterized by a dearth of comprehensive reviews that encompass the wide array of methodologies utilized. Although certain studies have delved into specific facets of this subject, there remains a novelty and research gap in terms of a holistic examination of the topic. The objective of this review is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of AI and ML methodologies in the field of construction engineering, with a specific emphasis on their practical applications, advantages, and constraints. The study also ascertains potential areas for future research and improvement in the domain of Intelligent DSS. This study employed a rigorous approach that involved an extensive review of scholarly literature and empirical investigations from 2001 to June 2023. The findings of the analysis indicate a noticeable increase in the number of research papers focusing on Intelligent DSS within the field of construction engineering during the last twenty years. The field has witnessed the emergence of key research areas, namely the utilization of Internet of Things (IoT), explainable AI, supply chain optimization, sustainable construction practices, and human–machine collaboration. The results of this study hold significant implications for the construction industry. The incorporation of AI and ML techniques within Intelligent DSS can effectively tackle various issues such as cost overruns, project delays, and safety concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proactive identification and the management of disruption risks play a crucial role in the achievement of a global supply chain's aims. Given the velocity and volume by which such disruption events occur, it is impractical to expect supply chain managers to determine the occurrence of such events manually. Given the pressures facing global supply chains due to the COVID-19 crisis, it is important for supply chain managers to proactively identify disruption risks to their supply chains and manage them to either achieve the outcomes or develop plans by which resilience against them can be built. In this paper, we demonstrate how the integration of natural language processing and reinforcement learning, which are fundamental artificial intelligence methods, can be used to assist supply chain risk managers in the timely identification of such disruption events. We explain in detail our proposed approach, namely RL-SCRI and show its superiority over the current models in achieving its aim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant proliferation of AI-empowered systems and machine learning (ML) across various examined domains underscores the vital necessity for comprehensive and customised explainability frameworks to lead to usable and trustworthy systems. Especially in the medical domain, where validation of methodologies and outcomes is as important as the adoption rate of such systems, the requirements of the depth and the level of abstraction of the explainability are particularly important and necessitate a systemic approach to ensure a proper definition. Explainability and interpretability are important usability and trustworthiness properties of AI-empowered systems and, as such, constitute important factors for technology acceptance. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for explainability requirements in AI-empowered systems using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). This framework employs targeted ML (hierarchical clustering, k-means or other) to acquire a user model for personalised, multi-layered explainability. Our novel framework integrates a rule-based system, which guides the degree of trustworthiness to be achieved based on user perception and AI literacy level. We test this methodology in the case of AI-empowered medical systems to (1) assess and quantify the doctors' abilities and familiarisation with technology and AI, (2) generate layers of personalised explainability based on user ability and user needs in terms of trustworthiness and (3) provide the necessary environment for transparency and validation. To assess and quantify the doctors' abilities we have considered Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) a tool commonly used in the medical domain to bridge the communication gap between patients and doctors. • Framework for personalised explainability in Artificial intelligence, based on Levels. • Levels refer to AI literacy level and level of abstraction. • Behavioural models were used that measure perception towards an innovation. • Framework is evaluated and implemented in an AI-empowered medical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of real-world engineering systems deals with high complexity at the system and subsystem levels, as well as the interaction between the subsystems involved. Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO), which aims to integrate the optimization algorithms in both system and subsystem levels along with exploring mechanisms of synergistic action among subsystems, is a renowned methodology to design complex engineering systems. In Multi-Agent Systems (MASs), as a complex system, to achieve the best system performance, agents have to work their individual tasks in a coordinated manner and in cooperation with other agents. Given some architectural resemblance between MDO and MAS, especially in subsystems interaction (agents, in MAS case), this paper addresses proposing a multi-agent multidisciplinary system design optimization strategy. This strategy by taking advantage of the capabilities of MDO proposes a consolidated framework for the optimal design of real world engineering systems. This strategy is extendable to multi-agent systems in a diverse range of missions and tasks. In this regard to illustrating its application a distributed cooperative search and coverage (CSC) mission in uncertain environments is considered as a case study for designing a MAS. The proposed framework contributes to designing a MAS by applying the history data of previously completed missions and the normalized cross-correlating (NCC) algorithm as well. