198 results
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2. Résister sous les tropiques. Les réseaux de résistance en Indochine (1940-1945).
- Author
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Pollack, Guillaume
- Subjects
WORLD War II ,POLITICAL movements -- History ,FRENCH politics & government ,HISTORY of Indochina ,HISTORY ,TWENTIETH century ,ARMED Forces - Abstract
Copyright of European Review of History is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Appeals for European solidarity as calls for colonial violence: British and German public debates around 1900.
- Author
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Methfessel, Christian
- Subjects
SOLIDARITY ,VIOLENCE ,WORLD War I ,IMPERIALISM ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
While recent scholarship has emphasized the role of the colonial experience in the development of the idea of Europe and European integration, notions of European solidarity in the age of imperialism have largely been ignored. This paper investigates the specific context in which journalists and politicians voiced such pleas for solidarity, explores the motivations for them, and probes their limits in times of tension. A closer look at the actors involved illustrates the strictures placed on ideas of European solidarity and illuminates the limited potential of projects of integration prior to 1914. However, latter considerations notwithstanding, a discourse on European solidarity in a colonial context did emerge in the decades before the First World War, allowing early proponents of integration to view colonialism as a field for common European action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. History, memory and ‘lessons learnt’ for humanitarian practitioners.
- Author
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Taithe, Bertrand and Borton, John
- Subjects
HUMANITARIANISM ,MEMORY ,NONGOVERNMENTAL organizations ,HUMANITARIAN assistance ,INTERNATIONAL economic assistance ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article concludes the special issue on the history of humanitarian aid by reflecting on the role of memory and history in relation to humanitarian aid. To address a special issue as a conclusion is to embrace the opportunity to reflect on its papers, aims and ambitions. It is also for us an opportunity to reflect on the role history has for a community of practice often forging ahead in response to the latest demands and emergencies. Historical thinking is now coming into greater salience for the world of humanitarian aid because, we argue, the ‘humanitarian sector’ has grown and aged – and professionalized and institutionalized. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Unpunishable crimes? The Belgian judiciary and violence against collaborators 1944–51.
- Author
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Zurné, Jan Julia
- Subjects
COLLABORATIONISTS (Traitors) ,POLITICAL violence -- History ,PROSECUTION ,BELGIAN history, 1914- ,POST-World War II Period ,COURTS ,ANTI-Nazi movement ,GERMAN occupation of Belgium, 1940-1945 ,HISTORY - Abstract
In the aftermath of the Second World War in Europe, violence inflicted on supporters of the former regimes was ubiquitous. In this paper, the author looks at how the Belgian judiciary dealt with this violence. A case study in the judicial district of Brussels shows that hardly any post-liberation cases of violence inflicted on (alleged) collaborators by members of resistance groups were brought before a court. Although the public prosecutor investigated the attacks in depth, practical, legal and pragmatic considerations made it difficult or impossible to bring the cases before a judge. At a practical level, the profile of both the victims and the perpetrators of such violence hindered the investigations. At a legal level, a decree-law issued one year after the liberation amnestied members of resistance organizations who had committed crimes in the context of their resistance activities. Apart from this legal context, the judiciary pragmatically took account of public reaction to their prosecution policy. Prosecuting those who had attacked collaborators would not only disturb public order, but could also harm the position of the judiciary itself, which was trying to reaffirm its legitimacy after the troubled occupation period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Italy during the Rhine Crisis of 1840.
- Author
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Sedivy, Miroslav
- Subjects
EUROPEAN politics & government -- 1815-1848 ,BOUNDARY disputes ,FRENCH foreign relations ,GREAT powers (International relations) ,HISTORY of diplomacy ,DIPLOMATIC history ,NINETEENTH century ,HISTORY ,REIGN of Louis Philippe, France, 1830-1848 ,EUROPEAN history, 1815-1871 ,GEOGRAPHIC boundaries ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
The paper addresses the impact of the Rhine Crisis of 1840 on Italian countries and explains the role they played in the European State System when the Continent seemed to be on the eve of a general war. As the paper attempts to prove, the crisis seriously alarmed the ruling classes as well as the general public and revealed the internal problems of the Italian countries as well as their deep distrust towards the egotistic and self-serving policies of the Great Powers. The paper therefore introduces the history of Italy during late 1840 within the wider context of European diplomatic history and serves as a probe into the history of the European State System during the Pre-March period in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Global culture fronts: the Alliance Française and the cultural propaganda of the Free French.
- Author
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Horne, Janet R.
- Subjects
CULTURAL history ,INTERNATIONAL alliances ,HISTORY - Abstract
In January 1941, F.R. Cowell of the Spears Commission expressed the hope that the British and the Free French might 'make some use of the wreckage of the Alliance Française now scattered around the world'. Although the Alliance was 'hopelessly lost' in places such as Japan and the Balkans, it was not, he argued, 'justifiable to let the whole business go by default'. In this essay, the author adopts a global lens to analyse this putative 'wreckage' of the Alliance and to suggest that the notion of a 'global culture front' might be a productive way of investigating the remnants of the Alliance's international network. What was the significance of the wartime Alliance in the United States, Egypt, Indonesia, Brazil or Uruguay? What role did it play, or fail to play, as a support platform for the cultural propaganda of the Free French? What was the role of French culture, per se, in this complex and shifting political terrain? Part of a larger cultural history of the Alliance Française, this paper explores how representatives of the Free French and of the Vichy regime engaged in mutual surveillance of cultural and political activity within Alliance networks and intervened to shape events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Keeping designs and brands authentic: the resurgence of the post-war French fashion business under the challenge of US mass production.
- Author
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Pouillard, Veronique
- Subjects
CLOTHING industry ,FRENCH influences on fashion ,MASS production ,READY-to-wear clothing ,HAUTE couture ,TREND setters ,TWENTIETH century ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,HISTORY - Abstract
This paper describes the strategies of the French fashion business to authenticate its designs and brands under the challenge of mass-produced ready-to-wear clothing by US manufacturers. It focuses on the 1950s as a pivotal moment in fashion history, as the older model of elite fashion ‘trickling down’ to the lower strata of garment production made way for a multiplicity of trendsetters and a democratisation of fashion. Starting from a situation in which New York-based manufacturers produced low-price copies of Parisian designs, the paper analyses the various strategies of French fashion producers to get control over the exploitation of their designs. As attempts to secure international copyright for fashion designs failed, Parisian designers brought out tie-in products and boutique lines and managed to shift the authenticity of their work from the design to the brand. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
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9. Colonial encounters, local knowledge and the making of the cartographic archive in the Venetian Peloponnese.
- Author
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Stouraiti, Anastasia
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY & imperialism ,HISTORY of cartography ,VENETIAN Settlements, Peloponnesus, Greece, 1204-1715 ,CROSS-cultural communication ,SURVEYING (Engineering) ,HISTORY of Venice, Italy, 1508-1797 ,HISTORY - Abstract
Current research on the cartography of the Venetian Empire rests on a state-centred perspective which reduces maps to mere technical tools in the service of maritime expansion and colonial government. In contrast, this paper argues that such an approach cannot sufficiently account for the multiple ethnocartographic transactions between Venetian authorities and local communities which defined Venetian map-making projects. Taking the seventeenth-century conquest of the Peloponnese as its focus, the paper proposes to rethink the Venetian cartographic archive as constituted through a set of socio-cultural and political practices involving both colonial surveyors and native inhabitants. By analysing the assemblage of cartographic knowledge in the context of the encounter between colonisers and colonised, the paper examines topographical surveys as the product of cross-cultural communication shaped through negotiation, competition and unequal dialogue. Ultimately, the paper aims to show the heuristic value of a dialogic approach to cartography for a better understanding of both the colonial society of the Venetian Peloponnese and the making of knowledge in Venice's overseas empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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10. Image, word and the antiquity of ruins.
- Author
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Kahane, Ahuvia
- Subjects
EXTINCT cities ,COMPARATIVE grammar ,BUILDINGS ,GRAMMAR ,AUTHORS ,ANTIQUITIES ,PSYCHOLOGY ,HISTORY - Abstract
This paper considers the ruin as a special genre of representation involving special objects. The paper examines the temporality of the ruin, the mediality of the ruin – especially the relation between image and word – and the historical positioning of the idea of the ruin in relation to antiquity and the modern era. The author analyzes aspects of the basic visual and phenomenological “grammar” of the ruin and comments on some of the implications for our understanding of the representation of history and historical change. The ruin's “deep sense of voicefullness” (as Ruskin calls it) is conveyed precisely through the silence of the material remains (and hence also their quality as images). The ruin, the paper argues, is as much an ancient idea as it is a product of modernity, but it allows us, paradoxically, both to understand times other than our own and to maintain historical difference and to keep a distance from the past. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
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11. Mitterrand’s Europe: functions and limits of ‘European solidarity’ in French policy during the 1980s.
- Author
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Schotters, Frederike
- Subjects
SOLIDARITY ,EUROPEAN foreign relations ,INTERNATIONAL relations policy ,FRENCH foreign relations ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This paper explores the conceptualization and interpretation of ‘European solidarity’ by the French President François Mitterrand. It discusses the relevance of former concepts of foreign and European policy. It differentiates between a European idea and European institutions, also taking into account personal experiences. Finally, it analyses the correlation between different concepts such as ‘European solidarity’, ‘transatlantic solidarity’, ‘West European solidarity’ and ‘pan-European solidarity’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Local politics during the First World War: political players in the armaments center Wiener Neustadt.
- Author
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Schmitner, Sabine
- Subjects
WORLD War I ,WORLD War I & politics ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article focuses on the interdependencies between local political activities and war order. Did the state of emergency and other legal aspects of war order open a space of total power for the state? Based on the experience of the Austrian Armaments Centre Wiener Neustadt, the author argues that local politicians as important mediators between state and townspeople possessed power too. As formal political players and local authorities, they played an important role in establishing and keeping up the war order in terms of administration and morality. Three political parties sent out politicians to serve as members of the local council: Deutschnationale (German Nationals), Sozialdemokraten (Social Democrats) and Christlichsoziale (Christian Socials). As members of the local council, the politicians concentrated on organizing town life during war. As party-political players, they followed their party-political agendas. By aligning with the government’s war order, the three parties were able to make the First World War “their” war. Based on the perspective of governmentality understood as organized practices by which people are governed, this paper analyzes how Party Political Discourses produced and reproduced ideas of war and how to behave during war, as well as how social structures and spaces supported party political positioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. The Wehrmann in Eisen: nailed statues as barometers of Habsburg social order during the First World War.
- Author
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Densford, Kathryn E.
- Subjects
STATUES ,AUSTRO-Turkish wars ,SOCIAL order ,WORLD War I ,PATRIOTISM ,HISTORY - Abstract
Beginning in early 1915, large nailed statues appeared across Austria-Hungary. These statues, which were carved of wood and covered in nails, took different forms. The most common was a shield or medieval knight, the Wehrmann in Eisen. Often placed in prominent public spaces, these statues became focal points for ceremonies aimed at uniting the local population in support of the Habsburg war effort. The rhetoric concerning these statues, used by officials in unveiling ceremonies and reproduced in newspapers, reinforced notions of wartime sacrifice expected of all citizens. This paper examines these nailed statues in both halves of the Dual Monarchy, arguing that these statues served an important function in the Habsburg wartime project to promote widespread patriotism and in the process upheld traditional gendered social order. Ultimately, these nailed statues and the events that took place at them exemplify efforts by those in positions of authority to maintain traditional gendered social order in wartime through this symbol of male battlefront sacrifice. The varied afterlives of these statues indicate the degree to which the statues failed to unite the Monarchy around a common Habsburg wartime project and were subject to use for political ends in the successor states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Transnational militancy in Cold-War Europe: gender, human rights, and the WIDF during the Greek Civil War.
- Author
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Poulos, Margarite
- Subjects
GREEK Civil War, 1944-1949 ,WOMEN ,HISTORY of human rights ,DEMOCRATIZATION ,DEMOCRACY ,HISTORY ,TWENTIETH century - Abstract
This paper examines the involvement of the Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF) in the politics of the Greek Civil War (1946-1949). The article's specific focus is on the organisation's international campaigns for the end of state-sanctioned persecution of leftists, especially women, and the re-instatement of democracy in Greece, utilising the expanding human-rights system at the United Nations. It draws on selected WIDF and United Nations (UN) documents, in addition to primary and secondary materials relating to the cold war and the Greek Civil War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Improving the use of history by the international humanitarian sector.
- Author
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Nicholas Borton, John
- Subjects
HUMANITARIAN assistance ,HISTORIOGRAPHY ,HISTORY & sociology ,HUMANITARIAN intervention ,HUMANITARIANISM ,NONGOVERNMENTAL organization personnel ,ACADEMIC discourse ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article challenges the often implicit assumption by historians working on humanitarian history that their work is being read and used by present-day humanitarian workers. Key characteristics of the modern-day humanitarian sector are highlighted, including the unpredictable and often inadequate levels of funding, stressful working conditions and high staff turnover. The article argues that, to a significant degree, the humanitarian sector is ahistorical and locked into a state of ‘perpetual present’. Two principal obstacles to the greater use of historical knowledge within the present-day humanitarian sector are identified as being the limited accessibility of the available literature on humanitarian history and the perceptions that the work of humanitarian historians is of limited relevance. The paper concludes by describing recent initiatives including the planned humanitarianhistory.org website which is intended to improve the accessibility of the available literature and facilitate engagement and co-production between historians and humanitarian workers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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16. Famine and the changing role of NGOs: an Irish perspective.
