176 results
Search Results
2. Résister sous les tropiques. Les réseaux de résistance en Indochine (1940-1945).
- Author
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Pollack, Guillaume
- Subjects
WORLD War II ,POLITICAL movements -- History ,FRENCH politics & government ,HISTORY of Indochina ,HISTORY ,TWENTIETH century ,ARMED Forces - Abstract
Copyright of European Review of History is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Appeals for European solidarity as calls for colonial violence: British and German public debates around 1900.
- Author
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Methfessel, Christian
- Subjects
SOLIDARITY ,VIOLENCE ,WORLD War I ,IMPERIALISM ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
While recent scholarship has emphasized the role of the colonial experience in the development of the idea of Europe and European integration, notions of European solidarity in the age of imperialism have largely been ignored. This paper investigates the specific context in which journalists and politicians voiced such pleas for solidarity, explores the motivations for them, and probes their limits in times of tension. A closer look at the actors involved illustrates the strictures placed on ideas of European solidarity and illuminates the limited potential of projects of integration prior to 1914. However, latter considerations notwithstanding, a discourse on European solidarity in a colonial context did emerge in the decades before the First World War, allowing early proponents of integration to view colonialism as a field for common European action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. History, memory and ‘lessons learnt’ for humanitarian practitioners.
- Author
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Taithe, Bertrand and Borton, John
- Subjects
HUMANITARIANISM ,MEMORY ,NONGOVERNMENTAL organizations ,HUMANITARIAN assistance ,INTERNATIONAL economic assistance ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article concludes the special issue on the history of humanitarian aid by reflecting on the role of memory and history in relation to humanitarian aid. To address a special issue as a conclusion is to embrace the opportunity to reflect on its papers, aims and ambitions. It is also for us an opportunity to reflect on the role history has for a community of practice often forging ahead in response to the latest demands and emergencies. Historical thinking is now coming into greater salience for the world of humanitarian aid because, we argue, the ‘humanitarian sector’ has grown and aged – and professionalized and institutionalized. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Unpunishable crimes? The Belgian judiciary and violence against collaborators 1944–51.
- Author
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Zurné, Jan Julia
- Subjects
COLLABORATIONISTS (Traitors) ,POLITICAL violence -- History ,PROSECUTION ,BELGIAN history, 1914- ,POST-World War II Period ,COURTS ,ANTI-Nazi movement ,GERMAN occupation of Belgium, 1940-1945 ,HISTORY - Abstract
In the aftermath of the Second World War in Europe, violence inflicted on supporters of the former regimes was ubiquitous. In this paper, the author looks at how the Belgian judiciary dealt with this violence. A case study in the judicial district of Brussels shows that hardly any post-liberation cases of violence inflicted on (alleged) collaborators by members of resistance groups were brought before a court. Although the public prosecutor investigated the attacks in depth, practical, legal and pragmatic considerations made it difficult or impossible to bring the cases before a judge. At a practical level, the profile of both the victims and the perpetrators of such violence hindered the investigations. At a legal level, a decree-law issued one year after the liberation amnestied members of resistance organizations who had committed crimes in the context of their resistance activities. Apart from this legal context, the judiciary pragmatically took account of public reaction to their prosecution policy. Prosecuting those who had attacked collaborators would not only disturb public order, but could also harm the position of the judiciary itself, which was trying to reaffirm its legitimacy after the troubled occupation period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Italy during the Rhine Crisis of 1840.
- Author
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Sedivy, Miroslav
- Subjects
EUROPEAN politics & government -- 1815-1848 ,BOUNDARY disputes ,FRENCH foreign relations ,GREAT powers (International relations) ,HISTORY of diplomacy ,DIPLOMATIC history ,NINETEENTH century ,HISTORY ,REIGN of Louis Philippe, France, 1830-1848 ,EUROPEAN history, 1815-1871 ,GEOGRAPHIC boundaries ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
The paper addresses the impact of the Rhine Crisis of 1840 on Italian countries and explains the role they played in the European State System when the Continent seemed to be on the eve of a general war. As the paper attempts to prove, the crisis seriously alarmed the ruling classes as well as the general public and revealed the internal problems of the Italian countries as well as their deep distrust towards the egotistic and self-serving policies of the Great Powers. The paper therefore introduces the history of Italy during late 1840 within the wider context of European diplomatic history and serves as a probe into the history of the European State System during the Pre-March period in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Global culture fronts: the Alliance Française and the cultural propaganda of the Free French.
- Author
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Horne, Janet R.
- Subjects
CULTURAL history ,INTERNATIONAL alliances ,HISTORY - Abstract
In January 1941, F.R. Cowell of the Spears Commission expressed the hope that the British and the Free French might 'make some use of the wreckage of the Alliance Française now scattered around the world'. Although the Alliance was 'hopelessly lost' in places such as Japan and the Balkans, it was not, he argued, 'justifiable to let the whole business go by default'. In this essay, the author adopts a global lens to analyse this putative 'wreckage' of the Alliance and to suggest that the notion of a 'global culture front' might be a productive way of investigating the remnants of the Alliance's international network. What was the significance of the wartime Alliance in the United States, Egypt, Indonesia, Brazil or Uruguay? What role did it play, or fail to play, as a support platform for the cultural propaganda of the Free French? What was the role of French culture, per se, in this complex and shifting political terrain? Part of a larger cultural history of the Alliance Française, this paper explores how representatives of the Free French and of the Vichy regime engaged in mutual surveillance of cultural and political activity within Alliance networks and intervened to shape events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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8. Keeping designs and brands authentic: the resurgence of the post-war French fashion business under the challenge of US mass production.
- Author
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Pouillard, Veronique
- Subjects
CLOTHING industry ,FRENCH influences on fashion ,MASS production ,READY-to-wear clothing ,HAUTE couture ,TREND setters ,TWENTIETH century ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,HISTORY - Abstract
This paper describes the strategies of the French fashion business to authenticate its designs and brands under the challenge of mass-produced ready-to-wear clothing by US manufacturers. It focuses on the 1950s as a pivotal moment in fashion history, as the older model of elite fashion ‘trickling down’ to the lower strata of garment production made way for a multiplicity of trendsetters and a democratisation of fashion. Starting from a situation in which New York-based manufacturers produced low-price copies of Parisian designs, the paper analyses the various strategies of French fashion producers to get control over the exploitation of their designs. As attempts to secure international copyright for fashion designs failed, Parisian designers brought out tie-in products and boutique lines and managed to shift the authenticity of their work from the design to the brand. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
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9. Colonial encounters, local knowledge and the making of the cartographic archive in the Venetian Peloponnese.