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated via simulations and comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the rapidly evolving domain of artificial intelligence, chatbots have emerged as a potent tool for various applications ranging from e-commerce to healthcare. This research delves into the intricacies of chatbot technology, from its foundational concepts to advanced generative models like ChatGPT. We present a comprehensive taxonomy of existing chatbot approaches, distinguishing between rule-based, retrieval-based, generative, and hybrid models. A specific emphasis is placed on ChatGPT, elucidating its merits for frequently asked questions (FAQs)-based chatbots, coupled with an exploration of associated Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques such as named entity recognition, intent classification, and sentiment analysis. The paper further delves into the customization and fine-tuning of ChatGPT, its integration with knowledge bases, and the consequent challenges and ethical considerations that arise. Through real-world applications in domains such as online shopping, healthcare, and education, we underscore the transformative potential of chatbots. However, we also spotlight open challenges and suggest future research directions, emphasizing the need for optimizing conversational flow, advancing dialogue mechanics, improving domain adaptability, and enhancing ethical considerations. The research culminates in a call for further exploration in ensuring transparent, ethical, and user-centric chatbot systems. • Explore chatbot technologies, including ChatGPT and applications in domains. • Investigate the pros and cons of rule-based, retrieval, generative, and hybrid chatbots. • Emphasize ChatGPT in FAQs chatbots and NLP integration. • Discuss ChatGPT customization, knowledge base, and ethics. • Highlight real-world use of generative chatbots and emphasize research on flow and ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional standardized theoretical models (such as Webster, Alcelik, Indo-HCM) used for the delay estimation revolve around the mathematical hypothesis and assumptions, making them static with limitations in accommodating the dynamic traffic behaviors. Recent advances in artificial intelligence make machine learning techniques suitable for estimating vehicle control delay compared to conventional methods. This paper demonstrates the application of several machine learning models developed by focusing on the fluctuations of traffic observed at an intersection having heterogeneous traffic conditions in Ahmedabad city for delay estimation. Several parameters are extracted from on-field and video surveys. However, not all parameters are relevant for accurately estimating vehicle control delay. Hence, a feature selection process consisting of several feature-scoring techniques from filter, wrapper, and embedded methods is applied to all the parameters. This process gave insights into the most statistically relevant independent parameters, and out of all the parameters, cycle time was found to be insignificant, with a feature score of 0 from almost all techniques. Hence, it was removed, and then the prominent parameters were then used to build a vehicle control delay model using support vector regression (SVR), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), artificial neural network (ANN), random forest regression (RF), and decision tree regression (DT). Error distribution, standard deviation of errors, coefficient of Determination (R2), and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) are the parameters used for evaluating the performance of the machine learning models. RF outperformed them all with a standard deviation of errors, R2, and RMSE of 11.065, 0.926, and 11.081 on testing data. But ANN, KNN, and DT also performed satisfactorily. Compared with conventional standardized theoretical models, all the machine learning models except SVR performed better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We propose a novel hybrid model namely MEEMD-Mix-KELM to forecast crude oil price. • The emerging MEEMD, with mode-splitting prevention, is used to decompose oil price. • We create a new mix-kernel for ELM by absorbing merits of local and global kernels. • Empirical results show that the proposed hybrid model achieves significant effects. It is of vital importance for governments, enterprises, and investors to forecast crude oil prices accurately, while this task is beset with difficulties and challenges due to the complex patterns in oil prices. This paper aims to propose a novel hybrid method to model and forecast the crude oil price by integrating median ensemble empirical mode decomposition (MEEMD) and mix-kernel extreme learning machine (Mix-KELM). Firstly, the emerging MEEMD is employed to decompose the crude oil price into several simple subseries. Secondly, a novel mix-kernel is developed for extreme learning machine (ELM) by combining the advantage of the local kernel (i.e., Radial Basis Function in learning ability) and global kernel (i.e., Sigmoid in generalization ability), with weights of the kernels optimized through genetic algorithm. Thirdly, the proposed Mix-KELM is applied to forecast the subseries of crude oil price, and the sub-forecasting results are integrated to generate the final results. The empirical results show that our proposed MEEMD-Mix-KELM model with different forecasting horizons significantly outperforms the benchmarks in terms of forecasting accuracy and robustness test. Taking one-step-ahead forecasting as an example, the proposed model exhibits the lowest prediction errors in terms of mean absolute error, symmetric mean absolute percentage error, and root mean squared error with values of 1.1767, 0.0135, and 1.5717, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel hybrid framework for evaluating and benchmarking trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI) applications in healthcare by using multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques under a new fuzzy environment. To develop such a framework, a new decision matrix has been built, and then integrated with q-ROF2TL-FWZIC (q‐Rung Orthopair Fuzzy 2‐Tuple Linguistic Fuzzy-Weighted Zero-Inconsistency) and q-ROF2TL-CODAS (q‐Rung Orthopair Fuzzy 2‐Tuple Linguistic Combinative Distance-Based Assessment). In this integration, q-ROF2TL-FWZIC is utilized for assigning the weights of evaluation attributes of trustworthy AI, while q-ROF2TL-CODAS is employed for benchmarking trustworthy AI applications. Findings show that the q-ROF2TL-FWZIC method effectively weights the evaluation attributes. The transparency attribute receives the highest importance weight (0.173566825), whereas the human agency and oversight criterion has the lowest weight (0.105741901). The remaining attributes are distributed in between. Moreover, alternative_4 receives the highest rank order (score of 7.370410417), while alternative_13 receives the lowest rank order (score of −4.759794397). To evaluate the validity of the proposed framework, systematic ranking and sensitivity analysis assessments were employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• To design an automatic multi-disease detection in CXR images by ensemble model. • To adopt ODeepLabv3 to perform segmentation process for multi-disease detection. • To adopt a new ensemble model named Optimized Ensemble Transfer Learning (OETL). • To design a Mutation Rate-based Lion Algorithm (MR-LA) to obtain high accuracy. • To optimize the epochs in ensemble classifier with the help of MR-LA algorithm. Chest radiography is a comparatively low-cost, most probably applied in a medical process that brings crucial information to discover diagnostic conclusions. Chest X-rays (CXR) are used in the prognosis of chest diseases that includes asthma, lung cancer, pneumonia, and COVID-19. Artificial intelligence detects the multi-disease automatically to enhance its proficiency and performance by solving image detection complications with various machine learning and deep learning approaches. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) has been designed for the advancement of computerized recognition systems. For the classification of medical images, texture, shape, size, and tissue constitution are essential features for detecting diseases. Hence, huge input features are merged with deep CNN validated to increase the effectiveness of CXR analysis. In addition, multi-scale features are visualized in CNN for the detection of variable sizes of thoracic diseases. This paper has implemented a novel multi-disease diagnosis model using chest X-ray images through deep learning approaches, and thus, it helps to minimize the computational cost. The standard CXR images are gathered from the standard datasets. After, the pre-processing is performed for cleaning and contrast the images. Further, the image segmentation is carried out using Optimized DeepLabv3 (ODeepLabv3), where the optimization of parameters in DeepLabv3 is done by a new Mutation Rate-based Lion Algorithm (MR-LA). Then, multi-disease classification is carried out through Optimized Ensemble Transfer Learning (OETL), where the OETL is carried out through VGG16, ResNet, ImageNet, MobileNet, GoogleNet, Inception, and Xception. Here, the parameter optimization of all models is done by the same MR-LA. The proposed model improved the effectiveness and performance in expressions of sensitivity, precision, and specificity factors and get higher classification and detection accuracy. The outcome of the recommended method over other models is identified by the relative analysis conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an end-to-end optical camera communications (OCC) system using an autoencoder neural network trained to recover the transmitted symbols. Although OCC techniques have been extensively studied in the literature, using an autoencoder that learns the transmitter and receiver functions jointly is a novel concept with significant prospects. Furthermore, we investigate the performance impact caused by the overlooked optical-to-electrical (O2E) conversion process of real-world OCC receivers. The autoencoder learning model captures these typically undesired changes in image sensors for the design of constellation symbols and reception schemes. For the simulation, we constructed an end-to-end autoencoder for a color space-based OCC system and measured the O2E performance effect. The proposed autoencoder communication system is analyzed and compared using the symbol error rate (SER) across various OCC detection systems. Despite the subtle spectral responsivity variations in image sensors, our numerical results indicate that the autoencoder model can learn to recover the transmitted data while minimizing SER and meeting the lighting requirements. These findings may interest a broad range of applications, particularly in IoT sensor networks. Among all the image sensors we studied, the OCC system with Bayer CFA-based signal detection showed superior performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tremendous growth the pharmaceutical field witnessed especially concerning drug-development, caused drug-related experiments such as those concerned with estimating their interactions with targets harder to conduct. This issue led researchers to transition from vivo and vitro to selico experimenting methods, which deploy artificial intelligence (AI) techniques such as recommender systems (RS) to solve problems at hand. However, most RSs depend on global features such as indices, which render them incapable of fully understanding the behaviors of individuals. In this paper, we introduce our Convolutional Recurrent Deep Learning model-based RS approach, or 'RSCRDL', which tackles the interaction prediction problem from a natural language processing approach's (NLP) point of view. RSCDRL processes the textual representations of both protein sequences and drugs in order to learn the implicit features of the tokens forming them, rendering it able to process unseen and