- Author
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Gráda, Cormac Ó
- Subjects
NONGOVERNMENTAL organizations ,FAMINES ,FOOD relief ,HISTORY ,SOCIAL history - Abstract
The paper discusses how the recent history of famine has influenced the mission of relief-oriented non-governmental organisations (NGOs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Re-education in times of transitional justice: the case of the Dutch and Belgian collaborators after the Second World War.
- Author
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Grevers, Helen
- Subjects
COLLABORATIONISTS in World War II ,RECONSTRUCTION (1939-1951) ,BELGIAN history, 1914- ,HISTORY of the Netherlands, 1945- ,TRANSITIONAL justice ,EDUCATION of prisoners ,HISTORY of war & society ,DENAZIFICATION ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
After the liberation of the Second World War, the governing parties in both Belgium and The Netherlands agreed that it was necessary to punish the collaborators. But the notion that the large majority had to be ‘re-educated’ for social reintegration also very soon prevailed in both countries. Collaborators had to be ‘cured’ to become full democratic national citizens again, and their punishment was designed to achieve this. Although in the last few decades the research scope of transitional justice has developed greatly and has contributed to an ever more nuanced picture of the punishment of collaboration in the post-war period, the question of to what extent prisons were used as places to ‘improve’ enemies of the state during a regime change has largely been overlooked. But precisely by studying the execution of the punishment, underlying ideologies and interests are exposed, and we can see how well defined citizenship was. This paper, with the aid of the Dutch–Belgian comparison, considers how post-war re-education was approached in those countries and what this says about the meaning of imprisonment during regime changes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Masculinity and political geographies in England, Ireland and North America.
- Author
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Kane, Brendan
- Subjects
HISTORY of masculinity ,POLITICAL geography ,BRITISH history, 1485- ,BRITISH colonies ,HISTORY of cartography ,HISTORY - Abstract
Historians have recently turned their attention to the place of masculinity in the politics of early-modern England. This essay widens that exploration to include the imperial settings of Ireland and North America. Drawing upon a range of English- and Irish-language sources – including political treatises, maps, state papers and court poetry – it contends that manhood, as a relational value between men, helped structure the form and character of politics in the metropole, the kingdom of Ireland and the American colonies. In all of those settings, the definition of acceptable male behaviour was different, the effect being that political action and theory in each place took on unique features. Consequently, the essay cautions against studying England and its colonies as distinct units of historical analysis and calls for further exploration of the particularities of colonial settings and their influence on the imperial centre. Moreover, the essay aims to demonstrate that masculinity, particularly contest over its proper expression, is an agent in historical change, in this case helping to shape political theory and practice as England developed into a multiple monarchy and budding imperial power in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Invincible blades and invulnerable bodies: weapons magic in early-modern Germany.
- Author
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Tlusty, B. Ann
- Subjects
MAGIC -- History ,GERMAN history, 1517-1871 ,MEN ,HISTORY of masculinity ,MEDICINE ,SWORDS ,FIREARMS -- History ,GERMANIC magic ,HISTORY - Abstract
In the world of the occult, as in other realms, the tools and methods chosen by women and men reflected acceptable ways of ‘doing’ gender. This paper will concentrate on magical spells and blessings intended to give men an advantage in sword fights, make them invulnerable, or turn them into perfect marksmen. Because magical practices associated with guns and blades were related to early-modern thinking about masculine power and performance, they were less harshly treated than the kind of magic more often associated with women. Many of these hypermasculine spells drew on contemporary medical beliefs about natural sympathies, including the idea that sympathies existed between the dead and the living. For this reason, invulnerability and weapon spells usually included materials from male corpses (for example, body parts, moss growing on dead men's skulls, and so on). As learned belief in natural magic waned during the Enlightenment, stories of magic blades and bullets retreated from courts and battlefields into the world of fiction and fantasy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. One continent, one language? Europa Celtica and its language in Philippus Cluverius' Germania antiqua (1616) and beyond.
- Author
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Van Hal, Toon
- Subjects
MONOLINGUALISM ,INDO-European languages ,PROTO-Celtic language ,EUROPE in literature ,HISTORY ,SEVENTEENTH century ,INTELLECTUAL life - Abstract
Today's European Union is keen to point out that one of Europe's main characteristics is its linguistic diversity. Some early-modern scholars, however, emphasised the notion of European monolingualism, even though Europe's linguistic diversity was as obvious in the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries as it is today. These scholars advanced the argument that, in a distant past, Europeans had spoken one single language. This article focuses on the first scholar to really substantiate this idea. In his voluminous Germania antiqua (1616), the Leiden founder of historical geography, Philippus Cluverius, set out to prove that Europe had once largely been populated by people who shared one single language and a set of distinctive customs. After analysing Cluverius' argument and his linguistic image of Europe, the article will outline the intellectual background behind his claims and map his work's impact on later representations of Europe in terms of language. Even when most early-modern scholars admittedly rejected the idea of Europe as a historical linguistic unity, the paper will show that the notion of Europe was a crucial point of reference in the linguistic scholarship of the early-modern period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Popular Music in Germany, 1900–1930: A Case of Americanisation? Uncovering a European Trajectory of Music Production into the Twentieth Century.
- Author
-
Nathaus, Klaus
- Subjects
POPULAR music ,AMERICANIZATION ,SHEET music publishers ,JAZZ ,CULTURAL production ,MUSIC industry ,TAYLORISM (Management) ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article discusses the thesis that popular music in early twentieth-century Germany was Americanised by shifting the focus from the meaning and reception of music to the way it was produced and disseminated by professionals, from music publishers and composers to bandleaders and critics. Firstly, it stresses a key difference in the way the music business was modernised on both sides of the Atlantic around 1900. While in the US the sheet-music trade became ‘Taylorised’, the music business in Germany, as elsewhere in Continental Europe, was transformed into a rights industry. Secondly, the paper highlights the prominence of Austrian music producers and their repertoire in Germany and suggests that, at least in a business sense, popular music in Germany was Austrianised rather than Americanised. Thirdly, it proposes that ‘Jazz’ after the First World War was hardly a straightforward import of American culture, but a site where incumbents and newcomers to the music profession struggled for position. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Americanised, Europeanised or nationalised? The film industry in Europe under the influence of Hollywood, 1927–1968.
- Author
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Merziger, Patrick
- Subjects
MOTION picture industry ,AMERICANIZATION ,NATIONALISM ,POPULAR films ,FILM periodicals ,NATIONAL socialism & motion pictures ,IMPORT quotas ,HISTORY ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY of nationalism ,HISTORY of the motion picture industry - Abstract
In most film histories of the twentieth century Hollywood's dominance has been indisputable. Apparently, European filmmakers were always facing one choice: either imitating the American style or finding a niche in the Hollywood system. This dominance is often referred to as evidence for an ‘Americanisation’ of popular culture in Europe. This article shows that this narrative leaves out a central development between 1927 and 1968: the nationalisation of popular European cinema. The paper asks which conditions facilitated and shaped national film cultures and shows how the political regulation of production in European countries, the momentum of the market, technology and the national industries contributed to the nationalisation of European film. Ultimately, however, the productions of these national cinemas resonated with audiences who sustained them for years following the Second World War. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Popular tourism in Western Europe and the US in the twentieth century: a tale of different trajectories.
- Author
-
Kopper, Christopher
- Subjects
TOURISM ,AMERICANIZATION ,CONSUMERISM ,VACATIONS -- Social aspects ,COMMODIFICATION ,HISTORY ,TWENTIETH century ,MANNERS & customs - Abstract
Historians have labelled the development of modern mass-consumer societies in Europe as a process of ‘Americanisation’. Until today, the consumption of immaterial goods like vacations has been rather neglected by historiography. The purpose of this article is to verify the hypothesis that the United States served as a role model for European vacationing patterns and the evolution of the European travel industry. The paper demonstrates that a simple model of ‘Americanisation’ does not adequately represent the process of partial imitation, adaptation and alteration of American travel patterns through European societies and, more particular, through European holiday providers. National traditions and cultural differences of vacationing continue to exist until today. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Coming to Terms with the Stasi: History and Memory in the Bautzen Memorial.
- Author
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Thomas, Marcel
- Subjects
COLLECTIVE memory ,HISTORICAL controversies ,MEMORIALS ,PRISONS ,EAST German history ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This paper examines the role played by the encounter of history and personal memories in the difficult process of coming to terms with the Stasi in present-day eastern Germany. While historians have made substantial progress over the last two decades in accounting for the wide range of ways in which the German Democratic Republic (GDR) is remembered by East Germans, the memorials and museums of the reunified Germany remain unable to integrate memories of dictatorial oppression and happiness in everyday life. Sites commemorating state repression are thus often assumed to lack impact on former GDR citizens whose memories differ from official versions of history. These assumptions are tested for the Bautzen Memorial, formerly known as the ‘celebrities’ prison' of the East German Ministry of State Security. Focusing on the differing receptions of GDR memorial sites, this article draws on interviews with two former political prisoners and with visitors to the Memorial who grew up in socialist East Germany. It argues that the open approach of the Memorial, which leaves visitors to draw their own conclusions from the exhibition, allows different stakeholders to find ways of personal engagement with the past at the site despite the disparities with their own memories. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. ‘Wanderer, kommst du nach Pforta …’: the tension between Classical tradition and the demands of a Nazi elite-school education at Schulpforta and Ilfeld, 1934–45.
- Author
-
Roche, HelenBarbara Elizabeth
- Subjects
HISTORY of boarding schools ,NATIONAL socialism & education ,HISTORY of education policy ,EDUCATION ,NAZI propaganda ,HUMANISTIC education ,CLASSICAL education ,NAZI Germany, 1933-1945 ,HISTORY - Abstract
This paper explores the tensions which arose when Schulpforta, Germany's leading humanistic boarding school, was forcibly turned into a Nazi elite school (a Nationalpolitische Erziehungsanstalt,or Napola). The time-honoured traditions of Christianity and enlightened humanism previously cultivated at the erstwhile Landesschule zur Pforta (alma mater of Fichte, Ranke and Nietzsche) were swiftly subordinated to the demands of National Socialist ideology. Schulpforta, a former monastic foundation, was radically dechristianised, and the school's Classical curriculum soon served only to emphasise those aspects of Greco-Roman Antiquity which could ‘help the Third Reich achieve its destiny’, portraying the Greeks and Romans as proto-National Socialists, pure Aryan ancestors of the modern German race. The Napola curriculum focused on sport and pre-military training over academic excellence, and contemporary documentary evidence, memoirs and newly obtained eyewitness testimony all suggest that the Napola administration wished to assimilate Pforta with any other Napola. This idea is borne out by comparing the case of Napola Ilfeld, a former Klosterschule(monastery school) with a similar history. By the mid-1940s, Ilfeld had lost almost all connection with its humanistic past. Ultimately, we can see the erosion and Nazification of these schools' Christian and humanistic traditions as exemplifying in microcosm tendencies which were prevalent throughout the Third Reich. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Entangled communities: interethnic relationships among urban salesclerks and domestic workers in Egypt, 1927–61.
- Author
-
Reynolds, NancyY.
- Subjects
EGYPTIAN history ,ETHNIC relations ,RETAIL clerks ,HOUSEHOLD employees ,HISTORY of the Mediterranean Region ,EMPLOYMENT ,COSMOPOLITANISM ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This paper examines the relationships among salesclerks and other lower-level commercial and domestic employees in inter-war and post-Second World War urban Egypt, especially Cairo. It argues that the Italians, Greeks, local Jews, Armenians, Syrian Christians, Maltese, Coptic Christians and Muslims who often worked side by side on the floors of department stores and private homes participated in multiethnic occupational subgroups, formal unions and leisure cultures that created a series of networks linking lower-middle-class people in workplaces, public and neighbourhood space as well as commerce. These networks spanned ethnic, religious and linguistic boundaries, and they reveal a complex shared Mediterranean culture, underpinned by a juridical system shaped by European colonialism. Although historians have documented the vertical relations within ethnic groups and the horizontal relationships among the business elite of different communities, horizontal relationships among the lower and lower-middle classes of locally resident foreigners or Egyptians, who made up the bulk of the different communities, evidence both deep entanglement and regular conflict. The history of lived Mediterranean or cosmopolitan experiences thus challenges contemporary uses of both terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Italians in Tunisia: between regional organisation, cultural adaptation and political division, 1860s–1940.
- Author
-
El Houssi, Leila
- Subjects
TUNISIAN history ,ITALIANS ,DIASPORA ,POLITICAL refugees ,HISTORY of the Mediterranean Region ,IMMIGRATION & emigration in Italy -- History ,FASCISM in Italy ,COLONIAL Africa ,HISTORY ,HISTORY of fascism - Abstract
This article analyses the case of the Italian community in Tunisia during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The Italian presence in Tunisia dates back to the age of the so-called Repubbliche marinare (Maritime Republics), when Italy was still not a unitary entity, but rather a collection of states that had their own relationships with the Ottoman Empire. The Italian community in Tunisia is an example of a diaspora resulting from migrations in the Mediterranean region. The case study of the Italians in Tunisia is a sort of ‘diaspora from inside’. Indeed it is reductive to see Italians in Tunisia just as nationals, because they had different regional, religious, class and cultural backgrounds to native Tunisians. Local identities characterised their community. This perspective is also apparent in the multitude of mutual-aid associations and ethnic organisations. A heterogeneous group, including political refugees, emerged. Nonetheless, during the twentieth century the ‘defence of italianità’ reinforced the cohesion of the community itself. This paper places this group into the framework of Mediterranean Studies. It aims to understand the interaction between the Italian community in Tunisia and the native population. It follows philosopher Albert Memmi's perspective on the unrelated relationship between the coloniser and the colonised. This relationship represented an interesting example of unusual tolerance thanks to a steady relationship between Italians and the Tunisian population, characterised by openness and profitable coexistence, even in the sphere of religion, which was not the case in other areas of Mediterranean sea. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Connecting colonial seas: the ‘international colonisation’ of Port Said and the Suez Canal during and after the First World War.