- Author
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Stouraiti, Anastasia
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY & imperialism ,HISTORY of cartography ,VENETIAN Settlements, Peloponnesus, Greece, 1204-1715 ,CROSS-cultural communication ,SURVEYING (Engineering) ,HISTORY of Venice, Italy, 1508-1797 ,HISTORY - Abstract
Current research on the cartography of the Venetian Empire rests on a state-centred perspective which reduces maps to mere technical tools in the service of maritime expansion and colonial government. In contrast, this paper argues that such an approach cannot sufficiently account for the multiple ethnocartographic transactions between Venetian authorities and local communities which defined Venetian map-making projects. Taking the seventeenth-century conquest of the Peloponnese as its focus, the paper proposes to rethink the Venetian cartographic archive as constituted through a set of socio-cultural and political practices involving both colonial surveyors and native inhabitants. By analysing the assemblage of cartographic knowledge in the context of the encounter between colonisers and colonised, the paper examines topographical surveys as the product of cross-cultural communication shaped through negotiation, competition and unequal dialogue. Ultimately, the paper aims to show the heuristic value of a dialogic approach to cartography for a better understanding of both the colonial society of the Venetian Peloponnese and the making of knowledge in Venice's overseas empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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10. Mitterrand’s Europe: functions and limits of ‘European solidarity’ in French policy during the 1980s.
- Author
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Schotters, Frederike
- Subjects
SOLIDARITY ,EUROPEAN foreign relations ,INTERNATIONAL relations policy ,FRENCH foreign relations ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This paper explores the conceptualization and interpretation of ‘European solidarity’ by the French President François Mitterrand. It discusses the relevance of former concepts of foreign and European policy. It differentiates between a European idea and European institutions, also taking into account personal experiences. Finally, it analyses the correlation between different concepts such as ‘European solidarity’, ‘transatlantic solidarity’, ‘West European solidarity’ and ‘pan-European solidarity’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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11. Local politics during the First World War: political players in the armaments center Wiener Neustadt.
- Author
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Schmitner, Sabine
- Subjects
WORLD War I ,WORLD War I & politics ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article focuses on the interdependencies between local political activities and war order. Did the state of emergency and other legal aspects of war order open a space of total power for the state? Based on the experience of the Austrian Armaments Centre Wiener Neustadt, the author argues that local politicians as important mediators between state and townspeople possessed power too. As formal political players and local authorities, they played an important role in establishing and keeping up the war order in terms of administration and morality. Three political parties sent out politicians to serve as members of the local council: Deutschnationale (German Nationals), Sozialdemokraten (Social Democrats) and Christlichsoziale (Christian Socials). As members of the local council, the politicians concentrated on organizing town life during war. As party-political players, they followed their party-political agendas. By aligning with the government’s war order, the three parties were able to make the First World War “their” war. Based on the perspective of governmentality understood as organized practices by which people are governed, this paper analyzes how Party Political Discourses produced and reproduced ideas of war and how to behave during war, as well as how social structures and spaces supported party political positioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. The Wehrmann in Eisen: nailed statues as barometers of Habsburg social order during the First World War.
- Author
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Densford, Kathryn E.
- Subjects
STATUES ,AUSTRO-Turkish wars ,SOCIAL order ,WORLD War I ,PATRIOTISM ,HISTORY - Abstract
Beginning in early 1915, large nailed statues appeared across Austria-Hungary. These statues, which were carved of wood and covered in nails, took different forms. The most common was a shield or medieval knight, the Wehrmann in Eisen. Often placed in prominent public spaces, these statues became focal points for ceremonies aimed at uniting the local population in support of the Habsburg war effort. The rhetoric concerning these statues, used by officials in unveiling ceremonies and reproduced in newspapers, reinforced notions of wartime sacrifice expected of all citizens. This paper examines these nailed statues in both halves of the Dual Monarchy, arguing that these statues served an important function in the Habsburg wartime project to promote widespread patriotism and in the process upheld traditional gendered social order. Ultimately, these nailed statues and the events that took place at them exemplify efforts by those in positions of authority to maintain traditional gendered social order in wartime through this symbol of male battlefront sacrifice. The varied afterlives of these statues indicate the degree to which the statues failed to unite the Monarchy around a common Habsburg wartime project and were subject to use for political ends in the successor states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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13. Transnational militancy in Cold-War Europe: gender, human rights, and the WIDF during the Greek Civil War.
- Author
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Poulos, Margarite
- Subjects
GREEK Civil War, 1944-1949 ,WOMEN ,HISTORY of human rights ,DEMOCRATIZATION ,DEMOCRACY ,HISTORY ,TWENTIETH century - Abstract
This paper examines the involvement of the Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF) in the politics of the Greek Civil War (1946-1949). The article's specific focus is on the organisation's international campaigns for the end of state-sanctioned persecution of leftists, especially women, and the re-instatement of democracy in Greece, utilising the expanding human-rights system at the United Nations. It draws on selected WIDF and United Nations (UN) documents, in addition to primary and secondary materials relating to the cold war and the Greek Civil War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Improving the use of history by the international humanitarian sector.
- Author
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Nicholas Borton, John
- Subjects
HUMANITARIAN assistance ,HISTORIOGRAPHY ,HISTORY & sociology ,HUMANITARIAN intervention ,HUMANITARIANISM ,NONGOVERNMENTAL organization personnel ,ACADEMIC discourse ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article challenges the often implicit assumption by historians working on humanitarian history that their work is being read and used by present-day humanitarian workers. Key characteristics of the modern-day humanitarian sector are highlighted, including the unpredictable and often inadequate levels of funding, stressful working conditions and high staff turnover. The article argues that, to a significant degree, the humanitarian sector is ahistorical and locked into a state of ‘perpetual present’. Two principal obstacles to the greater use of historical knowledge within the present-day humanitarian sector are identified as being the limited accessibility of the available literature on humanitarian history and the perceptions that the work of humanitarian historians is of limited relevance. The paper concludes by describing recent initiatives including the planned humanitarianhistory.org website which is intended to improve the accessibility of the available literature and facilitate engagement and co-production between historians and humanitarian workers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Famine and the changing role of NGOs: an Irish perspective.