non-reactive individuals indirectly. We also present a greedier variant of RSCRDL that can exploit additional drugs explicit features for better predictive abilities. Experiments performed on two real-world datasets show significant outperformance achieved by our models over two general-purpose state-of-the-art RSs, while other experiments conducted on orphan protein sequences helped deduce drug candidates that are assumed to be capable of inhibiting their activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predictive maintenance advocates the use of artificial intelligence to analyze big data and provides support for monitoring health conditions and planning maintenance activities in smart manufacturing systems. However, deep networks with massive parameters incur high computational costs, hindering its practical applications. Knowledge distillation (KD) transfers knowledge from a deep network to a lightweight network at the cost of an evident decline in diagnostic accuracy. Instead of an accuracy-size trade-off, a framework for creating a lightweight residual network with higher diagnostic accuracy is proposed in this paper. First, the generalization ability of the teacher network is enhanced based on a domain-adversarial neural network (DANN) with normalization attention mechanism (NAM) and ResNet18. Then, a small student network, ResNet6, efficiently learns the knowledge from its well-learned teacher network through the improved probability KD (IPKD) and uniform quantization. The IPKD is designed to obtain the utmost knowledge, represented as probability distributions of labels and feature space, and narrow the gap between teacher and student networks. Meanwhile, the uniform quantization is incorporated into the distillation process for quantization and distillation co-optimization, further compressing the student network. Experiments on two open-source and one wheelset bearing sets are conducted for performance verification and comparison. The results demonstrate that the obtained lightweight student network has a similar accuracy to the deep network for cross-domain fault diagnosis of bearings with various damages and speeds, even bearing sources, and its quantized network has a much smaller size while retaining a comparatively similar accuracy, which makes it more practical for actual industrial equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has significant potential in Earth sciences, particularly in mineral identification for industrial exploration, geological mapping, and archaeological research. However, traditional methods are time-consuming, expensive, and complex. And existing mineral identification methods based on mineral photos face several critical challenges, including lack of consideration for natural image features captured in real environments, limitations of single-label classification which does not align with multi-mineral occurrences in nature, and growing computational complexity as the number of identifiable mineral labels increases. Therefore, this paper proposes an efficient mineral identification model based on multi-label image classification, focusing on natural environmental features. First, realistic feature datasets are created by simulating mineral photos in real environments. Then, the model uses the query-label (Query2Label) framework, with MaxViT-T (Multi-Axis Vision Transformer-Tiny) as the feature extraction network and the asymmetric loss function. Knowledge distillation is employed to improve identification accuracy while reducing computational complexity. The proposed model achieves an impressive average identification accuracy of 84.74% on a dataset of 495,756 mineral photos, surpassing existing models like ResNet-101, ML-GCN (Multi-Label Graph Convolutional Network), and SRN (Spatial Regularization Net). It maintains a lower parameter count and computational complexity. In the end, ablation experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of each optimization scheme. • Selecting image noise and color shift methods for realistic mineral data simulation. • Proposing an enhanced two-stage image multi-Label identification model framework. • Applying knowledge distillation for multi-label classification subtask decomposition. • Being with low computational complexity and high mineral identification accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasing use of Machine Learning models in high stakes decision making settings, it has become increasingly important to have tools to understand how models arrive at decisions. Assuming an already trained Supervised Classification model, post-hoc explanations can be obtained via so-called counterfactual analysis: a counterfactual explanation of an instance indicates how this instance should be minimally modified so that the perturbed instance is classified in the desired class by the given Machine Learning classification model. Most of the Counterfactual Analysis literature focuses on the single-instance single-counterfactual setting, in which the analysis is done for one single instance to provide one single counterfactual explanation. Taking a stakeholder's perspective, in this paper we introduce the so-called collective counterfactual explanations. By means of novel Mathematical Optimization models, we provide a counterfactual explanation for each instance in a group of interest, so that the total cost of the perturbations is minimized under some linking constraints. Making the process of constructing counterfactuals collective instead of individual enables us to detect the features that are critical to the entire dataset to have the individuals classified in the desired class. Our methodology allows for some instances to be treated individually, as in the single-instance single-counterfactual case, performing the collective counterfactual analysis for a fraction of records of the group of interest. This way, outliers are identified and handled appropriately. Under some assumptions on the classifier and the space in which counterfactuals are sought, finding collective counterfactual explanations is reduced to solving a convex quadratic linearly constrained mixed integer optimization problem, which, for datasets of moderate size, can be solved to optimality using existing solvers. The performance of our approach is illustrated on real-world datasets, demonstrating its usefulness. • A new model for Explainable Artificial Intelligence is proposed. • Counterfactual Explanations for a full group of individuals are sought. • Sparsity both at individual and group level is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimal path planning is a fundamental problem in artificial intelligence (AI) and has wide applications in areas such as robotics, transportation, and logistics. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for ordering algorithms in pathfinding problems using the concept of shell layers. Our approach aims to improve the computational efficiency and distance cost of ordering algorithms. To evaluate the effectiveness of our approach, we compare it with five state-of-the-art techniques commonly used in the field of ordering algorithms on eight different scenarios with varying configurations. Our results show that our proposed approach outperformed the state-of-the-art techniques in terms of time-computational complexity and distance cost in most of the scenarios, demonstrating its potential as a new state-of-the-art technique for ordering algorithms. Specifically, our approach outperformed the nearest neighbor, A*, branch and bound, Christofides, and genetics ordering algorithms. However, we also identified two specific situations where our approach was outperformed by two state-of-the-art algorithms due to the specific distribution of the goal nodes. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating and comparing ordering algorithms in various scenarios. Our approach has significant implications for AI research and development, as it has the potential to improve the performance of pathfinding algorithms in various applications. We also discuss the limitations of our approach and potential areas for further research, such as investigating the effectiveness of our approach in different types of graphs and exploring the potential use of machine learning techniques to optimize the shell layer construction. The code for this study is available at https://github.com/abdullah1aloush1/MuGONA. • Equally-spaced nodes formed over workspace with obstacles, optimizing search process. • Efficient neighboring graph built for equally-spaced nodes, reducing complexity. • Path optimization for navigation by ordering goal nodes, reducing time and distance. • Path smoothing for navigation via interpolation to yield a trajectory on path nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Knowledge Discovery from Data (KDD) process is widely used across various domains to get valuable insights from data. Many platforms, like KNIME or RapidMiner, offer effective tools for KDD analysts, allowing them to perform data analytics tasks in a visual fashion, without writing code. In recent years, the increasing availability of mobility data has led to a surge in KDD-based initiatives from both industry and academia in the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) domain. Still, KDD platforms lack comprehensive support for some typical mobility data manipulation tasks. As a result, mobility data analysis still requires a significant coding phase, with reduced productivity and hindered replicability of results. To address this gap, this paper presents a novel solution aimed at supporting ITS data analysts in defining KDD processes more efficiently. More in detail, we extended the KNIME platform by introducing a collection of new components explicitly tailored to facilitate some peculiar KDD tasks from mobility data. These components encompass critical functionalities such as map coverage analysis, trajectory partitioning and map-matching. To showcase the effectiveness of the proposed solution, we used it to replicate a study published in the ITS data analytics domain. Thanks to our proposal, such replication can be accomplished in a few minutes and with just a few clicks, without any manual coding, resulting in a pipeline that is easier to understand, distribute and re-execute, also for domain experts with no programming experience. Our solution is open-source and freely downloadable from the Knime Hub. In this way, we aim to foster data-driven research and practice in the ITS field, by providing researchers and practitioners with more effective analytics tools to handle mobility data. • Visual analytics platforms lack support for handling mobility data in ITS scenarios. • We present a visual-based toolkit to support mobility data analytics for ITS. • The solution allows practitioners to perform complex analyses without writing code. • The solution is open-source and integrated within the KNIME Analytics Platform. • The effectiveness of the solution is assessed in a real-world ITS analytics scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Developing an effective quantum self-supervised learning framework for time series data analysis. • Improving the learning capability of LSTM using quantum methods. • Identifying specific and effective time series data augmentation techniques for improved pretext learning. • Devising suitable quantum encoding technique specific for time series data in hand. • Improving the predictive learning ability for the downstream task in hand using transfer learning. Technologies such as Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Internet of Things has made unobtrusive mental health monitoring a reality. Since, obtaining a large-scale labelled dataset for mental health conditions is a big challenge; the self-supervised contrastive learning frameworks are more suitable for developing such systems. This paper presents a novel Quantum Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) based Contrastive Learning framework for continuous mental health monitoring by leveraging LSTM's strengths in time series data analytics aiding