- Author
-
Huber, Valeska
- Subjects
WORLD War I ,BRITISH colonies -- 20th century ,IMPERIALISM ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY of colonization ,HISTORY - Abstract
The Suez Canal played an essential role in transforming the Mediterranean into a colonial sea by changing its geopolitical features from a lake to a lane connecting faraway possessions of European empires more closely (at least geographically speaking) to the metropoles. At the same time the Suez Canal region itself was colonised in a very specific way, under British occupation on the one hand, yet carrying features of a ‘global locality’ on the other. Besides shedding light on the larger connections of the Suez Canal with the colonial world, this article attempts to understand the colonial situation of Port Said and the Canal, a place built from scratch in an effort to colonise (in the primary sense of the word) a part of the desert. Tracing Port Said and the Suez Canal Zone through different time periods – particularly during the First World War and the inter-war era – this paper tries to pin down the shifting meanings of ‘international’ and ‘colonial’ by highlighting the specificities of this ‘international colonisation’, regulated by agreements and treaties and marked by the influence of competing colonial powers and private companies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Etre algérien en situation impériale, fin XIXème siècle – début XXème siècle: L'usage de la catégorie «nationalité algérienne» par les consulats français dans leur relation avec les Algériens fixes au Maroc et dans l'Empire Ottoman
- Author
-
Amara, Noureddine
- Subjects
HISTORY of citizenship ,FRENCH diplomatic & consular service ,ALGERIANS ,STATE succession ,FRENCH colonies ,FRENCH Algeria ,MOROCCAN history ,OTTOMAN Empire ,CONFLICT of laws ,HISTORY - Abstract
Among the many problems posed by colonial citizenship laws regulating Algerians was the special case of people born within the confines of Algeria and their descendants who had emigrated outside of the country. Algerians in Algeria already inhabited an imprecise place of incomplete French citizenship. And those living abroad, the ‘Originaires d'Algérie’, had to contend with the decisions of French consular authorities, who laboured to interpret and implement the rules established by the Foreign Office and the Ministry of Justice to define the legal status of Algerians living abroad. The French state claimed this category of people as « French » according to the legal theory of State succession. Then, the Indigenat served as an Algerian nationality. This paper argues that this Algerian nationality was an imperial nationality for internal use. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Fragments, splinters and sawdust: Aristophanes' view of the Sophistic rhetoric.
- Author
-
Pucci, Pietro
- Subjects
RUINS in literature ,SOPHISTS (Greek philosophy) ,CRITICISM ,ANCIENT philosophy ,POSTMODERNISM (Philosophy) ,POLEMICS ,EXTINCT cities ,LANGUAGE & history ,GREEK history ,HISTORY - Abstract
In some epochs of the history of Western philosophy, language comes to be seen as a communication and knowledge instrument that is affected by some serious predicaments. In some versions of postmodernism, for instance, an incurable ‘difference' attains the ability of language to evoke a presence, a whole, and, as a consequence, ‘the fragment is the form of writing'. In the Sophistic age, language appeared as unable to produce an exact correspondence to things (Protagoras' criticism of Homer's imperative in the first line of the Iliad), and simultaneously as able to elaborate two opposite arguments on every notion or events. As a consequence, the polemical critics of the Sophists interpreted these features, the language's distance from things and its extreme liability to be subtly manipulated and abused as what transformed the sophistic discourse into a total fragmentation, into a sort of mere assemblage of sounds signifying nothing. A ruin. This paper traces the evidences for this negative and polemical meaning of ‘fragment' and ‘ruin' in Aristophanes and in a rarely cited, but very instructive, passage of Plato. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Sappho, Tithonos and the ruin of the body.
- Author
-
duBois, Page
- Subjects
EXTINCT cities ,GREEK poetry ,CLASSICAL antiquities ,AGING ,ANCIENT art ,DEATH ,POETRY (Literary form) ,POETS ,HISTORY of aesthetics ,UTOPIAS ,HISTORY - Abstract
The ruins of classical antiquity provoke a paradoxical, antinomic response; they evoke fears of decay and death, even as they promise survival and even immortality. The paper illustrates this point by discussing a newly discovered fragment of Sappho. The author suggests that the poem's meanings, held in abeyance, echo the ways in which we encounter the ruins of antiquity as twenty-first-century readers, identifying with these bodies, desiring both the pathos of ruin, and the consolations of the material objects' relative immortality. Twenty-first century readers of Sappho's poetry read, restore and reinscribe her poems within the horizon of their own aesthetics, their conscious and unconscious desires. The fragment, with its doubled, ambiguous, ambivalent endings, juxtaposed with other recovered fragments, is emblematic of the encounter with the remnants and ruins of all of antiquity, material remains that call for identification and fantasy, the recognition of inevitable physical decay, and the utopian hope for immortality, or, failing that, survival and the persistence in ruin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Readers and responses to George Sandys' A Relation of a Iourney begun An: Dom: 1610 (1615): Early English Books Online (EEBO) and the history of reading.
- Author
-
Ingram, Anders
- Subjects
READING ,HISTORY of travel writing ,ORTHOGRAPHY & spelling ,BIBLIOGRAPHIC databases ,COMPUTER software ,HISTORY - Abstract
This paper will discuss Early English Books Online (EEBO) as a tool for locating and researching contemporary references and responses to historical texts and authors, specifically George Sandys' A Relation of a Iourney begun An: Dom: 1610 (1615). It will focus upon two main themes. The first is methodological and will discuss the nature of EEBO and the possibilities and limitations it presents for this kind of historical research. The second turns to a case study of seventeenth-century responses to, and readings of, the Relation and shows how references found through EEBO can both broaden the context within which we view this work and alter our interpretation and understanding of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Southeastern Europe as a Historical Meso-region: Constructing Space in Twentieth-Century German Historiography.
- Author
-
Müller, Dietmar
- Subjects
HISTORIOGRAPHY ,HISTORY ,RESEARCH ,POLITICAL science ,WAR - Abstract
This essay gives an overview on the notion 'Southeastern Europe' as the underlying space concept for political projects in interwar Germany as well as for the German historiography on this area since 1918. More extensively covered are the first steps of institutionalised research on Southeastern Europe in the early 1930s, pointing out the tension between a Germano-centric vision of Southeastern Europe as German 'Kulturboden' or as part of an informal economic Empire and a region in its own right. Second, the paper discusses a controversy between Maria Todorova and Holm Sundhaussen on the process of space construction itself and on how to define best the Balkans resp. Southeastern Europe. The author argues for further on using concepts of historical meso-regions (Geschichtsregionen) such as Southeastern Europe, at the same time being aware of their constructive nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Biedermeier desk in Seattle: the Veit Simon children, class and the transnational in Holocaust history.
- Author
-
Hájková, Anna and von der Heydt, Maria
- Subjects
JEWISH history ,HOLOCAUST, 1939-1945 ,INTERMARRIAGE ,WOMEN ,FEMINISM ,HISTORY - Abstract
This study offers a transnational history of the Holocaust based on a study of a well-known Berlin Jewish family, the Veit Simons. The authors use this tangled family history as a point of departure for a transnational history of the Holocaust. In particular, they show how to read the links connecting the protagonists to the wider world as a means of writing transnational history. Their history also shows the interconnectedness of perpetrators and victims. Moreover, they demonstrate the importance of the category of class for our understanding of the experience of Holocaust history. While the Veit Simons could hold off some of the persecution, eventually the Holocaust brought them to the ground, resulting in a story of illness, death and loss. Finally, the authors read the story from a feminist angle, offering an examination of the interplay of gender, class and persecution, examining how gender played out in coping while losing one’s former class. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Miscellaneous.
- Subjects
HISTORY ,SOCIAL sciences & history ,SOCIAL sciences ,CULTURAL policy ,SOCIAL scientists - Abstract
The article focuses on the move of the Italian journal of contemporary history and culture to initiate a debate on the topic "Making History Today". The aim of the debate is to promote an encounter not only among historians but also among social scientists. The traditional categories of historical knowledge give way to the social sciences and contemporary history that was focused on the twentieth century.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Political humanitarianism in the 1930s: Indian aid for Republican Spain.
- Author
-
Framke, Maria
- Subjects
SPANISH Civil War, 1936-1939 -- Foreign public opinion ,BRITISH occupation of India, 1765-1947 ,AUTONOMY & independence movements ,INTERNATIONAL economic assistance ,HUMANITARIANISM ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article examines Indian humanitarian help for Republican victims during the Spanish Civil War. It focuses in particular on aid initiatives by the Indian national movement, which were embedded in the larger quest for independence from British colonial rule. By creating their own humanitarian programme in favour of Republican Spain, Indian nationalists dissociated themselves from Britain’s foreign policy and tried to orchestrate a politics of moral superiority for themselves. The article also explores Indian participation in transnational networks of Left solidarity. Established to generate political and humanitarian support for Republican Spain, Indian actors concurrently utilized these networks to enhance their status in the international community and to advance their own end of an independent state. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Antiquity and the ruin: introduction.
- Author
-
Kahane, Ahuvia
- Subjects
ARCHAEOLOGICAL excavations ,RUINS in literature - Abstract
An introduction is presented in which the author discusses various reports within the issue on topics including antiquities and ruins as objects of reflection, as literary devices, and the aesthetics of ruins.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Unity from disunity: law, rhetoric and power in the Visigothic kingdom.
- Author
-
Koon, Sam and Wood, Jamie
- Subjects
- *
VISIGOTHS , *HISTORY , *COUNCILS & synods , *HISTORIOGRAPHY , *INFLUENCE of Roman law ,HISTORY of the Catholic Church & state ,SPANISH law ,KINGS & rulers of Spain ,SPANISH history -- Gothic Period, 414-711 - Abstract
This paper explores the relationship between the 'Church' and the 'State' in the Visigothic kingdom of sixth- and seventh-century Spain. The authors examine the copious legal material from this period - both church council records and royal legislation - to see what it reveals about the significant degree of interpenetration of the two spheres. For example, the royal laws gave bishops an important role in the supervision of judges, while a church council could not be called without the permission of the king, who often attended along with his officials and set the agenda for the meetings. There has been significant debate on this issue over the past two centuries, and the authors' analysis will be situated accordingly. The extent to which the Visigothic evidence emerges out of late Roman practices and precedents or is independent of it will also be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Studying Russia's past from an anthropological perspective: some trends of the last decade.
- Author
-
Krom, Mikhail
- Subjects
HISTORIOGRAPHY ,HISTORY ,RESEARCH ,ANTHROPOLOGY ,SOCIAL sciences - Abstract
Surveys trends in Russian historiography in the late 20th century. Historical anthropology in Russia as a product of scholarly import; Practice of research as cross-pollination with social sciences, historical anthropology and its sister disciplines; Misconceptions accompanying innovations in historical writing.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Voisinages fragiles: Les relations interconfessionnelles dans le Sud-Est européen et la Méditerranée orientale 1854–1923: contraintes locales et enjeux internationaux.
- Author
-
La Rocca, Francesco
- Subjects
EUROPE-Turkey relations ,NONFICTION ,HISTORY ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Crisis and continuity: Robert Marjolin, transnational policy-making and neoliberalism, 1930s–70s.
- Author
-
Schulz-Forberg, Hagen
- Subjects
NEOLIBERALISM -- History ,INTERNATIONAL agencies ,HISTORY of European integration ,HISTORY of capitalism ,CRISES ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY ,ECONOMIC policy - Abstract
In this article, the author follows a history of transnational policy-making to illustrate a perspective on the crisis of the 'long 1970s' that is often neglected: continuity of transnational actors and institutions since the 1930s. In the interwar period early global governance practices consolidated, concerned with questions of global order and the kind of normative statehood needed to sustain it. Neoliberalism emerged at this time and in this field of early global governance actors. The concept of early neoliberalism is established in the article and taken as a red thread to think about European integration's early history from a transnational perspective. Further, Robert Marjolin's multi-level agency, his role in early neoliberalism and his thought serve as a prism through which the long 1970s from the financial troubles of the late 1960s to the new language of market optimism of the early 1980s are put into perspective vis-à-vis the continuity of actors and institutions managing the crisis. It is argued that the Left's relationship with neoliberalism needs more careful attention and that Marjolin acted in accordance with some early neoliberal principles since the 1930s before, rather grudgingly, participating in the shaping of a new, contemporary neoliberal paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. The rural municipalities of 1787: the nobility, seigneurial regime and revolutionary politics.
