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Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is an immunomodulatory protein holding major metabolic and immune functions. It is involved in several inflammatory processes and induced by cytokines of the interleukin-1 family known as contributors to the morbidity in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The possible role of LCN2 in predicting outcome and course of illness has never been elucidated in patients undergoing HSCT for hematologic malignancies. We conducted a prospective cohort study including 40 patients following autologous or allogeneic HSCT by collecting plasma samples at seven time points with respect to GVHD, relapse, and outcome. LCN2 levels were significantly increased in acute patients with GVHD compared with autologous and healthy controls (125.7 ng/mL vs. 65.9 and 71.4 ng/mL) and correlated with its severity. Similarly, LCN2 levels were significantly elevated in chronic GHVD compared with autologous and healthy controls (295.0 ng/mL vs. 54.9 and 76.5 ng/mL). Moreover, LCN2 correlated with mortality. The suspected role of LCN2 as a predictive parameter for outcome and prognosis needs to be further investigated., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Inc.)