- Author
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Gráda, Cormac Ó
- Subjects
NONGOVERNMENTAL organizations ,FAMINES ,FOOD relief ,HISTORY ,SOCIAL history - Abstract
The paper discusses how the recent history of famine has influenced the mission of relief-oriented non-governmental organisations (NGOs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Re-education in times of transitional justice: the case of the Dutch and Belgian collaborators after the Second World War.
- Author
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Grevers, Helen
- Subjects
COLLABORATIONISTS in World War II ,RECONSTRUCTION (1939-1951) ,BELGIAN history, 1914- ,HISTORY of the Netherlands, 1945- ,TRANSITIONAL justice ,EDUCATION of prisoners ,HISTORY of war & society ,DENAZIFICATION ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
After the liberation of the Second World War, the governing parties in both Belgium and The Netherlands agreed that it was necessary to punish the collaborators. But the notion that the large majority had to be ‘re-educated’ for social reintegration also very soon prevailed in both countries. Collaborators had to be ‘cured’ to become full democratic national citizens again, and their punishment was designed to achieve this. Although in the last few decades the research scope of transitional justice has developed greatly and has contributed to an ever more nuanced picture of the punishment of collaboration in the post-war period, the question of to what extent prisons were used as places to ‘improve’ enemies of the state during a regime change has largely been overlooked. But precisely by studying the execution of the punishment, underlying ideologies and interests are exposed, and we can see how well defined citizenship was. This paper, with the aid of the Dutch–Belgian comparison, considers how post-war re-education was approached in those countries and what this says about the meaning of imprisonment during regime changes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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17. Invincible blades and invulnerable bodies: weapons magic in early-modern Germany.
- Author
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Tlusty, B. Ann
- Subjects
MAGIC -- History ,GERMAN history, 1517-1871 ,MEN ,HISTORY of masculinity ,MEDICINE ,SWORDS ,FIREARMS -- History ,GERMANIC magic ,HISTORY - Abstract
In the world of the occult, as in other realms, the tools and methods chosen by women and men reflected acceptable ways of ‘doing’ gender. This paper will concentrate on magical spells and blessings intended to give men an advantage in sword fights, make them invulnerable, or turn them into perfect marksmen. Because magical practices associated with guns and blades were related to early-modern thinking about masculine power and performance, they were less harshly treated than the kind of magic more often associated with women. Many of these hypermasculine spells drew on contemporary medical beliefs about natural sympathies, including the idea that sympathies existed between the dead and the living. For this reason, invulnerability and weapon spells usually included materials from male corpses (for example, body parts, moss growing on dead men's skulls, and so on). As learned belief in natural magic waned during the Enlightenment, stories of magic blades and bullets retreated from courts and battlefields into the world of fiction and fantasy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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18. One continent, one language? Europa Celtica and its language in Philippus Cluverius' Germania antiqua (1616) and beyond.
- Author
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Van Hal, Toon
- Subjects
MONOLINGUALISM ,INDO-European languages ,PROTO-Celtic language ,EUROPE in literature ,HISTORY ,SEVENTEENTH century ,INTELLECTUAL life - Abstract
Today's European Union is keen to point out that one of Europe's main characteristics is its linguistic diversity. Some early-modern scholars, however, emphasised the notion of European monolingualism, even though Europe's linguistic diversity was as obvious in the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries as it is today. These scholars advanced the argument that, in a distant past, Europeans had spoken one single language. This article focuses on the first scholar to really substantiate this idea. In his voluminous Germania antiqua (1616), the Leiden founder of historical geography, Philippus Cluverius, set out to prove that Europe had once largely been populated by people who shared one single language and a set of distinctive customs. After analysing Cluverius' argument and his linguistic image of Europe, the article will outline the intellectual background behind his claims and map his work's impact on later representations of Europe in terms of language. Even when most early-modern scholars admittedly rejected the idea of Europe as a historical linguistic unity, the paper will show that the notion of Europe was a crucial point of reference in the linguistic scholarship of the early-modern period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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19. Popular Music in Germany, 1900–1930: A Case of Americanisation? Uncovering a European Trajectory of Music Production into the Twentieth Century.
- Author
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Nathaus, Klaus
- Subjects
POPULAR music ,AMERICANIZATION ,SHEET music publishers ,JAZZ ,CULTURAL production ,MUSIC industry ,TAYLORISM (Management) ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article discusses the thesis that popular music in early twentieth-century Germany was Americanised by shifting the focus from the meaning and reception of music to the way it was produced and disseminated by professionals, from music publishers and composers to bandleaders and critics. Firstly, it stresses a key difference in the way the music business was modernised on both sides of the Atlantic around 1900. While in the US the sheet-music trade became ‘Taylorised’, the music business in Germany, as elsewhere in Continental Europe, was transformed into a rights industry. Secondly, the paper highlights the prominence of Austrian music producers and their repertoire in Germany and suggests that, at least in a business sense, popular music in Germany was Austrianised rather than Americanised. Thirdly, it proposes that ‘Jazz’ after the First World War was hardly a straightforward import of American culture, but a site where incumbents and newcomers to the music profession struggled for position. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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20. Americanised, Europeanised or nationalised? The film industry in Europe under the influence of Hollywood, 1927–1968.
- Author
-
Merziger, Patrick
- Subjects
MOTION picture industry ,AMERICANIZATION ,NATIONALISM ,POPULAR films ,FILM periodicals ,NATIONAL socialism & motion pictures ,IMPORT quotas ,HISTORY ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY of nationalism ,HISTORY of the motion picture industry - Abstract
In most film histories of the twentieth century Hollywood's dominance has been indisputable. Apparently, European filmmakers were always facing one choice: either imitating the American style or finding a niche in the Hollywood system. This dominance is often referred to as evidence for an ‘Americanisation’ of popular culture in Europe. This article shows that this narrative leaves out a central development between 1927 and 1968: the nationalisation of popular European cinema. The paper asks which conditions facilitated and shaped national film cultures and shows how the political regulation of production in European countries, the momentum of the market, technology and the national industries contributed to the nationalisation of European film. Ultimately, however, the productions of these national cinemas resonated with audiences who sustained them for years following the Second World War. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Popular tourism in Western Europe and the US in the twentieth century: a tale of different trajectories.