- Author
-
Miller, Stephen
- Subjects
NOBILITY (Social class) ,LOCAL elections ,FEUDALISM ,FRENCH politics & government, 1774-1793 ,RURAL population ,FRENCH Revolution, 1789-1799 ,POLITICAL participation ,HISTORY - Abstract
In 1787, the French monarchy invited rural residents to elect municipalités. These village administrations formed the lowest rung of a broader reform bringing the landed classes into provincial assemblies. The king and his ministers sought to enlist the support of royal subjects for fiscal reform. The monarchy's archives regarding the rural municipalities bear directly on debates about the privileged orders in the origins of the Revolution. Nobles took part by the Enlightenment. They provoked the crisis of the regime in resisting royal policies in 1787 and 1788. The nobles nevertheless opposed the rural municipalities. They regarded the village elections as subversive of the jurisdictional rights of lords on which the monarchy was based. The rural municipalities thus represented a confrontation between the liberal ideals of many nobles and their underlying attachment to the political hierarchy of the old regime. As a result of this confrontation, a number of nobles became willing to attenuate the seigneurial regime and permit the peasants to participate in local government. These nobles subsequently played a role in opening the way to revolutionary change in 1789. Changes in the nobles' political attitudes thus resulted less from liberal ideas than from the social conflicts of the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. University scandals and the public sphere of Imperial Austria: the Wahrmund and Zimmermann affairs.
- Author
-
Surman, Jan
- Subjects
UNIVERSITIES & colleges ,STUDENT political activity ,COLLEGE students ,PUBLIC sphere ,SCANDALS ,CATHOLIC Church & science ,MODERNITY ,PUBLIC demonstrations ,HISTORY ,TWENTIETH century ,INTELLECTUAL life - Abstract
Between 1907 and 1911, Imperial Austria experienced two major controversies concerning entanglements of science and religion. In 1907, the Innsbruck specialist in church law, Ludwig Wahrmund, publicly criticized the new 'antimodernist' and antiscientific trends of Catholic science, causing semester-long protests, fights, university closures and heated parliamentary debates. Antagonized in Innsbruck, Wahrmund relocated to Prague. The controversy triggered by his work, however, united students from across the monarchy in Wahrmund's defence. In 1910, an analogous conflict arose in Cracow after Kazimierz Zimmermann was appointed professor of Catholic sociology. This time the protest against his teachings, although intensive, transgressed Galician boundaries only to a limited extent, failing to mobilize progressive student groups to go on the streets outside of the province. This article analyses the difference between protests against Wahrmund and Zimmermann from a spatial perspective. The author argues that the way both conflicts were received in politics and in local university cities indicates that there was an Imperial Austrian public sphere that transgressed national boundaries and linguistic divisions. Conflicts over contested topics, like the long-heated relationship between Church, science and higher education, were charged events that brought this public sphere to the fore. This translingual, imperial public sphere remained, however, hierarchically structured. A conflict in Innsbruck had more weight than one in Cracow, both within political discussions and in local presses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Resurrection in slow motion: the delayed restoration of the cinema exhibition industry in post-war Rotterdam (1940-65).
- Author
-
van Oort, Thunnis
- Subjects
MOTION pictures ,CULTURAL industries ,MOTION picture theaters ,MOTION picture audiences ,BOMBARDMENT of Rotterdam, Netherlands, 1940 ,ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,HISTORY - Abstract
Investigating a cultural industry such as the cinema exhibition sector allows insights in the dynamic intersections between economic, social and cultural history. One of the central questions in the debates about the history of movie-going in the Netherlands centres on why the size and number of cinemas and cinema visits per capita has been significantly lower than the average in Western Europe throughout most of the twentieth century. This article monitors the restoration and repositioning of the Rotterdam cinema exhibition sector in the new city centre arising after the devastation of the bombardment of 1940. An analysis of the trade press and the archives of the influential business association 'NBB' suggests how effective local exhibitors were in fending off outsider entrepreneurs and regulating internal competition. Alternative networks of socio-cultural or religious or organizations were successfully prevented from setting up a viable operation exhibiting films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Culture, resistance and violence: guarding the Habsburg Ostgrenze with Montenegro in 1914.
- Author
-
Carmichael, Cathie
- Subjects
BORDER security ,RESISTANCE to government ,VIOLENCE ,HISTORY of Montenegro, 1782-1918 ,ANNEXATION (International law) ,BALKAN Wars, 1912-1913 ,HISTORY - Abstract
Between 1878 and 1918 the Eastern border (Ostgrenze) of the Habsburg Monarchy, and in particular the mountainous regions between Hercegovina and Montenegro, posed security challenges. The people of the region had strong local traditions and a reputation for resistance to outside authority (having fought against Ottoman power for centuries). In 1878, the village of Klobuk had tried to fight off the Habsburg invader and had only slowly been subdued. Thereafter the new authorities built up a formidable line of defence along their new border with Montenegro including the garrisons at Trebinje, Bileća and Avtovac. After the annexation of Bosnia and Hercegovina in 1908, the security situation became tense, a situation exacerbated by fear of South Slav expansion after the Balkan Wars of 1912-13 (which went hand in hand with propaganda that depicted the Serbs and Montenegrins as violent by nature). Orthodox Serbs living along the Montenegrin border were increasingly viewed with suspicion. During the summer of 1914, when anti-Serb feeling reverberated around the Monarchy, men from the villages closest to the border were either hanged or deported. The implementation and interpretation of Habsburg military regulations (Dienstreglement) meant that the Orthodox population in the border areas suffered disproportionately in 1914. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Eclipse in the dark years: pick-up flights, routes of resistance and the Free French.
- Author
-
Smith, Andrew W. M.
- Subjects
AIR travel ,WORLD War II ,FRANCE-Great Britain relations ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
Copyright of European Review of History is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Police-public relations in transition in Antwerp, 1840s-1914.
- Author
-
De Koster, Margo, Deruytter, Barbara, and Vrints, Antoon
- Subjects
POLICE ,LAW enforcement ,PUBLIC relations ,CRIME prevention ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article examines how police-public relations have evolved during the nineteenth-century expansion of formal policing. Following recent critiques of the 'state monopolization thesis', it dismisses the idea of a 'policeman-state' progressively assuming dominion over the governance of crime, generating vicious antagonism between police and public, and effectively coercing the latter into obedience. In order to chart changes in police-public relations across the 'long' nineteenth century, the analysis draws on Antwerp police statistics from 1842 until 1913. It assumes that movements in different types of offences reflect the initiative of different actors and also constitute a valuable index of conflicts between police and public. The article argues that although police activity in Antwerp did significantly increase towards the end of the nineteenth century, priorities in crime control were not merely dictated from 'above' (the police and authorities) but also delivered from 'below' (the people). It shows how police interventions were shaped by shifting policy concerns, by the interests of different urban interest groups, and by the practical constraints of police work. Finally, it counters the idea of a repressive police disciplining a hostile public with evidence of growing public use of the police and of complex popular attitudes towards the 'blue locusts'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Notions of solidarity and integration in times of war: the idea of Europe, 1914–18.
- Author
-
Vermeiren, Jan
- Subjects
SOLIDARITY ,WORLD War I ,AUTONOMY & independence movements ,INTERNATIONAL alliances ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article argues that the First World War did not just aggravate nationalist sentiments but also encouraged intercultural exchange and a better understanding of other societies and ways of life. Indeed, the wartime prevalence of notions of solidarity and integration requires more attention and careful analysis. The essay explores three key issues, focusing in particular on solidarity practices and transnational interaction. It investigates military alliances, the collaboration between national independence movements, and the role of neutral countries as refuge and gathering place of pacifist groups and intellectuals. Many of these actors discussed and promoted forms of at least regional cooperation in post-war Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Open borders as an act of solidarity among peoples, between states or with migrants: changing applications of solidarity within the Schengen process.
- Author
-
Siebold, Angela
- Subjects
SOLIDARITY ,SCHENGEN Agreement (1985) ,IMMIGRANTS ,HUMANITARIANISM ,INTERSTATE agreements ,HISTORY - Abstract
The article analyses the historical understanding of the term ‘solidarity’ in the context of the Schengen process, which started in the 1980s and remains relevant until today. During this time, the Schengen Area grew from encompassing five Western European countries to 26 member-states across the whole continent. In this context, the term ‘solidarity’ was referred to frequently in official documents, in speeches or in the media – despite the fact that the term was not at all central at the time of foundation. It is important to note, however, that during the process of enlargement, the meaning of the term ‘solidarity’ changed repeatedly. First meant to denote solidarity between all the European peoples, in the Western European Union it also referred to the reconciliation of European peoples after the Second World War. In the 1990s, the official understanding of solidarity concerning Schengen shifted to describe an effective inter-state cooperation among the EU member-states. In the last years, the term solidarity was most evoked in the call for an even burden-sharing within the European Union. All these different understandings have one aspect in common: they focus on theinternaldimension of European solidarity. However, during the entire Schengen process, the term ‘solidarity’ was also applied in another, anexternal, global dimension, to call for humanitarian support towards refugees reaching the Schengen Area from anywhere in the world. The article argues that the term ‘solidarity’ must hence be looked at as a political concept and not a neutral, analytic term. Critical regard for the current political interests as well as the concrete historical framework are crucial for any academic discussion of European solidarity. The categories of inclusion and exclusion especially must be core aspects when analysing the term ‘solidarity’ historically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Introduction: writing the contemporary history of European solidarity.
- Author
-
Greiner, Florian
- Subjects
SOLIDARITY ,EUROPEAN politics & government ,EUROPEAN communities ,HISTORICAL source material ,CIVIL society ,HISTORY - Abstract
This introduction outlines the possibilities and perspectives of a history of ‘European solidarity’. While – given the high frequency with which the term is used in contemporary political debate – this is most certainly a hot-button issue, the topic has long been neglected by researchers on the history of European integration and European ideas. The reasons for this lack of empirical studies lie in the vagueness and the normativity of the term. This introduction thus conceptualizes ‘European solidarity’ as an analytical tool for research and discusses three major approaches to its historicization: first, deconstructing ideas and discursive notions of ‘European solidarity’, a term that has been omnipresent in primary sources in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; second, investigating concrete practices of ‘European solidarity’, for example in welfare-state policies or in the work of civil-society actors; third, looking at historical limits of ‘European solidarity’ which help to bring contesting perceptions and motives into view. Finally, the introduction addresses the question of the analytical benefits of a history of ‘European solidarity’: it points among other things to new periodizations that help to avoid a teleological orientation in European historiography, as well as to the detachment of the European integration process from the institutionalization of the European Communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
51. Show solidarity, live solitarily: the Nazi ‘New Europe’ as a ‘family of peoples’.
- Author
-
Dafinger, Johannes
- Subjects
SOLIDARITY ,NAZI history ,NATIONAL socialism ,ANTISEMITISM ,ANTI-communist movements ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This chapter first investigates how the German Nazis used the term ‘European solidarity’ and demonstrates that the term meant political loyalty between European ‘peoples’ (Völker) in National Socialist discourses. Second, assuming that the Nazis’ objective in showing solidarity with or demanding loyalty from other nations was to increase strength in what they believed to be a conflict with ‘international Jewry’, it examines the logic of the Nazis behind including other European countries into their own camp in that conflict. It will be argued that the Nazis developed a sense of belonging with non-German Europeans based on three ideas: (1) the racist myth that all Europeans belonged to the ‘Aryan race’; (2) a Europe-wide consensus of the extreme Right on anti-Communism, antisemitism, and anti-democratic and ultra-nationalist worldviews; and (3) the existence of cross-border relations within Europe which led to shared experiences. The article draws on primary sources as well as on secondary literature about National Socialist concepts of Europe and about transnational academic, cultural and social relations in the National Socialist sphere of influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
52. The convictions of a realist: concepts of ‘solidarity’ in Helmut Schmidt’s European thought, 1945–82.
- Author
-
Haeussler, Mathias
- Subjects
SOLIDARITY ,POLITICAL science ,COLD War, 1945-1991 ,PROTECTIONISM ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article reconstructs concepts of ‘European solidarity’ in Helmut Schmidt’s political thought. Tracing Schmidt’s beliefs from the late 1940s to the period of his chancellorship and beyond, it shows how his concepts of European solidarity were shaped by the lessons he drew from the political and economic catastrophes of the 1920s and 1930s. The article reveals how Schmidt developed a largely functionalist understanding of ‘European solidarity’ that was grounded in both his generational experience and the piecemeal logic of European integration he derived from Robert Schuman and Jean Monnet. Schmidt believed that ‘European solidarity’ was not a given, but that it had to be consciously constructed through mutually beneficial intra-European cooperation. He was guided by two central convictions: that the interdependence of European economies made their cooperation both necessary and desirable; and that Germany’s unique historical burden and geostrategic location meant that its foreign policy always had to be embedded in a wider European framework. As West German Chancellor from 1974 to 1982, Schmidt then sought to translate these convictions into practice, trying to avoid a relapse into 1930s protectionism whilst at the same time hoping to avoid perceptions of German dominance in economic matters. Yet, he remained highly sceptical of any attempts to transfigure West European integration into a greater ‘European identity’, believing that the Cold War context made any such attempts futile since true European solidarity could only be practised on a pan-European scale. Putting these views in a broader context, the article concludes that Schmidt’s thoughts offer valuable insights into the relationship between constructions of ‘European solidarity’ and notions of ‘crises’, and suggests that the analysis of his pragmatic approach adds to new, less teleological narratives of European integration that are now emerging in the historiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
