1. Evolutionary and social consequences of introgression of nontransgenic herbicide resistance from rice to weedy rice in Brazil
- Author
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Alcido Elenor Wander, Aldo Merotto, Valmir Gaedke Menezes, Augusto Kalsing, Anderson Luis Nunes, Catarine Markus, Ives Clayton Gomes dos Reis Goulart, Aldo Merotto Junior, UFRGS, IVES CLAYTON GOMES DOS REIS GOULART, CNPF, Anderson L. Nunes, IFRS, Augusto Kalsing, Dow AgroSciences, Catarine Markus, UFRGS, Valmir G. Menezes, IRGA, and ALCIDO ELENOR WANDER, CNPAF.
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Clearfield TM ,Imazethapyr ,outcrossing ,Population ,Biodiversity ,Introgression ,Fluxo de genes ,ClearfieldTM ,Biology ,Outcrossing ,01 natural sciences ,imazethapyr ,Gene flow ,Fitness ,herbicide resistance ,Genetics ,Cultivar ,education ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Red rice ,food and beverages ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,fitness ,Biotechnology ,Herbicide resistance ,Agronomy ,Arroz ,Agriculture ,acetolactate synthase ,Herbicida ,Acetolactate synthase ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,red rice ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,gene flow ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,business ,Reviews and Syntheses ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Weedy rice - Abstract
Several studies have expressed concerns about the effects of gene flow from transgenic herbicide‐resistant crops to their wild relatives, but no major problems have been observed. This review describes a case study in which what has been feared in transgenics regarding gene flow has actually changed biodiversity and people's lives. Nontransgenic imidazolinone‐resistant rice (IMI‐rice) cultivars increased the rice grain yield by 50% in southern Brazil. This increase was beneficial for life quality of the farmers and also improved the regional economy. However, weedy rice resistant to imidazolinone herbicides started to evolve three years after the first use of IMI‐rice cultivars. Population genetic studies indicate that the herbicide‐resistant weedy rice was mainly originated from gene flow from resistant cultivars and distributed by seed migration. The problems related with herbicide‐resistant weedy rice increased the production costs of rice that forced farmers to sell or rent their land. Gene flow from cultivated rice to weedy rice has proven to be a large agricultural, economic, and social constraint in the use of herbicide‐resistant technologies in rice. This problem must be taken into account for the development of new transgenic or nontransgenic rice technologies.
- Published
- 2016
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