- Author
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Kopper, Christopher
- Subjects
TOURISM ,AMERICANIZATION ,CONSUMERISM ,VACATIONS -- Social aspects ,COMMODIFICATION ,HISTORY ,TWENTIETH century ,MANNERS & customs - Abstract
Historians have labelled the development of modern mass-consumer societies in Europe as a process of ‘Americanisation’. Until today, the consumption of immaterial goods like vacations has been rather neglected by historiography. The purpose of this article is to verify the hypothesis that the United States served as a role model for European vacationing patterns and the evolution of the European travel industry. The paper demonstrates that a simple model of ‘Americanisation’ does not adequately represent the process of partial imitation, adaptation and alteration of American travel patterns through European societies and, more particular, through European holiday providers. National traditions and cultural differences of vacationing continue to exist until today. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Coming to Terms with the Stasi: History and Memory in the Bautzen Memorial.
- Author
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Thomas, Marcel
- Subjects
COLLECTIVE memory ,HISTORICAL controversies ,MEMORIALS ,PRISONS ,EAST German history ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This paper examines the role played by the encounter of history and personal memories in the difficult process of coming to terms with the Stasi in present-day eastern Germany. While historians have made substantial progress over the last two decades in accounting for the wide range of ways in which the German Democratic Republic (GDR) is remembered by East Germans, the memorials and museums of the reunified Germany remain unable to integrate memories of dictatorial oppression and happiness in everyday life. Sites commemorating state repression are thus often assumed to lack impact on former GDR citizens whose memories differ from official versions of history. These assumptions are tested for the Bautzen Memorial, formerly known as the ‘celebrities’ prison' of the East German Ministry of State Security. Focusing on the differing receptions of GDR memorial sites, this article draws on interviews with two former political prisoners and with visitors to the Memorial who grew up in socialist East Germany. It argues that the open approach of the Memorial, which leaves visitors to draw their own conclusions from the exhibition, allows different stakeholders to find ways of personal engagement with the past at the site despite the disparities with their own memories. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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23. ‘Wanderer, kommst du nach Pforta …’: the tension between Classical tradition and the demands of a Nazi elite-school education at Schulpforta and Ilfeld, 1934–45.
- Author
-
Roche, HelenBarbara Elizabeth
- Subjects
HISTORY of boarding schools ,NATIONAL socialism & education ,HISTORY of education policy ,EDUCATION ,NAZI propaganda ,HUMANISTIC education ,CLASSICAL education ,NAZI Germany, 1933-1945 ,HISTORY - Abstract
This paper explores the tensions which arose when Schulpforta, Germany's leading humanistic boarding school, was forcibly turned into a Nazi elite school (a Nationalpolitische Erziehungsanstalt,or Napola). The time-honoured traditions of Christianity and enlightened humanism previously cultivated at the erstwhile Landesschule zur Pforta (alma mater of Fichte, Ranke and Nietzsche) were swiftly subordinated to the demands of National Socialist ideology. Schulpforta, a former monastic foundation, was radically dechristianised, and the school's Classical curriculum soon served only to emphasise those aspects of Greco-Roman Antiquity which could ‘help the Third Reich achieve its destiny’, portraying the Greeks and Romans as proto-National Socialists, pure Aryan ancestors of the modern German race. The Napola curriculum focused on sport and pre-military training over academic excellence, and contemporary documentary evidence, memoirs and newly obtained eyewitness testimony all suggest that the Napola administration wished to assimilate Pforta with any other Napola. This idea is borne out by comparing the case of Napola Ilfeld, a former Klosterschule(monastery school) with a similar history. By the mid-1940s, Ilfeld had lost almost all connection with its humanistic past. Ultimately, we can see the erosion and Nazification of these schools' Christian and humanistic traditions as exemplifying in microcosm tendencies which were prevalent throughout the Third Reich. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Entangled communities: interethnic relationships among urban salesclerks and domestic workers in Egypt, 1927–61.
- Author
-
Reynolds, NancyY.
- Subjects
EGYPTIAN history ,ETHNIC relations ,RETAIL clerks ,HOUSEHOLD employees ,HISTORY of the Mediterranean Region ,EMPLOYMENT ,COSMOPOLITANISM ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This paper examines the relationships among salesclerks and other lower-level commercial and domestic employees in inter-war and post-Second World War urban Egypt, especially Cairo. It argues that the Italians, Greeks, local Jews, Armenians, Syrian Christians, Maltese, Coptic Christians and Muslims who often worked side by side on the floors of department stores and private homes participated in multiethnic occupational subgroups, formal unions and leisure cultures that created a series of networks linking lower-middle-class people in workplaces, public and neighbourhood space as well as commerce. These networks spanned ethnic, religious and linguistic boundaries, and they reveal a complex shared Mediterranean culture, underpinned by a juridical system shaped by European colonialism. Although historians have documented the vertical relations within ethnic groups and the horizontal relationships among the business elite of different communities, horizontal relationships among the lower and lower-middle classes of locally resident foreigners or Egyptians, who made up the bulk of the different communities, evidence both deep entanglement and regular conflict. The history of lived Mediterranean or cosmopolitan experiences thus challenges contemporary uses of both terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Italians in Tunisia: between regional organisation, cultural adaptation and political division, 1860s–1940.
- Author
-
El Houssi, Leila
- Subjects
TUNISIAN history ,ITALIANS ,DIASPORA ,POLITICAL refugees ,HISTORY of the Mediterranean Region ,IMMIGRATION & emigration in Italy -- History ,FASCISM in Italy ,COLONIAL Africa ,HISTORY ,HISTORY of fascism - Abstract
This article analyses the case of the Italian community in Tunisia during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The Italian presence in Tunisia dates back to the age of the so-called Repubbliche marinare (Maritime Republics), when Italy was still not a unitary entity, but rather a collection of states that had their own relationships with the Ottoman Empire. The Italian community in Tunisia is an example of a diaspora resulting from migrations in the Mediterranean region. The case study of the Italians in Tunisia is a sort of ‘diaspora from inside’. Indeed it is reductive to see Italians in Tunisia just as nationals, because they had different regional, religious, class and cultural backgrounds to native Tunisians. Local identities characterised their community. This perspective is also apparent in the multitude of mutual-aid associations and ethnic organisations. A heterogeneous group, including political refugees, emerged. Nonetheless, during the twentieth century the ‘defence of italianità’ reinforced the cohesion of the community itself. This paper places this group into the framework of Mediterranean Studies. It aims to understand the interaction between the Italian community in Tunisia and the native population. It follows philosopher Albert Memmi's perspective on the unrelated relationship between the coloniser and the colonised. This relationship represented an interesting example of unusual tolerance thanks to a steady relationship between Italians and the Tunisian population, characterised by openness and profitable coexistence, even in the sphere of religion, which was not the case in other areas of Mediterranean sea. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Connecting colonial seas: the ‘international colonisation’ of Port Said and the Suez Canal during and after the First World War.