53. Imperial cooperation at the margins of Europe: the European Commission of the Danube, 1856–65.
- Author
-
Gatejel, Luminita
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL agencies ,CRIMEAN War, 1853-1856 ,SUPRANATIONALISM ,BUREAUCRACY ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article deals with the work of the European Commission of the Danube (ECD) during the first two decades of its activity in the aftermath of the Crimean War. It focuses on the early stage formation of international organizations in the mid-nineteenth century when river commissions were the first organizations that issued supranational regulations and had their own bureaucracies. In this context, I argue that the ECD became a testing ground for new types of inter-imperial cooperation. First, the ECD became a site where hydraulic expertise from all over Europe was gathered and analysed. As a consequence, this exchange among the representatives of different empires and of different sub-fields of expertise generated new technical knowledge and made the ECD a space for cross-imperial knowledge production. Second, in 1865, the ECD adopted a Public Act that codified navigation rules in the Danube Delta. These regulations were among the first upholding a supranational settlement. Furthermore, the document exemplifies how such a supranational agreement was implemented through a joint imperial intervention against the authority of the Ottoman Empire, the only territorial power. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
54. Children’s citizenly participation in the National Revolution: the instrumentalization of children in Vichy France.
- Author
-
Dodd, Lindsey
- Subjects
CHILDREN ,GERMAN occupation of France, 1940-1945 ,CITIZENSHIP ,PROPAGANDA ,HISTORY - Abstract
Children held a privileged place in Vichy France. They became the subjects and objects of a vigorous propaganda which recognized their ability to contribute to the National Revolution. This article discusses three ways in which children were instrumentalized by the regime, showing their reciprocal engagement with it, which is understood as ‘citizenly’ behaviour. First, drawn into themaréchalisteleadership cult, they were used to embed the values of the regime. Second, children’s compassion was co-opted in various campaigns which contributed to national(ist) solidarity. Third, they engaged with a gendered duty to national population growth, now and in the future. The article uses ‘public’ written sources (for example, letters and essays sent to Marshal Pétain and thus archived in public collections, not diaries or drawings for private eyes, in private hands) produced by children. Although it recognizes these as epistemologically unstable, such sources present opportunities for understanding elements of children’s agency, which is seen in conformity as well as dissent. By recognizing children as historical actors, we can identify them as ‘beings’ active in their own lives, and not just adults-in-waiting. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
55. Memory that governs by itself? Appropriations of Versailles memory.
- Author
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Pestel, Friedemann
- Subjects
LIEUX de memoire (History) ,CULTURAL property ,COLLECTIVE memory ,HEGEMONY ,FRENCH history ,HISTORY - Abstract
Versailles memory has been a cornerstone of the traditional paradigm of lieux de mémoire. However, its transnational dimension has never been fully explored. Covering more than three centuries, this article identifies three antagonistic patterns of transnational Versailles memory that carry ambivalent references to 'Europe': war versus peace; monarchical versus republican legitimization; and universalistic versus particularistic conceptions of power. Actors referred to Versailles' architecture to substantiate their positions toward French hegemonic ambitions: from counter-buildings by the Sun King's rivals; political redefinitions during changing regimes after 1789 via Franco- German rivalries in the War of 1870; international reactions to the Peace Conference in 1919; and up to Versailles as a World Heritage Site. Analysing these three constitutive patterns, this article challenges the dominant Franco-centrist Versailles master narrative as non-French actors contested such hegemonic views. References to Versailles as a symbol of both American and Brazilian national independence also bring out global dimensions of Versailles memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
56. The true ‘EURESCO’? The Council of Europe, transnational networking and the emergence of European Community cultural policies, 1970–90.
- Author
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Patel, Kiran Klaus and Calligaro, Oriane
- Subjects
EUROPEAN history, 1945- ,INTERNATIONAL organization ,CULTURAL policy ,CULTURAL property ,COLD War, 1945-1991 ,ACCULTURATION ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
The roots of EU action in the field of culture lie in the 1970s. At the time, the Council of Europe (CoE), the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and other organizations were already established players in the field. This article analyses the incremental and often haphazard process in which the European Community (EC) became the key organization at the European level by the end of the Cold War. It stresses the role of the EC’s specific governance structure, its considerable financial resources, and its objectives of market integration and expanding powers as drivers of this process, along with selective forms of adaptation of practices first tried out in other forums. Besides scrutinizing general tendencies of inter-organizational exchange during the 1970s and 1980s, the article zooms in on two concrete case studies. For the 1970s, it highlights the debates about cultural heritage and the European Architectural Heritage Year (EAHY) project: although initiated by the CoE, the EAHY became one of the first cases of EC policy import, strongly facilitated by transnational networks. The second case study, for the 1980s, deals with the development of a European audio-visual policy. Here again the CoE took the lead and worked as a laboratory for schemes later adapted by the EC. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
57. For God and/or emperor: Habsburg Romanian military chaplains and wartime propaganda in camps for returning POWs.
- Author
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Zaharia, Ionela
- Subjects
RUSSIAN Revolution, 1917-1921 ,WORLD War I prisoners & prisons ,AUSTRIA-Hungary, 1867-1918 ,MILITARY chaplains ,CONCENTRATION camps ,HISTORY - Abstract
Austro-Hungarian authorities employed censorship and propaganda throughout the war to keep the soldiers on the fronts as well as the civilians at home optimistic and loyal. Nevertheless, exchange of information between the front and the home front occurred. By the end of 1917, a new element was added to information exchange. Thousands of former POWs began returning from Russian camps. To prevent the spread of revolutionary Bolshevik ideas among the Habsburg civilian population and in the army, the Ministry of War and the Army High Command created a department responsible for the returning soldiers, the Heimkehrwesen. Habsburg Romanian military chaplains were among those officials who examined the returning soldiers’ physical and mental condition. Soldiers needed a “positive” evaluation before they were permitted to return home or were sent to the fighting front. This article analyzes how the Romanian military chaplains coped with this secular duty in addition to their pastoral obligations. The priests were more successful in acquainting the soldiers, mostly of peasant background, with theology, than with gaining and regaining support for and loyalty to the emperor and monarchy through subtle propaganda. Partial explanations for their failure: the emperor and the Fatherland were no longer considered symbols of security, peace and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
58. The Long First World War and the survival of business elites in East-Central Europe: Transylvania’s industrial boom and the enrichment of economic elites.
- Author
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Rigó, Máté
- Subjects
HISTORY of Transylvania, Romania ,ECONOMICS ,WORLD War I ,BUSINESSPEOPLE ,INDUSTRIALISTS ,ELITE (Social sciences) ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article explores one often-overlooked consequence and paradox of the First World War: the prosperity of business elites and bankers in service of the war effort, despite the destruction of capital and wealth by belligerent armies. Wartime destruction and the birth of “war millionaires” were two sides of the same coin. Through following the rapid wartime expansion of the Renner tannery in Kolozsvár/Cluj-Napoca in Transylvania, the article explores the repercussions of wartime prosperity, including the takeover of the family business by large corporations and increasing dependence on army commissions. Whereas 1918 is often portrayed as a radical break in the history of East-Central Europe, this article explores why the Renner corporation, owned by ethnic Germans and Magyars, managed to remain prosperous even after Romania annexed Transylvania in December 1918. The increasing ethnic mobilization and hostilities between Magyar and Romanian nationalist elites did not directly impact Transylvania’s business life during and after the First World War. The author investigates why Magyar, Hungarian Jewish and German bankers and industrialists were successful at cementing their pre-war and wartime social positions and economic influence in Greater Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
59. To the barracks: the President, the military and democratic consolidation in Portugal (1976-1980).
- Author
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Castaño, David
- Subjects
PORTUGUESE politics & government, 1974- ,CIVIL-military relations ,DEMOCRATIZATION ,EXECUTIVE power ,CIVIL supremacy over the military ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
After two turbulent years in which different pathways for the future of the political and institutional framework of Portugal clashed, the country began a process of consolidation of the democratic institutions delineated between 1975/6. However, the role played by the military in the fall of the previous dictatorial regime and the fragility of the new democratic institutions did not allow their immediate withdrawal from political life. The President of the Republic was a military man and the political parties had agreed to maintain an unelected sovereign body, the Council of the Revolution, which only dissolved in 1982. Based on primary sources that only recently became available, this article presents some elements that help to understand the success of democratic consolidation in Portugal. This long process should not be interpreted as a confrontation between civilians, desirous to put an end to military tutelage, and the military, who at all costs sought to keep their privileges. The dividing line should be placed between those who defended the maintenance of the status quo, and the supporters of military subordination to the civil power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
60. The production of borders in nineteenth-century Europe: between institutional boundaries and transnational practices of space.
- Author
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Di Fiore, Laura
- Subjects
GEOGRAPHIC boundaries ,EUROPEAN history, 1789-1900 ,BORDERLANDS ,19TH century history ,TRANSNATIONALISM ,NINETEENTH century ,HISTORY ,HISTORIOGRAPHY - Abstract
The article proposes a synthesis of the major historical works on nineteenth-century European borders. Founded on an original methodological approach, the article advances a rethinking of the concept of 'territoriality' traditionally attributed to the rise of modern nation-states. The innovative method adopted is based on combining the focus on spatiality in recent historiography - especially in global history - with the categories and the ethnographic method developed within the border-studies field. The analysis is conducted in two directions. The first focuses on 'borders', specifically on some bordercreation processes developing throughout the European continent. The second is more centred on European 'borderlands', conceived as trans-state and trans-national regions, mainly linked to the space's well-established social practices, familial and economic networks and religious experience. On the one hand, the article highlights how nineteenth-century borders were not simply the product of an institutional decision performed by emerging nation-states, but also the result of an interactive dialectic between state institutions and social actors inhabiting the borderlands. On the other, it shows how the borderlands as cross-border territorial entities continued to exist alongside the new territorial state limits, helping shape a more complex European spatiality than traditionally stated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
61. The European Alps - an exceptional range of mountains? Braudel's argument put to the test.
- Author
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Mathieu, Jon
- Subjects
ENVIRONMENTAL history ,MOUNTAINS ,HISTORY ,HISTORIOGRAPHY - Abstract
In his classic work about the Mediterranean in the period of Philipp II, French historian Fernand Braudel designates the European Alps an 'exceptional range of mountains' and offers several reasons therefor. In contrast to other parts of Braudel's work, this argument has gone largely unnoticed in scholarship. This article intends to put it to the test in light of recent publications on the Alps. The first two sections give an outline of Braudel's dealings with mountain regions and of historical research on the Alps from the 1970s onwards. The third section comments on the suitability of Braudel's criteria for empirical assessments in a comparative perspective. In the conclusions it is argued that Braudel's general intuition is still valid to some degree. It is less certain, however, that all the criteria are pertinent. More importantly, the findings emphasize the fact that the history of the Alps cannot be studied without paying close attention to their links with the surrounding lowlands. Thus the question of alpine exceptionality raises the question of the special trajectory of these lowland regions within the larger history of Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
62. Cutting the cake: the Congress of Vienna in British, French and German political caricature.
- Author
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Gabriëls, Jos
- Subjects
CONGRESS of Vienna (1814-1815) ,CARICATURES & cartoons ,POLITICAL cartoons -- History ,GREAT powers (International relations) ,POLITICAL satire ,GERMAN political satire ,FRENCH political satire ,EIGHTEENTH century ,HISTORY ,NINETEENTH century - Abstract
Although the Congress of Vienna was not a main topic for political caricature, it was anything but ignored. During the first five months of 1815, while monarchs and diplomats were deliberating on Europe's future, caricaturists in Great Britain, France and the German-speaking states depicted the Congress as a major or minor subject in 20 satirical prints. Together these caricatures provide a multi-perspectival view of the way contemporaries assessed the diplomatic deliberations taking place in Vienna. To obtain an insight into this important part of contemporary public opinion on the Congress, the corpus of graphic satire was submitted to close scrutiny in two ways. Firstly, a context analysis ascertained the artists who produced them; how the prints were published and brought to public attention; and for what audiences they were intended. Secondly, a content analysis explored the political messages that the caricatures on the Vienna Congress tried to convey and the persuasive techniques that were applied to visualise these points of view. Notwithstanding different national origins and opposite political views, the message is a negative one: the satires denounce the territorial greed of the Great Powers and their disregard for the demands and aspirations of the peoples they seek to incorporate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
63. Marxism, cosmopolitanism and ‘the’ Jews.
- Author
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Spencer, Philip
- Subjects
MARXIST philosophy ,ANTISEMITISM ,COSMOPOLITANISM ,GENOCIDE ,JEWS ,INTELLECTUAL history ,JEWISH nationalism ,TWENTIETH century ,JEWISH history ,HISTORY - Abstract
Marxists have had a complex and contentious relationship to the question of both cosmopolitanism and antisemitism. The difficulties and problems they have encountered with each may, however, be related. They can be traced back to a repeated failure to take seriously Marx’s initial critique of contemporary antisemites and his simultaneous adoption of a cosmopolitan approach to politics which set him apart from many of his peers. Rather than confronting antisemitism, many Marxists adopted the view that it contained some kind of rational kernel, whilst drifting towards an accommodation with forms of nationalism. Having ignored and largely failed to respond to the mortal threat that a radicalized antisemitism posed for Jews, the self-proclaimed Marxists ruling the Soviet Union then accused Jews of being both nationalists (of the wrong, Zionist sort) and cosmopolitans (now a term of abuse). There is, however, an alternative tradition that may be recovered, albeit on the margins of the Marxist movement, in the later work especially of Horkheimer and Adorno, and in some parallel way also of Hannah Arendt, that sees antisemitism from a cosmopolitan perspective as an inherently reactionary political force which (as it became genocidal) came to threaten both Jews and humanity at large. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
64. Transformation in East Central Europe: 1918 and 1989. A Comparative Approach.
- Author
-
Kührer-Wielach, Florian and Lemmen, Sarah
- Subjects
HISTORY ,POLITICAL change ,CULTURAL history - Abstract
The authors of the introduction to this special issue argue for a historicization of the concept of transformation by broadening our understanding of it to decrease its teleological spin. This allows us to discard the “zero hour” narrative and to rather consider phenomena that exist long before a “turn” or “revolution” accelerates the transformation process. The closely related terms of “continuity” and “discontinuity” can be relieved of their mandatory dialectical logic by introducing the concept of “adaptation” as an analytical instrument in order to explain what happens after a certain turning point. Consequently, a historicization of the concept of transformation, as the briefly presented case studies show, entails detachment from apodictic periodization and the narration of quasi-mechanized progress in order to specify every single field of accelerated change. However, this does not necessarily limit the usefulness of the concept, as examining individual cases using specific criteria and comparing and bundling them will contribute to a better understanding of societies in transformation as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
65. The ‘radical humanism’ of ‘Cap Anamur’ / ‘German Emergency Doctors’ in the 1980s: a turning point for the idea, practice and policy of humanitarian aid.