it with the benefits of quantum computation, contrastive learning, and transfer learning. In the pretext task of the contrastive learning framework, a quantum guided LSTM base-encoder is developed for effective representational learning. The learnt model is then fine-tuned by training it with a small labelled dataset to further enhance its prediction capability. Experiments were carried out on seven benchmark datasets related to mental health conditions. With the enhanced representational and prediction abilities, the proposed model has shown superior performance over traditional ones. On heart rate variability dataset collected from (Schmidt et al., 2018), it achieves the greatest F1-score of 0.99. The paired t -test at 95% confidence level demonstrates that the proposed model outperforms the other related models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the latest designing and interacting technology used to support organizations in the competitive electronic commerce (E-commerce) context. The studies on AI in E-commerce remain fragmentary since few papers review the evolutionary process of knowledge infrastructure. To bridge this gap, we constructed a conceptual framework from the resource orchestration perspective, and retrieved 2252 documents from the Web of Science (WoS) database dating from 1998 to 2022 to synthesize the extant research on AI in E-commerce. Specifically, we integrated main path analysis with science mapping analysis covering the strategic diagram and evolution map. Through qualitative analysis of critical nodes in main paths, this article found that knowledge disseminated around recommender systems (RSs). This article also examined the performance traits and inter-relationships of significant themes over three consecutive time zones, as well as identified four main AI-enabled outcomes (thematic areas): Optimization and decision support , Trust and personalized recommendation , Sentiment analysis, and AI theories with allied technologies. Potential research prospects and implications are proposed based on these findings. Overall, this article provides state-of-the-art information on how AI can facilitate the implementation of E-commerce operations and could serve as a stepping stone to newcomers in the scientific community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the emergence of artificial intelligence, deep learning techniques have been widely deployed in forecasting stock markets. However, existing deep-learning-based models for news-based forecasts of stock trends are mostly black-box and difficult to explain. The procedure by which how final predictions are made within models keeps unknown, making it hard to interpret why one prediction should be better than the other. To provide explanations on predictions, this paper proposes to inject causal inference into model procedures and causally interpret predictions. We first generate a causal graph from financial news, and then integrate the information in the causal graph into a neural network model for stock trend prediction. Moreover, in order to better extract keywords from financial news we introduce a novel keyword extraction method named Distinguishable Word Filtering by Kolmogorov–Smirnov Test (DWF-KST). The experiment results on five financial datasets demonstrate that not only our proposed model explicitly provides an interpretation of prediction results, but also outperforms the state-of-art methods. the achieved results boost predictions of S&P 500 2-category from 89.7% to 97.4%, 3-category from 77.4% to 82.5%, and 5-category from 61.5% to 71.6%. For the other two indexes, the performances of Dow index improve from 86.2% to 90.2% and Nasdaq index improve from 76.4% to 78.9%. • We propose a method for stock trend prediction. • We use causal inference based on unstructured data. • Improve the interpretability of DL-based stock prediction models. • We propose DWF-KST for keyword selection in financial news. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since there have been more and more incidents of women being harassed in the recent past, girls need to think twice before going out of their houses. Sometimes, they are not even safe in their house or workplace. These circumstance does not change for children of all genders who stay alone because of their working parents or for other reasons. Also, there is no such organized procedure to ensure safety and take women and children out of such violence and harassment. To address this problem, the authors of this paper developed an Android-based automated system to detect danger for women and children using audio from the surroundings. As the Android phone is available to everyone nowadays, they focused on using this device rather than developing a system on some external hardware. Different signal processing methods with deep learning techniques are used for this work. This work also addresses noise from the environment for any chaos and nullifies them using different noise reduction techniques such as Reduce Energy Noise, Reduce Mel Frequency Cepstrum Coefficient (MFCC) up Noise, Reduce Median Noise, Reduce Centroid Noise, Audio DeNoise, Noisereduce by Sainburf et al. & Butterworth high pass filter. The Noisereduce by Sainburg et al. along with the InceptionV3 model architecture turns out to be the best to classify audio with 95.51% accuracy. A new model called AudioViT is introduced. It uses a Visual Transformer and Residual Network to identify the audio signal. The Android application also takes necessary action when any unfavorable situation is detected. Android device users can use this application without any cost, which will pave the way to ensure the safety of women and children. • Taking help from technology to ensure our family member's security. • A self-sufficient application to detect danger from audio signals. • Uses Android and Python to collect, process, and analyze audio and take action. • Tried several deep learning and noise reduction models to reach the best combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]