- Author
-
Huber, Valeska
- Subjects
WORLD War I ,BRITISH colonies -- 20th century ,IMPERIALISM ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY of colonization ,HISTORY - Abstract
The Suez Canal played an essential role in transforming the Mediterranean into a colonial sea by changing its geopolitical features from a lake to a lane connecting faraway possessions of European empires more closely (at least geographically speaking) to the metropoles. At the same time the Suez Canal region itself was colonised in a very specific way, under British occupation on the one hand, yet carrying features of a ‘global locality’ on the other. Besides shedding light on the larger connections of the Suez Canal with the colonial world, this article attempts to understand the colonial situation of Port Said and the Canal, a place built from scratch in an effort to colonise (in the primary sense of the word) a part of the desert. Tracing Port Said and the Suez Canal Zone through different time periods – particularly during the First World War and the inter-war era – this paper tries to pin down the shifting meanings of ‘international’ and ‘colonial’ by highlighting the specificities of this ‘international colonisation’, regulated by agreements and treaties and marked by the influence of competing colonial powers and private companies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Etre algérien en situation impériale, fin XIXème siècle – début XXème siècle: L'usage de la catégorie «nationalité algérienne» par les consulats français dans leur relation avec les Algériens fixes au Maroc et dans l'Empire Ottoman
- Author
-
Amara, Noureddine
- Subjects
HISTORY of citizenship ,FRENCH diplomatic & consular service ,ALGERIANS ,STATE succession ,FRENCH colonies ,FRENCH Algeria ,MOROCCAN history ,OTTOMAN Empire ,CONFLICT of laws ,HISTORY - Abstract
Among the many problems posed by colonial citizenship laws regulating Algerians was the special case of people born within the confines of Algeria and their descendants who had emigrated outside of the country. Algerians in Algeria already inhabited an imprecise place of incomplete French citizenship. And those living abroad, the ‘Originaires d'Algérie’, had to contend with the decisions of French consular authorities, who laboured to interpret and implement the rules established by the Foreign Office and the Ministry of Justice to define the legal status of Algerians living abroad. The French state claimed this category of people as « French » according to the legal theory of State succession. Then, the Indigenat served as an Algerian nationality. This paper argues that this Algerian nationality was an imperial nationality for internal use. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Fragments, splinters and sawdust: Aristophanes' view of the Sophistic rhetoric.
- Author
-
Pucci, Pietro
- Subjects
RUINS in literature ,SOPHISTS (Greek philosophy) ,CRITICISM ,ANCIENT philosophy ,POSTMODERNISM (Philosophy) ,POLEMICS ,EXTINCT cities ,LANGUAGE & history ,GREEK history ,HISTORY - Abstract
In some epochs of the history of Western philosophy, language comes to be seen as a communication and knowledge instrument that is affected by some serious predicaments. In some versions of postmodernism, for instance, an incurable ‘difference' attains the ability of language to evoke a presence, a whole, and, as a consequence, ‘the fragment is the form of writing'. In the Sophistic age, language appeared as unable to produce an exact correspondence to things (Protagoras' criticism of Homer's imperative in the first line of the Iliad), and simultaneously as able to elaborate two opposite arguments on every notion or events. As a consequence, the polemical critics of the Sophists interpreted these features, the language's distance from things and its extreme liability to be subtly manipulated and abused as what transformed the sophistic discourse into a total fragmentation, into a sort of mere assemblage of sounds signifying nothing. A ruin. This paper traces the evidences for this negative and polemical meaning of ‘fragment' and ‘ruin' in Aristophanes and in a rarely cited, but very instructive, passage of Plato. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Sappho, Tithonos and the ruin of the body.
- Author
-
duBois, Page
- Subjects
EXTINCT cities ,GREEK poetry ,CLASSICAL antiquities ,AGING ,ANCIENT art ,DEATH ,POETRY (Literary form) ,POETS ,HISTORY of aesthetics ,UTOPIAS ,HISTORY - Abstract
The ruins of classical antiquity provoke a paradoxical, antinomic response; they evoke fears of decay and death, even as they promise survival and even immortality. The paper illustrates this point by discussing a newly discovered fragment of Sappho. The author suggests that the poem's meanings, held in abeyance, echo the ways in which we encounter the ruins of antiquity as twenty-first-century readers, identifying with these bodies, desiring both the pathos of ruin, and the consolations of the material objects' relative immortality. Twenty-first century readers of Sappho's poetry read, restore and reinscribe her poems within the horizon of their own aesthetics, their conscious and unconscious desires. The fragment, with its doubled, ambiguous, ambivalent endings, juxtaposed with other recovered fragments, is emblematic of the encounter with the remnants and ruins of all of antiquity, material remains that call for identification and fantasy, the recognition of inevitable physical decay, and the utopian hope for immortality, or, failing that, survival and the persistence in ruin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Readers and responses to George Sandys' A Relation of a Iourney begun An: Dom: 1610 (1615): Early English Books Online (EEBO) and the history of reading.
- Author
-
Ingram, Anders
- Subjects
READING ,HISTORY of travel writing ,ORTHOGRAPHY & spelling ,BIBLIOGRAPHIC databases ,COMPUTER software ,HISTORY - Abstract
This paper will discuss Early English Books Online (EEBO) as a tool for locating and researching contemporary references and responses to historical texts and authors, specifically George Sandys' A Relation of a Iourney begun An: Dom: 1610 (1615). It will focus upon two main themes. The first is methodological and will discuss the nature of EEBO and the possibilities and limitations it presents for this kind of historical research. The second turns to a case study of seventeenth-century responses to, and readings of, the Relation and shows how references found through EEBO can both broaden the context within which we view this work and alter our interpretation and understanding of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Southeastern Europe as a Historical Meso-region: Constructing Space in Twentieth-Century German Historiography.