- Author
-
Merziger, Patrick
- Subjects
POLITICAL refugees ,HUMANITARIANISM ,BOAT people ,COLD War, 1945-1991 ,NONGOVERNMENTAL organizations ,HUMANITARIAN assistance ,INTERNATIONAL relief ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
Historiographies of humanitarian aid and aid agencies alike had suggested an ever-growing politicization and militarization following the end of the ‘cold war’. But already in the 1980s, the field of humanitarian aid underwent extensive changes; new aid agencies no longer relied on Christian ideas of charity or leftist internationalism, short-term aid gained new importance and an ever-growing disaster awareness can be observed. The relief organization ‘Cap Anamur ’/’ German Emergency Doctors’ (GED) was founded in 1979 with the purpose of saving the so-called ‘boat people’. Typical for its time, it ascribed to a pure and innate humanitarian impulse summarized under the term ‘radical humanism’. Using the example of GED the article sets out to scrutinise the policies of this new humanitarianism that can be summarized as ‘controlled demerging’. The article brings into focus humanitarian aid as such, its own logic deriving from a particular idea of humanitarianism, considering both site-specific practices and also specific policies that are not necessarily congruent with political or economic interests. It becomes clear that the basis for the new political meaning humanitarian aid gained from the 1990s onwards was already laid by the humanitarian-aid agencies themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
66. The world-wide web of humanitarianism: NGOs and population displacement in the third quarter of the twentieth century.
- Author
-
Gatrell, Peter
- Subjects
HUMANITARIANISM ,WORLD War II refugees ,NINETEEN fifties ,NONGOVERNMENTAL organizations ,HUMANITARIAN assistance ,INTERNATIONAL relief ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
Non-state organisations were important actors in the international refugee regime after the Second World War. This article traces connections between refugee crises and geo-politics by focusing on the interaction of three NGOs with the new Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in the 1950s. One non-state actor, the World Council of Churches (WCC), highlighted the suffering of German expellees as illustrating the limitations of the refugee regime. The second non-state organisation, Jami’at al’ Islam (JAI), asserted its right to represent all Muslim refugees in Europe. Along with its anti-Communist stance it adopted an anti-colonial rhetoric and denounced the limitations of UNHCR’s mandate, but it was later exposed as a front for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The third organisation, Comité Inter-Mouvements Auprès des Evacués (CIMADE), formed in 1939 to help French Jews escape deportation during the Vichy era, subsequently aided Algerians who suffered persecution by the French authorities. Like WCC, this began a long ‘career’ in humanitarianism. In its dealings with these NGOs, UNHCR trod cautiously, because it was constrained by its mandate and the governments that contributed to its budget. Each example demonstrates the challenges of ‘non-political’ efforts to offer humanitarian assistance to refugees and the limits to the autonomy of non-state organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
67. The politics of neutrality: the American Friends Service Committee and the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939.
- Author
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Maul, Daniel
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL brigades in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 ,WAR relief ,QUAKERS ,QUAKERS & politics ,HUMANITARIANISM ,FOREIGN aid (American) ,HISTORY ,TWENTIETH century - Abstract
From the early months of the Spanish civil war (1936–9) the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), the American Quakers’ central service organization, was engaged in a large-scale relief operation on both sides of the front line. While Quaker aid workers on the ground were running hospitals, orphanages and child feeding stations on the Republican and Nationalist side, the operation triggered a sometimes heated debate at home. Quakers had to bridge the tension between the universalist ethos of a transnationally connected and internationally active religious group whose individual parts, in turn, closely integrated into, and were largely dependent on a national framework of action consisting of governments, the media and national-based groups of donors and supporters. Against this backdrop the article will reflect on the complex and shifting meaning of humanitarian neutrality. In the article the author will show how the claim to neutrality, always contested and precarious, could work as a gate opener for humanitarian aid vis-à-vis state and non-state actors alike, as a platform for co-operation with international institutions as well as a deliberately used capital on an increasingly competitive ‘humanitarian market place’. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
68. The Suez Crisis of 1956 as a moment of transnational humanitarian engagement.
- Author
-
Moeller, Esther
- Subjects
SUEZ Crisis, Egypt, 1956 ,RED Cross & Red Crescent ,HUMANITARIANISM ,GENEVA Convention (1949) ,PRISONERS of war -- History ,REIGN of Elizabeth II, Great Britain, 1952-2022 ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
The Suez Crisis of 1956 is generally seen in historical research as a moment both of Great Britain’s imperial decline and of Egyptian and Arab political self-determination in the Middle East. Yet the humanitarian aspect of this crisis is still neglected, even though it provoked important humanitarian engagements from different sides, Arab as well as Western. By focusing on the Red Cross and the Red Crescent Movement, this article investigates not only motives, forms and structures of humanitarian relief, but also analyses the successes and difficulties of transnational co-operation between Western and non-Western agencies with a special focus on the application of the Geneva Conventions of 1949. Finally, the article addresses the political dimension beyond concrete forms of help by arguing that the Suez Crisis attested to both the persistence of post-colonial structures and the institutionalisation of new, transnational patterns of co-operation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
69. A civilized nation: Japan and the Red Cross 1877–1900.
- Author
-
Käser, Frank
- Subjects
RED Cross & Red Crescent ,JAPANESE history -- 1868- ,CHARITIES ,CHARITIES -- History ,NINETEENTH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
The history of both the Red Cross and the Japanese Red Cross is based on a teleological and eurocentric narrative which is strongly shaped by national histories and focused on persons. To assume 1863 as the founding date of the Red Cross is highly debatable, considering that most national relief organisations were renamed ‘Red Cross Societies’ only in the 1880s. In this Japan is no exception, since first a Haku-Ai-Sha (Philanthropic Society) was founded in 1877 and then turned into the Japanese Red Cross Society in 1887. Japanese actors must be regarded as intrinsically motivated and active participants in the Red Cross movement who saw an ideal and a model in the Euro-American ‘way of civilisation’ and humanity. It has taken about 30 years to turn the Haku-Ai-Sha in Japan into a humanitarian society which is accepted both at home and abroad and, with its 728,507 members in 1900, which constituted the largest Red Cross Society in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
70. Reinventing the firm: from post-war relief to international humanitarian agency.
- Author
-
Wieters, Heike
- Subjects
HUMANITARIAN assistance ,HUMANITARIAN intervention ,AMERICAN humanitarian assistance ,FOOD relief ,PUBLIC-private sector cooperation ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article focuses on the humanitarian non-governmental organization (NGO) CARE, Inc., and its transformation from a temporary non-profit agency working in post-war relief to Europe, to a permanent humanitarian enterprise delivering food aid and technical assistance to the so-called ‘developing world’. It analyses CARE’s shift from its early days as an American voluntary agency delivering food and consumer products (donated by private individuals in America) to individuals in Europe to a large NGO that co-operated closely with the US government in food-aid distribution to the Global South. Its expansion and professionalization was embedded in the development of new forms of public-private co-operation in humanitarian affairs, as well as in the overall setting of an emerging competitive ‘humanitarian charity market’ in the non-profit sector. In order to expand its organization and mission CARE implemented new and innovative business strategies and fostered the increasing ‘managerialization’ of its humanitarian activities. The article stresses the economic dimension of NGO activity as one perspective (among others) that helps us to better understand the complex dynamics of the ‘rise’ of humanitarian non-state players during the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
71. Coping with famine in Communist China (1949–62).
- Author
-
Dikötter, Frank
- Subjects
GREAT Chinese Famine, 1958-1961 ,FAMINES ,COMMUNISM ,STARVATION ,GREAT Leap Forward, China, 1958-1961 ,FOOD relief ,HISTORY ,PREVENTION - Abstract
Several studies of Mao's Great Famine based on archival material have appeared over the past few years. This article is less focused on the famine than on how existing responses to starvation were gradually eliminated in the years before the launch of the Great Leap Forward in 1958, as well as how covert acts of resistance offered some hope to villagers during Mao's Great Famine from 1958 to 1962. China, after all, was a country well attuned to famine, and coping mechanisms existed at all levels of society, starting from a variety of survival strategies adopted by the villagers themselves and reaching all the way to international interventions by organisations like the Famine Relief Commission. Few of these were left intact in the wake of the Communist conquest in 1949, as is seen in the first part of this article. On the other hand, villagers were quick to learn how to lie, charm, hide, steal, cheat, pilfer, forage, smuggle, trick, manipulate or otherwise outwit the state. During the Great Leap Forward, these covert means of resistance were often the population's only hope for survival in many parts of the country reeling under the impact of famine, as seen in part two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
72. Face à la famine: mobilisations, opérations et pratiques humanitaires: Introduction.
- Author
-
Farré, Sébastien, Fayet, Jean-François, Gorin, Valérie, and Pitteloud, Jean-François
- Subjects
FAMINES ,HUMANITARIANISM ,FOOD relief ,HISTORY - Abstract
Information on topics discussed within the issue on one related to humanitarian assistance during famines, another on famine history and one on food relief during famines are presented.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
73. Famine responses in the world food crisis 1972–5 and the World Food Conference of 1974.
- Author
-
Gerlach, Christian
- Subjects
FAMINES ,FOOD ,FOOD production ,FOOD relief ,TWENTIETH century ,GOVERNMENT policy ,HISTORY ,CONFERENCES & conventions - Abstract
In the early 1970s, there was scarcity in the world grain market, soaring prices and famines in several countries of Asia and Africa. The commercial grain trade was expanded at the expense of food aid. After a brief look at policies addressing the situation in terms of modernised methods of agricultural production for small producers, the article sketches how such policies also affected relief efforts, from the low availability for food aid, the provision of food that was not useful and late deliveries through efforts to tie food aid to local changes in agricultural production and settlement patterns. In part, food aid thus reinforced processes of social differentiation that had contributed to causing the famines in the first place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
74. Decentring international and institutional famine relief in late nineteenth-century China: in search of the local.
- Author
-
Fuller, Pierre
- Subjects
FAMINES ,FOOD relief ,19TH century Chinese history ,GREAT Leap Forward, China, 1958-1961 ,GAZETTEERS ,HISTORY ,HUMANITARIANISM ,NINETEENTH century - Abstract
This article uses rural gazetteer biographies to examine village and household-level famine relief during the great North China Famine of 1876–9 to deepen our understanding of past relief methods and dynamics at the most local level. Despite the appearance of major works recently on famine in modern China, particularly on the Great Leap Forward, knowledge of Chinese famine relief remains thin and scattered considering the enormity of the subject. Nineteenth-century China saw intensifying international relief activity as well as the emergence of a vibrant charity-relief sector based in China's major cities, leading to the rise of prominent relief institutions in the twentieth century, such as the Chinese Red Cross. But the increasingly intense disasters of China's modern period also saw a surprising persistence of local humanitarian traditions still barely covered by historians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
75. Fiction and memoir of Britain’s Great War: disillusioned or disparate?
- Author
-
Beecham, Rodney Gerald
- Subjects
WORLD War I -- Fiction ,WORLD War I personal narratives ,HISTORIOGRAPHY of criticism ,BRITISH literature -- History & criticism ,DISILLUSIONMENT in literature ,MEMOIRS ,WAR in literature ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
Historical and literary critical orthodoxies hold that unfavourable British literary responses to the First World War did not materialise untilJourney’s Endand the war-books controversy of 1930. What appears to have happened is that an initial and largely factitious 1930 newspaper controversy has been conflated artificially with artefacts of popular culture from the 1960s to create a linear historical narrative of popular misrepresentation. A review of war fiction and memoir in English published prior to 1929 shows this narrative to be entirely unhistorical: considerable numbers of unfavourable responses to the First World War exist in British writing from this earlier period. The argument that there was a spell of post-war optimism before the general public changed its mind in 1929 is impossible to sustain. There never was a unitary British narrative of the First World War, and if the general perception of it by the British people since 1929 has been negative, the explanation does not lie in Depression-era war books but in whatever caused readers and reviewers of the time to respond favourably to individual accounts of the war rather than to a patriotic gloss. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
76. The invention of the basset hound: breed, blood and the late Victorian dog fancy, 1865–1900.
- Author
-
Pemberton, Neil and Worboys, Michael
- Subjects
BASSET hound ,VICTORIAN Period, Great Britain, 1837-1901 ,ANIMAL pedigrees ,DOG breeds ,DOG breeding associations ,DOG breeding ,DOG breeders ,HEREDITY ,NINETEENTH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
In this article the authors explore the practices and conceptualisations of British dog breeding and the showing of pedigree dogs by the ‘the dog fancy’, focusing specifically on the story of a single breed: the basset hound. This was not simply a story of British dog fanciers appropriating a French dog breed; indeed, this was impossible because the very notion of a dog ‘breed’, defined by conformation and legitimated by pedigree, was in the process of invention. They show how the British dog-show fancy chose one, from many and varied types of French hound, to be the basset hound, and how this choice was legitimated by reference to an imagined history, where the British dog fancy rescued a noble animal from French indifference to breed and blood. The chosen physical form was standardised to arbitrary ideal, but was by means no static. In the spirit of the times, it was ‘improved’, first by the empirical methods of animal breeders, using pedigrees to secure good and pure ‘blood’, and then by the application of science, particularly artificial insemination and hereditarian theories. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
77. Reading for gender.
- Author
-
Gouwens, Kenneth, Kane, Brendan, and Nussdorfer, Laurie
- Subjects
HISTORY of masculinity ,EARLY modern history ,REFORMATION ,RENAISSANCE ,GENDER ,HUMAN sexuality & history ,HISTORY ,HISTORIOGRAPHY - Abstract
This essay serves to introduce the collection of articles in the present issue on the subject of the ‘History of Early Modern Masculinities’. It addresses the place of masculinity in early-modern historiography, highlights neglected areas of research, outlines methodological challenges and suggests new directions in the study of gender. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
78. Policing paternity: historicising masculinity and sexuality in early-modern France.
- Author
-
Hardwick, Julie
- Subjects
HISTORY of masculinity ,DOMESTIC relations ,LEGAL status of pregnant women ,CIVIL law ,PATERNITY ,HUMAN sexuality ,HISTORY & youth ,GOVERNMENT policy ,HISTORY of civil law ,HISTORY - Abstract
In early-modern working communities, masculinity for young lower-rank men was embedded in particular performances and practices of licit intimacy. This essay analyses the specific expectations and parameters for men as well as women through which communities acknowledged and validated expressions of youth sexuality while marking and policing boundaries beyond which youthful courtship could become threatening to household and neighbourhood stability. Young men and women were the focus of these efforts just as they themselves participated in the assessment of appropriate behaviour. These issues suggest an on-going negotiation and contestation about what was appropriate for single men and women in terms of intimacy, and a clear sense that a violation of the community norms carried consequences for men as well as women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
79. Masculinity and its metonyms.
- Author
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Somerset, Fiona
- Subjects
HISTORY of masculinity ,METONYMS ,HISTORY in popular culture ,GENDER ,HISTORIOGRAPHY ,HISTORY - Abstract
The author responds to the articles in this issue by demonstrating how a twentieth-century poem might provide us with a fresh perspective on the situated historical understandings of bodies gendered as male provided here. Amichai uses the literary figure of metonymy to show how ‘a man’ has no time for history: he allows a part to speak for the whole, and a specific cultural moment to stand for any time. Historians and literary scholars alike would benefit from attending to our own metonyms, and the historical continuities we assume or assert as we seek to investigate cultural difference. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
80. Spain violated: foreign men in Spain's heartland.
- Author
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Behrend-Martínez, Edward
- Subjects
NONCITIZENS ,HISTORY of masculinity ,HISTORY of slavery ,16TH century Spanish history ,CLASSICAL Period Spanish literature ,SPANISH Inquisition, 1478-1820 ,HISTORY of ecclesiastical courts ,SPANISH colonies ,SIXTEENTH century ,HISTORY ,LITERARY criticism ,SPANISH literature - Abstract
The process of colonial expansion in the sixteenth century fundamentally changed Spanish culture. Along with race, religion, ethnicity, status and honour, definitions of proper gendered and sexual behaviour changed as well. This article argues that Spanish communities and institutions came to define foreign men as examples of a subordinate and dangerous masculinity. The threat that foreign male sexuality posed to Spanish women and thus Spanish patriarchy – not only in the colonies, but within Spain itself – led institutions to prosecute foreign men. This essay draws on the language used in Inquisition and ecclesiastical court cases against foreign men as well as in Spanish literature of the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
81. Concepts of citizenship in France during the long eighteenth century.
- Author
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Hammersley, Rachel
- Subjects
CITIZENSHIP ,HISTORY of democracy ,SUFFRAGE ,POLITICAL philosophy ,FRENCH Revolution, 1789-1799 ,BOURBON dynasty, France, 1589-1789 ,FRENCH history, 1789-1815 ,HISTORY of human rights ,HISTORY ,EIGHTEENTH century - Abstract
François Furet famously described the French Revolution as ’the first experiment with democracy’, and modern French citizenship is often seen as having emerged during this period. Universal male suffrage was practised for the first time in 1792 and the Revolution also witnessed debate over such issues as: the rights of citizens; the extension of the franchise to poorer inhabitants and black slaves; and even whether women should be given political rights. Yet, the modern idea of citizenship did not emerge from nowhere in 1789. Rather it was the product of more than a century of debate. This article examines the different understandings of citizenship that were competing for dominance in France during the long eighteenth century: the ancient conception; the Bodinian understanding and the rights-based approach. Not only does it demonstrate the contribution of these approaches (and in particular the last) to revolutionary understandings of citizenship, but it also highlights how the tensions of the eighteenth-century debates, and the ambiguities inherent in the rights-based conception, sparked some of the key controversies of the Revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
82. ‘And now imagine her or him as a slave, a pitiful slave with no rights’: child forced labourers in the culture of remembrance of the USSR and post-Soviet Ukraine.
- Author
-
Grinchenko, Gelinada
- Subjects
WORLD War II -- Children ,WORLD War II & collective memory ,CHILD labor ,FORCED labor ,HISTORY of the Soviet Union ,UKRAINIAN history ,PROPAGANDA ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article examines the various components of the image of Soviet children, who were deported to Nazi Germany during the Second World War to perform forced labour, within the culture of remembrance of the USSR and post-Soviet Ukraine. In her analysis, the author emphasises that throughout the Soviet period the topic of forced labour had mostly instrumental significance and was used for a variety of propaganda tasks: during the war, to mobilise the population to struggle against the enemy; in its aftermath, to underscore and contrast the essence and policies of the post-war Western ‘democracies’ and the USSR; and, from the late 1960s, to accuse capitalist countries, above all the Federal Republic of Germany, of preparing for undertakings such as a new war or an arms race. With the collapse of the USSR, theOstarbeiters'‘territory of memory’ enlarged dramatically. In the new climate of democratic transformation, there were socio-legal initiatives which aimed to regulate the status of forced labourers, and the first steps were taken towards institutionalisingOstarbeiterassociations. This, in turn, facilitated the process of analysing the construction and presentation of the image of the childOstarbeiteron the level of state-legal regulation, institutional support, public interest and scholarly research that is taking place in contemporary Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
83. ‘Musicking’ children from the Bohemian lands: nurtured and hidden musical practices on both sides of the Iron Curtain.
- Author
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Präger, Ulrike
- Subjects
WORLD War II -- Children ,HISTORY of Bohemia, Czech Republic ,GERMANS ,COLLECTIVE memory & music ,SOCIAL integration ,ASSIMILATION (Sociology) ,FORCED migration ,HISTORY ,TWENTIETH century - Abstract
Based on an analysis of musical childhood memories from over 80 Germans from the Bohemian lands and historical evidence, this article investigates processes of social and political integration and assimilation of German children and young adults who, in the aftermath of the Second World War, were either expelled to Germany or remained in their Bohemian homelands. Memories of Germans expelled to West Germany disclose the various ways in which musical repertoire and musical practices are able to mitigate both the loss of the homeland and the distressing overall effects of expulsion, as well as reveal how music facilitates the building of a new sense of belonging in the face of geographic displacement and material dispossession. The study further highlights how the reframing and even silencing of musical practices on the other side of the Iron Curtain in Czechoslovakia affected processes of social-identity reconstruction until and after the 1989 fall of Communism. Results of this study foreground that individual musical experiences reveal new historical narratives of how German expellees used and still use musical practices to negotiate intercultural power relationships and rebuild a sense of belonging in their respective post-war environment in West Germany or Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
84. Accepting Jewish roots for a pair of shoes: identity dilemmas of Jewish children in Poland during the Second World War and in the early post-war years.
- Author
-
Ansilewska, Marta
- Subjects
JEWISH children ,JEWS ,HOLOCAUST, 1939-1945 ,WORLD War II -- Children ,JEWISH identity ,HOLOCAUST survivors ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
Jewish children who managed to survive Nazi attempts to exterminate them are a clear, yet still under-examined, example of a group who managed to resist the path to genocide. It was only by changing their individual social identity that they were able to survive. By more or less consciously breaking their ties with Judaism and converting to Catholicism, they abandoned membership of the group destined for extermination and strove to become unidentifiable as Jews. This article focuses on the issue of the identity of the Jewish children raised or born in Poland during the Nazi persecution and who survived the Shoah under an assumed non-Jewish identity. It will examine the war's impact on these Polish ‘hidden children’ and its consequences for their ethnic and religious identity. Many children were intentionally deprived of their Jewish identity by their parents or saviours since such a renunciation was the only way to survive. Therefore the role of non-Jewish rescuers and the attitude of the Jewish authorities towards these children's fate during and after the war is also discussed. The survival of these children hinged upon questions of identity and how successfully they were able to conceal their life-threatening origins and adopt the much safer disguise. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
85. Child forced labour: an analysis of ego documents throughout time.
- Author
-
Venken, Machteld
- Subjects
FORCED labor ,WORLD War II -- Children ,CHILD labor ,CHILDREN ,POLISH people ,COMMUNISM -- Social aspects ,HISTORY ,TWENTIETH century - Abstract
This article centralises a unique collection of ego documents created under Communism in which Polish former child forced labourers articulate their war experiences. A comparative analysis of them with recent testimonies reveals that these ego documents offer a more nuanced depiction of Germans and display richer information on the specific working conditions and daily routine for children than the contemporary ones. A comparative reading of the archival testimonies with their published equivalents shows how the streamlining of a publicly acceptable version of the past under Communism went both ways, that is, at times foregrounding the propaganda content of autobiographical wordings, but also at other moments downplaying this element. The collection increases our understanding of child forced labour experiences during the Second World War, specifically the ways in which children perceived that experience, and offers insights into the negotiated appropriation of Communist ideology at the individual level. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
86. Taking the Pill after the ‘sexual revolution’: female contraceptive decisions in England and West Germany in the 1970s.
- Author
-
Silies, Eva-Maria
- Subjects
ORAL contraceptives ,ATTITUDES toward sex ,HUMAN sexuality & politics ,WOMEN'S sexual behavior ,WEST German history ,REIGN of Elizabeth II, Great Britain, 1952-2022 ,FEMINISM ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
A method of birth control often called ‘revolutionary’ was implemented in many Western countries in the 1960s. The contraceptive pill allowed women to engage in sexual experiences without the permanent fear of pregnancy. This safe method was especially important for the group of unmarried or newlywed women who were in the middle of their academic or vocational education and wanted to combine career and family life. In the 1970s, however, and especially under the influence of the Women's Liberation Movement, attitudes towards the Pill changed. It was no longer seen as an emancipation of female sexuality, but as an instrument of the on-going male domination of sexuality and society in general. According to this point of view, issues such as sexuality and contraception that had so far been regarded as ‘private’ became political. Women now directly linked their very personal intimate experiences and questions of power and gender relations in society, and this often meant stopping taking the Pill. This article examines the particular reasons for the shift in contraceptive behaviour in West Germany and England. It analyses the changing attitudes of feminist activists toward the Pill and their influence on women's decisions about birth control. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
87. ‘Let's get laid because it's the end of the world!’: sexuality, gender and the Spanish Left in late Francoism and the Transición.
- Author
-
Kornetis, Kostis
- Subjects
HUMAN sexuality & politics ,SPANISH politics & government, 1939-1975 ,SPANISH politics & government, 1975-2014 ,STUDENTS' sexual behavior ,IDENTITY (Psychology) ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article sets out to look at the ways in which gender relations and sexuality became politicised over time and especially during the ‘long 1960s’ in Spain during what is often called ‘late Francoism’. It analyses the gradual change to more liberal mores that coincided with the so-calledapertura, or opening-up of the regime, that began in the early 1960s and was intensified by the 1970s. The way in which progressive students – the so-calledprogre– experimented with sexuality and the ways in which their alternative aesthetics were used as codified elements of a rebelling identity marked the limits of the anti-regime community. The article ends with the final period of theTransiciónand the emergence of a new kind of sexual explicitness which started being promoted through alternative channels, coinciding, however, with a growing disenchantment from politics. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
88. ‘A politically non-dangerous revolution is not a revolution’: critical readings of the concept of sexual revolution by Yugoslav feminists in the 1970s.
- Author
-
Lóránd, Zsófia
- Subjects
20TH century feminism ,YUGOSLAVIAN politics & government, 1945-1992 ,HUMAN sexuality & politics ,WOMEN'S sexual behavior ,ATTITUDES toward sex ,PORNOGRAPHY ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY ,SOCIAL history - Abstract
This article probes the issues of the ‘sexual revolution’ and ‘feminism’ in the context of Yugoslavia in the 1970s and early 1980s. By the time feminists in that country started to organise themselves in the 1970s, the concept of the ‘sexual revolution’ had become subject to broader discussions. In this article, the author demonstrates that the new feminist discourse in Yugoslavia was critical of the position of women in the country, while also articulating an ambivalent attitude towards the idea of the ‘sexual revolution’. In dealing with diverse issues, such as women's sexuality and pornography, these feminists realised the concept's subversive potential, but also questioned its automatically emancipatory nature for women. In addition, as part of the author's conceptual analysis, she also detects some of the intellectual influences adopted by the new Yugoslav feminists from their US and West European counterparts. The critical or approving reflection of the Yugoslav feminists on these matters positions them in a dialogical and co-operative, yet also distinctive, placevis-à-visthe Western second waves. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
89. The bride in red: morality and private relationships in the Italian revolutionary Left – the case of the Maoist group Servire il popolo.