- Author
-
Müller, Dietmar
- Subjects
HISTORIOGRAPHY ,HISTORY ,RESEARCH ,POLITICAL science ,WAR - Abstract
This essay gives an overview on the notion 'Southeastern Europe' as the underlying space concept for political projects in interwar Germany as well as for the German historiography on this area since 1918. More extensively covered are the first steps of institutionalised research on Southeastern Europe in the early 1930s, pointing out the tension between a Germano-centric vision of Southeastern Europe as German 'Kulturboden' or as part of an informal economic Empire and a region in its own right. Second, the paper discusses a controversy between Maria Todorova and Holm Sundhaussen on the process of space construction itself and on how to define best the Balkans resp. Southeastern Europe. The author argues for further on using concepts of historical meso-regions (Geschichtsregionen) such as Southeastern Europe, at the same time being aware of their constructive nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Biedermeier desk in Seattle: the Veit Simon children, class and the transnational in Holocaust history.
- Author
-
Hájková, Anna and von der Heydt, Maria
- Subjects
JEWISH history ,HOLOCAUST, 1939-1945 ,INTERMARRIAGE ,WOMEN ,FEMINISM ,HISTORY - Abstract
This study offers a transnational history of the Holocaust based on a study of a well-known Berlin Jewish family, the Veit Simons. The authors use this tangled family history as a point of departure for a transnational history of the Holocaust. In particular, they show how to read the links connecting the protagonists to the wider world as a means of writing transnational history. Their history also shows the interconnectedness of perpetrators and victims. Moreover, they demonstrate the importance of the category of class for our understanding of the experience of Holocaust history. While the Veit Simons could hold off some of the persecution, eventually the Holocaust brought them to the ground, resulting in a story of illness, death and loss. Finally, the authors read the story from a feminist angle, offering an examination of the interplay of gender, class and persecution, examining how gender played out in coping while losing one’s former class. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Miscellaneous.
- Subjects
HISTORY ,SOCIAL sciences & history ,SOCIAL sciences ,CULTURAL policy ,SOCIAL scientists - Abstract
The article focuses on the move of the Italian journal of contemporary history and culture to initiate a debate on the topic "Making History Today". The aim of the debate is to promote an encounter not only among historians but also among social scientists. The traditional categories of historical knowledge give way to the social sciences and contemporary history that was focused on the twentieth century.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Political humanitarianism in the 1930s: Indian aid for Republican Spain.
- Author
-
Framke, Maria
- Subjects
SPANISH Civil War, 1936-1939 -- Foreign public opinion ,BRITISH occupation of India, 1765-1947 ,AUTONOMY & independence movements ,INTERNATIONAL economic assistance ,HUMANITARIANISM ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article examines Indian humanitarian help for Republican victims during the Spanish Civil War. It focuses in particular on aid initiatives by the Indian national movement, which were embedded in the larger quest for independence from British colonial rule. By creating their own humanitarian programme in favour of Republican Spain, Indian nationalists dissociated themselves from Britain’s foreign policy and tried to orchestrate a politics of moral superiority for themselves. The article also explores Indian participation in transnational networks of Left solidarity. Established to generate political and humanitarian support for Republican Spain, Indian actors concurrently utilized these networks to enhance their status in the international community and to advance their own end of an independent state. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Antiquity and the ruin: introduction.
- Author
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Kahane, Ahuvia
- Subjects
ARCHAEOLOGICAL excavations ,RUINS in literature - Abstract
An introduction is presented in which the author discusses various reports within the issue on topics including antiquities and ruins as objects of reflection, as literary devices, and the aesthetics of ruins.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Unity from disunity: law, rhetoric and power in the Visigothic kingdom.
- Author
-
Koon, Sam and Wood, Jamie
- Subjects
- *
VISIGOTHS , *HISTORY , *COUNCILS & synods , *HISTORIOGRAPHY , *INFLUENCE of Roman law ,HISTORY of the Catholic Church & state ,SPANISH law ,KINGS & rulers of Spain ,SPANISH history -- Gothic Period, 414-711 - Abstract
This paper explores the relationship between the 'Church' and the 'State' in the Visigothic kingdom of sixth- and seventh-century Spain. The authors examine the copious legal material from this period - both church council records and royal legislation - to see what it reveals about the significant degree of interpenetration of the two spheres. For example, the royal laws gave bishops an important role in the supervision of judges, while a church council could not be called without the permission of the king, who often attended along with his officials and set the agenda for the meetings. There has been significant debate on this issue over the past two centuries, and the authors' analysis will be situated accordingly. The extent to which the Visigothic evidence emerges out of late Roman practices and precedents or is independent of it will also be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Studying Russia's past from an anthropological perspective: some trends of the last decade.
- Author
-
Krom, Mikhail
- Subjects
HISTORIOGRAPHY ,HISTORY ,RESEARCH ,ANTHROPOLOGY ,SOCIAL sciences - Abstract
Surveys trends in Russian historiography in the late 20th century. Historical anthropology in Russia as a product of scholarly import; Practice of research as cross-pollination with social sciences, historical anthropology and its sister disciplines; Misconceptions accompanying innovations in historical writing.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Crisis and continuity: Robert Marjolin, transnational policy-making and neoliberalism, 1930s–70s.
- Author
-
Schulz-Forberg, Hagen
- Subjects
NEOLIBERALISM -- History ,INTERNATIONAL agencies ,HISTORY of European integration ,HISTORY of capitalism ,CRISES ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY ,ECONOMIC policy - Abstract
In this article, the author follows a history of transnational policy-making to illustrate a perspective on the crisis of the 'long 1970s' that is often neglected: continuity of transnational actors and institutions since the 1930s. In the interwar period early global governance practices consolidated, concerned with questions of global order and the kind of normative statehood needed to sustain it. Neoliberalism emerged at this time and in this field of early global governance actors. The concept of early neoliberalism is established in the article and taken as a red thread to think about European integration's early history from a transnational perspective. Further, Robert Marjolin's multi-level agency, his role in early neoliberalism and his thought serve as a prism through which the long 1970s from the financial troubles of the late 1960s to the new language of market optimism of the early 1980s are put into perspective vis-à-vis the continuity of actors and institutions managing the crisis. It is argued that the Left's relationship with neoliberalism needs more careful attention and that Marjolin acted in accordance with some early neoliberal principles since the 1930s before, rather grudgingly, participating in the shaping of a new, contemporary neoliberal paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. The rural municipalities of 1787: the nobility, seigneurial regime and revolutionary politics.
- Author
-
Miller, Stephen
- Subjects
NOBILITY (Social class) ,LOCAL elections ,FEUDALISM ,FRENCH politics & government, 1774-1793 ,RURAL population ,FRENCH Revolution, 1789-1799 ,POLITICAL participation ,HISTORY - Abstract
In 1787, the French monarchy invited rural residents to elect municipalités. These village administrations formed the lowest rung of a broader reform bringing the landed classes into provincial assemblies. The king and his ministers sought to enlist the support of royal subjects for fiscal reform. The monarchy's archives regarding the rural municipalities bear directly on debates about the privileged orders in the origins of the Revolution. Nobles took part by the Enlightenment. They provoked the crisis of the regime in resisting royal policies in 1787 and 1788. The nobles nevertheless opposed the rural municipalities. They regarded the village elections as subversive of the jurisdictional rights of lords on which the monarchy was based. The rural municipalities thus represented a confrontation between the liberal ideals of many nobles and their underlying attachment to the political hierarchy of the old regime. As a result of this confrontation, a number of nobles became willing to attenuate the seigneurial regime and permit the peasants to participate in local government. These nobles subsequently played a role in opening the way to revolutionary change in 1789. Changes in the nobles' political attitudes thus resulted less from liberal ideas than from the social conflicts of the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. University scandals and the public sphere of Imperial Austria: the Wahrmund and Zimmermann affairs.
- Author
-
Surman, Jan
- Subjects
UNIVERSITIES & colleges ,STUDENT political activity ,COLLEGE students ,PUBLIC sphere ,SCANDALS ,CATHOLIC Church & science ,MODERNITY ,PUBLIC demonstrations ,HISTORY ,TWENTIETH century ,INTELLECTUAL life - Abstract
Between 1907 and 1911, Imperial Austria experienced two major controversies concerning entanglements of science and religion. In 1907, the Innsbruck specialist in church law, Ludwig Wahrmund, publicly criticized the new 'antimodernist' and antiscientific trends of Catholic science, causing semester-long protests, fights, university closures and heated parliamentary debates. Antagonized in Innsbruck, Wahrmund relocated to Prague. The controversy triggered by his work, however, united students from across the monarchy in Wahrmund's defence. In 1910, an analogous conflict arose in Cracow after Kazimierz Zimmermann was appointed professor of Catholic sociology. This time the protest against his teachings, although intensive, transgressed Galician boundaries only to a limited extent, failing to mobilize progressive student groups to go on the streets outside of the province. This article analyses the difference between protests against Wahrmund and Zimmermann from a spatial perspective. The author argues that the way both conflicts were received in politics and in local university cities indicates that there was an Imperial Austrian public sphere that transgressed national boundaries and linguistic divisions. Conflicts over contested topics, like the long-heated relationship between Church, science and higher education, were charged events that brought this public sphere to the fore. This translingual, imperial public sphere remained, however, hierarchically structured. A conflict in Innsbruck had more weight than one in Cracow, both within political discussions and in local presses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Resurrection in slow motion: the delayed restoration of the cinema exhibition industry in post-war Rotterdam (1940-65).
- Author
-
van Oort, Thunnis
- Subjects
MOTION pictures ,CULTURAL industries ,MOTION picture theaters ,MOTION picture audiences ,BOMBARDMENT of Rotterdam, Netherlands, 1940 ,ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,HISTORY - Abstract
Investigating a cultural industry such as the cinema exhibition sector allows insights in the dynamic intersections between economic, social and cultural history. One of the central questions in the debates about the history of movie-going in the Netherlands centres on why the size and number of cinemas and cinema visits per capita has been significantly lower than the average in Western Europe throughout most of the twentieth century. This article monitors the restoration and repositioning of the Rotterdam cinema exhibition sector in the new city centre arising after the devastation of the bombardment of 1940. An analysis of the trade press and the archives of the influential business association 'NBB' suggests how effective local exhibitors were in fending off outsider entrepreneurs and regulating internal competition. Alternative networks of socio-cultural or religious or organizations were successfully prevented from setting up a viable operation exhibiting films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Culture, resistance and violence: guarding the Habsburg Ostgrenze with Montenegro in 1914.
- Author
-
Carmichael, Cathie
- Subjects
BORDER security ,RESISTANCE to government ,VIOLENCE ,HISTORY of Montenegro, 1782-1918 ,ANNEXATION (International law) ,BALKAN Wars, 1912-1913 ,HISTORY - Abstract
Between 1878 and 1918 the Eastern border (Ostgrenze) of the Habsburg Monarchy, and in particular the mountainous regions between Hercegovina and Montenegro, posed security challenges. The people of the region had strong local traditions and a reputation for resistance to outside authority (having fought against Ottoman power for centuries). In 1878, the village of Klobuk had tried to fight off the Habsburg invader and had only slowly been subdued. Thereafter the new authorities built up a formidable line of defence along their new border with Montenegro including the garrisons at Trebinje, Bileća and Avtovac. After the annexation of Bosnia and Hercegovina in 1908, the security situation became tense, a situation exacerbated by fear of South Slav expansion after the Balkan Wars of 1912-13 (which went hand in hand with propaganda that depicted the Serbs and Montenegrins as violent by nature). Orthodox Serbs living along the Montenegrin border were increasingly viewed with suspicion. During the summer of 1914, when anti-Serb feeling reverberated around the Monarchy, men from the villages closest to the border were either hanged or deported. The implementation and interpretation of Habsburg military regulations (Dienstreglement) meant that the Orthodox population in the border areas suffered disproportionately in 1914. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Eclipse in the dark years: pick-up flights, routes of resistance and the Free French.
- Author
-
Smith, Andrew W. M.
- Subjects
AIR travel ,WORLD War II ,FRANCE-Great Britain relations ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
Copyright of European Review of History is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Police-public relations in transition in Antwerp, 1840s-1914.