- Author
-
Francescangeli, Eros
- Subjects
ITALIAN politics & government, 1945- ,MAOISM ,HUMAN sexuality & politics ,FAMILIES ,GENDER ,NEW left (Politics) ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article examines internal developments within the revolutionary Left as part of intense social conflicts in 1970s Italy. It focuses on issues related to sexuality, family and gender relations within the Maoist group Servire il popolo (To Serve the People) and shows the non-linear trajectory that the sexual practices of Italian Maoists followed from the late 1960s onwards. In particular, I argue that in lambasting the sexual openness of the New Left in Italy at the end of the 1960s, the Maoists under study chastised sexual patterns that strayed from the norm of the stable heterosexual couple. In this vein, they promoted endogamy, most prominently with the introduction of the so-called ‘Communist’ or ‘red’ wedding in 1972, which continued until the group dissolved. Despite the fact that Servire il Popolo advocated the most stringent approach to sexuality and gender within the Italian Left of the 1970s, this article demonstrates that it was not the only Italian left-wing organisation that endorsed such a moralistic attitude at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
90. Gay activism in Modell Deutschland.
- Author
-
Griffiths, Craig
- Subjects
GAY rights movement ,NEW left (Politics) ,GERMAN politics & government ,INTERNATIONAL courts ,PINK triangles ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
The SPD's 1976 election slogan,Modell Deutschland(‘the German model’) became a catch-all term for all that the New Left rejected about the Federal Republic. This article will focus on how gay activists attempted to situate cases of gay oppression as part and parcel of wider political oppression against the New Left, and how the invocation of the National Socialist past was crucial to this aim. Gay activists' efforts culminated in the gay movement's interaction with the Third International Russell Tribunal, held in West Germany in 1978 and 1979 to consider alleged human-rights abuses. Analysing gay activism around the Tribunal reveals underlying tensions in gay liberation, with activists facing competing demands, the need to address contrasting constituencies, and caught between public and counterpublic. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
91. Red and Purple? Feminism and young Greek Eurocommunists in the 1970s.
- Author
-
Papadogiannis, Nikolaos
- Subjects
20TH century feminism ,EUROCOMMUNISM ,GREEK politics & government ,YOUTH in politics ,YOUTH societies & clubs ,HISTORY of collective action ,GENDER ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article analyses the impact of Feminism on one of the most popular left-wing youth groups in Greece, the Eurocommunist Rigas Feraios (RF), in the mid-to-late 1970s. It indicates that, rather than a shift to (depoliticised) individualisation, which scholars claim that emerged elsewhere in Western Europe during the 1970s, post-dictatorship Greece witnessed intense politicisation and experimentations in mass-mobilisation models, a facet of which was the reconfiguration of the relationship between Eurocommunist organisations and Feminism. It demonstrates that the spread of Feminist ideas in RF led to the sexualisation of feminine representations in its language. Still, it argues that Feminist activity within RF had broader repercussions: it stirred reflection on masculinities and contributed to the reshaping of the collective memory of left-wing activity in Greece endorsed by this organisation. Finally, the article shows that the Feminist members of RF formed women's committees, which functioned as a test-bed for novel conceptualisations of collective action that RF tried to develop in the mid-to-late 1970s. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
92. Maritime countries in the Far West: Western Europe in Xie Qinggao's Records of the Sea ( c. 1783–93).
- Author
-
Chung-yam Po, Ronald
- Subjects
HISTORY of cartography ,EAST-West divide ,QING dynasty, China, 1644-1912 ,HISTORY ,MAPS - Abstract
This article explores how the Qing (1644–1912) scholar Xie Qinggao (1765–1821) examined Europe in his Hailu and shows in what ways this work contributed to China's (re-)discovery of the Western world in the long eighteenth century. In his Hailu, which is usually translated as the Records of the Sea, Xie conjured up both factual and fanciful images of the Far West from the 1780s to the 1790s with a specific focus on Portugal, the Dutch Republic and England. In his highly vivid descriptions, Xie delineated some, in his eyes, characteristically Western customs, economies and religions with particular attention to the growth of these maritime countries (Chin. haiguo) and their expansions overseas. Despite its idiosyncrasies and a number of obscure details, Xie's study opened a new chapter in the Chinese understanding of Europe. Thanks to his work, some Chinese realised the need to revise their conventional understanding of Europe and to rediscover a continent located far beyond their tianxia worldview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
93. The monetary reform of 1854 in the Duchy of Schleswig: a case of attempted state-building.
- Author
-
Clausen, Thomas
- Subjects
ECONOMIC reform ,DANISH economy ,MONETARY systems ,SCHLESWIG-Holstein question ,SCHLESWIG-Holstein (Germany) politics & government ,STATE formation ,HISTORY ,NINETEENTH century ,ECONOMIC policy - Abstract
This article is a survey of the monetary reform of 1854 in the Duchy of Schleswig, then part of the Danish monarchy. The reform can be seen as the third of three major attempts to overcome the economic and political difficulties associated with a heterogeneous and divided monetary system within the Danish state in the period from the end of the eighteenth to the middle of the nineteenth century. Informed by theories of institutional economics and state-building and based on contemporary sources, the article critically examines the problematic implementation of a single currency in a nineteenth-century region torn by ethno-political tensions and upheaval. The national split between German and Danish in the Duchy seriously hampered the dissemination of the new currency, thus obstructing the reform and the fulfilment of its underlying ambition: to transform Schleswig into a more harmonious polity within the institutional framework of the Danish composite monarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
94. French adventures in solidarity: revolutionary tourists and radical humanitarians.
- Author
-
Davey, Eleanor
- Subjects
SOLIDARITY ,HUMANITARIANISM ,FRENCH politics & government, 1945- ,INTERNATIONALISM ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY ,INTELLECTUAL life - Abstract
This article uses the adventures in solidarity of French tiers-mondistes and sans-frontiéristes to introduce these two movements and indicate their position within the intellectual paradigm shift that occurred in France during the 1970s. Focusing on the case of Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), it draws attention to the important position of humanitarianism during and following the decline of revolutionary frameworks in French intellectual and public life. The study posits that a fuller appreciation of humanitarianism's relationship to political engagement will be necessary to better understand its contribution to internationalism and contemporary activism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
95. Promoting solidarity at home and abroad: the goals and tactics of the anti-Vietnam War movement in Britain.
- Author
-
Ellis, Sylvia A.
- Subjects
VIETNAM War protest movements ,PEACE movements ,BRITISH politics & government, 1945- ,SOLIDARITY ,LABOR movement ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article explores the nature, tactics and effectiveness of the vocal anti-Vietnam war movement in Britain. It focuses on the rhetoric and actions of a range of different groups, from the far-Left Vietnam Solidarity Campaign, to the broad-Left British Council for Peace in Vietnam and the labour movement. It asks how far the anti-war opposition was able to shape both government policy and public debate on the war, and positions the British opposition within its wider global anti-war context. It explores the meanings of solidarity (with the American, or global, anti-war movement or with the North Vietnamese) for the British movement, and it highlights the ultimately domestic focus of the campaign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
96. ‘A belated return for Christ?’: the reception of Arnold J. Toynbee's A Study of History in a British context, 1934–1961.
- Author
-
Hutton, Alexander
- Subjects
SECULAR civilization ,RELIGIOUS life in British colonies ,SOCIAL life & customs in British colonies ,INTELLECTUALS ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY ,HISTORIOGRAPHY - Abstract
The negative reception of A Study of History at the hands of British historians has masked wider responses to the work in Britain which reflect major tensions within British society and wider attitudes towards the idea of civilisation, the British Empire and religion. The highly critical response to the work from the majority of professional historians reviewing the book is indicative of major debates within British history writing, including the role of empirical and idealist interpretations of history, and the increasingly academic and scholarly role of the historian. Toynbee's position as a public voice and a celebrity historian in the 1950s, whose approach to history eschewed constraints of period or region, represented antithesis to the expanding historical profession and scholarly research. Arnold Toynbee's A Study of History was a weathervane for contemporary cultural and intellectual concerns of the era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
97. Borderless sport? Imagining and organising bicycle racing in Belgium, 1869–1914: between transnational dynamics and national aspirations.
- Author
-
Knuts, Stijn and Delheye, Pascal
- Subjects
BICYCLE racing ,NATIONALISM ,INTERNATIONALISM ,CYCLISTS ,HISTORY - Abstract
From the 1860s onwards, the new sport of bicycle racing engendered transnational flows of ideas, practices and performers. However, national actors and sensitivities always remained present. In interaction with these transnational flows they shaped national identity in this sport, as the Belgian case shows. Belgium was a site of cross-border interaction for racing from early on. Nevertheless, actors like the Belgian cycling press or national cycling union also continuously tried to construct a ‘national’ racing culture. French and British influences were especially crucial here, as Belgian actors were continuously torn between both in determining their position in the amateur–professional question or in the International Cycling Association. France and Britain thus functioned as ‘significant others’ in the shaping of ‘national’ Belgian racing, a process often complicated by the transnational activities of other, commercially motivated actors like cycling tracks or racers themselves. In competition, too, the discourses of the Belgian press on racers Hubert Houben and Robert Protin celebrated their ‘small nation’ and its success against and differences from its bigger neighbours. The Belgian orientation on French racing eventually became dominant, and proved to be crucial to the resurrection of the sport in Belgium after a period of crisis around 1900. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
98. Soviet elites and European integration: from Stalin to Gorbachev.
- Author
-
English, Robert David and Svyatets, Ekaterina (Kate)
- Subjects
SOVIET Union intellectual life, 1970-1991 ,EUROPE-Soviet Union relations ,ELITE (Social sciences) ,SOCIAL reformers ,SOVIET Union politics & government, 1985-1991 ,HISTORY of European integration ,PERESTROIKA ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article argues that, like the liberalising “Great Reforms” of Russia in the mid-19th century, Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika of the late 20th century was propelled as much by reformist intellectuals' Europe-inspired visions of a more humane society as it was by military-economic crisis. Over the post-Stalin decades, a new policy-academic elite – economists, philosophers, scientists and writers – viewed in the apparent success of East European reforms a model of “socialism with a human face” for their country's eventual reintegration into a “common European home.” Yet their understanding of European integration was too superficial, and their appreciation of communist hard-liners' resistance too belated, to carry their reforms to successful completion. This article also holds that Russian reformers' naiveté was compounded by Western leaders' selfishness and short-sightedness. The latter clung to Cold War beliefs that the Soviet system could not produce a genuine reformist movement. When Gorbachev came to power, his perestroika was considered merely a “ruse,” its ideas of “new thinking” ridiculed, and ultimately only the “shock therapy” of Boris Yeltsin merited significant Western aid despite its broad incompetence and vast corruption. The combined Western-Russian failures in 1990s efforts toward rapid marketisation and integration proved even more damaging than those of the 1980s due to their broad discrediting of Western liberal democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
99. Polish economic policy at the time of détente , 1966–78.
- Author
-
Jarząbek, Wanda
- Subjects
POLISH economic policy ,DETENTE ,POLISH politics & government, 1945-1980 ,INTERNATIONAL economic integration ,ECONOMIC reform ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article focuses on Polish economic policy during the détente era to explore Poland's growing connection with the West as well as assesses the importance of domestic and external factors in influencing the choices of the Polish ruling elite. The two party first secretaries of the period, Gomułka and Gierek, were often opposed to each other, and the merit of Poland's opening up to the West is usually attributed to the second. By analysing Gomułka's and Gierek's leadership respectively, the author appraises the different ideas that characterised their economic policy, as well as the domestic and external constraints they faced, in order to assess the limits and flaws of their attempts at integrating the country into the world economy. This article offers a double reappraisal of the Polish leaderships' policies. First, it demonstrates that the economic opening up to the West had already started in the 1960s under Gomułka, despite limited East–West contacts at the time, and was driven by a proactive Polish government. Second, it downsizes the success of Gierek's economic policy and shows that it was mostly merely reactive to domestic pressure and foreign trends; its shortsightedness got Poland into the trap of spiralling indebtedness and irremediable social discontent with the regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
100. Nineteenth-century statecraft and the politics of moderation in the Franco-Prussian War.
- Author
-
Barber, Christopher Ernest
- Subjects
FRANCO-Prussian War, 1870-1871 ,MODERATION ,HISTORY of diplomacy ,GREAT powers (International relations) ,EUROPEAN politics & government -- 1848-1871 ,HISTORY of peace ,NINETEENTH century ,HISTORY ,WAR & society - Abstract
In the nineteenth century there was a distinct form of moderation in European statecraft. This moderation worked within the broader the framework of the European concert where the exercise of prudence and forbearance acted as the measure of state conduct in European politics. The overarching intention behind moderation was to maintain a balanced, peaceful Europe. Using the context of the Franco-Prussian War, this study attempts to highlight the place of moderation in diplomacy, as contemporaries understood it. In doing so, it provides an enriched perspective of nineteenth-century statecraft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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