- Author
-
De Koster, Margo, Deruytter, Barbara, and Vrints, Antoon
- Subjects
POLICE ,LAW enforcement ,PUBLIC relations ,CRIME prevention ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article examines how police-public relations have evolved during the nineteenth-century expansion of formal policing. Following recent critiques of the 'state monopolization thesis', it dismisses the idea of a 'policeman-state' progressively assuming dominion over the governance of crime, generating vicious antagonism between police and public, and effectively coercing the latter into obedience. In order to chart changes in police-public relations across the 'long' nineteenth century, the analysis draws on Antwerp police statistics from 1842 until 1913. It assumes that movements in different types of offences reflect the initiative of different actors and also constitute a valuable index of conflicts between police and public. The article argues that although police activity in Antwerp did significantly increase towards the end of the nineteenth century, priorities in crime control were not merely dictated from 'above' (the police and authorities) but also delivered from 'below' (the people). It shows how police interventions were shaped by shifting policy concerns, by the interests of different urban interest groups, and by the practical constraints of police work. Finally, it counters the idea of a repressive police disciplining a hostile public with evidence of growing public use of the police and of complex popular attitudes towards the 'blue locusts'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Notions of solidarity and integration in times of war: the idea of Europe, 1914–18.
- Author
-
Vermeiren, Jan
- Subjects
SOLIDARITY ,WORLD War I ,AUTONOMY & independence movements ,INTERNATIONAL alliances ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article argues that the First World War did not just aggravate nationalist sentiments but also encouraged intercultural exchange and a better understanding of other societies and ways of life. Indeed, the wartime prevalence of notions of solidarity and integration requires more attention and careful analysis. The essay explores three key issues, focusing in particular on solidarity practices and transnational interaction. It investigates military alliances, the collaboration between national independence movements, and the role of neutral countries as refuge and gathering place of pacifist groups and intellectuals. Many of these actors discussed and promoted forms of at least regional cooperation in post-war Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Open borders as an act of solidarity among peoples, between states or with migrants: changing applications of solidarity within the Schengen process.
- Author
-
Siebold, Angela
- Subjects
SOLIDARITY ,SCHENGEN Agreement (1985) ,IMMIGRANTS ,HUMANITARIANISM ,INTERSTATE agreements ,HISTORY - Abstract
The article analyses the historical understanding of the term ‘solidarity’ in the context of the Schengen process, which started in the 1980s and remains relevant until today. During this time, the Schengen Area grew from encompassing five Western European countries to 26 member-states across the whole continent. In this context, the term ‘solidarity’ was referred to frequently in official documents, in speeches or in the media – despite the fact that the term was not at all central at the time of foundation. It is important to note, however, that during the process of enlargement, the meaning of the term ‘solidarity’ changed repeatedly. First meant to denote solidarity between all the European peoples, in the Western European Union it also referred to the reconciliation of European peoples after the Second World War. In the 1990s, the official understanding of solidarity concerning Schengen shifted to describe an effective inter-state cooperation among the EU member-states. In the last years, the term solidarity was most evoked in the call for an even burden-sharing within the European Union. All these different understandings have one aspect in common: they focus on theinternaldimension of European solidarity. However, during the entire Schengen process, the term ‘solidarity’ was also applied in another, anexternal, global dimension, to call for humanitarian support towards refugees reaching the Schengen Area from anywhere in the world. The article argues that the term ‘solidarity’ must hence be looked at as a political concept and not a neutral, analytic term. Critical regard for the current political interests as well as the concrete historical framework are crucial for any academic discussion of European solidarity. The categories of inclusion and exclusion especially must be core aspects when analysing the term ‘solidarity’ historically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Introduction: writing the contemporary history of European solidarity.
- Author
-
Greiner, Florian
- Subjects
SOLIDARITY ,EUROPEAN politics & government ,EUROPEAN communities ,HISTORICAL source material ,CIVIL society ,HISTORY - Abstract
This introduction outlines the possibilities and perspectives of a history of ‘European solidarity’. While – given the high frequency with which the term is used in contemporary political debate – this is most certainly a hot-button issue, the topic has long been neglected by researchers on the history of European integration and European ideas. The reasons for this lack of empirical studies lie in the vagueness and the normativity of the term. This introduction thus conceptualizes ‘European solidarity’ as an analytical tool for research and discusses three major approaches to its historicization: first, deconstructing ideas and discursive notions of ‘European solidarity’, a term that has been omnipresent in primary sources in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; second, investigating concrete practices of ‘European solidarity’, for example in welfare-state policies or in the work of civil-society actors; third, looking at historical limits of ‘European solidarity’ which help to bring contesting perceptions and motives into view. Finally, the introduction addresses the question of the analytical benefits of a history of ‘European solidarity’: it points among other things to new periodizations that help to avoid a teleological orientation in European historiography, as well as to the detachment of the European integration process from the institutionalization of the European Communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Show solidarity, live solitarily: the Nazi ‘New Europe’ as a ‘family of peoples’.
- Author
-
Dafinger, Johannes
- Subjects
SOLIDARITY ,NAZI history ,NATIONAL socialism ,ANTISEMITISM ,ANTI-communist movements ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This chapter first investigates how the German Nazis used the term ‘European solidarity’ and demonstrates that the term meant political loyalty between European ‘peoples’ (Völker) in National Socialist discourses. Second, assuming that the Nazis’ objective in showing solidarity with or demanding loyalty from other nations was to increase strength in what they believed to be a conflict with ‘international Jewry’, it examines the logic of the Nazis behind including other European countries into their own camp in that conflict. It will be argued that the Nazis developed a sense of belonging with non-German Europeans based on three ideas: (1) the racist myth that all Europeans belonged to the ‘Aryan race’; (2) a Europe-wide consensus of the extreme Right on anti-Communism, antisemitism, and anti-democratic and ultra-nationalist worldviews; and (3) the existence of cross-border relations within Europe which led to shared experiences. The article draws on primary sources as well as on secondary literature about National Socialist concepts of Europe and about transnational academic, cultural and social relations in the National Socialist sphere of influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. The convictions of a realist: concepts of ‘solidarity’ in Helmut Schmidt’s European thought, 1945–82.
- Author
-
Haeussler, Mathias
- Subjects
SOLIDARITY ,POLITICAL science ,COLD War, 1945-1991 ,PROTECTIONISM ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article reconstructs concepts of ‘European solidarity’ in Helmut Schmidt’s political thought. Tracing Schmidt’s beliefs from the late 1940s to the period of his chancellorship and beyond, it shows how his concepts of European solidarity were shaped by the lessons he drew from the political and economic catastrophes of the 1920s and 1930s. The article reveals how Schmidt developed a largely functionalist understanding of ‘European solidarity’ that was grounded in both his generational experience and the piecemeal logic of European integration he derived from Robert Schuman and Jean Monnet. Schmidt believed that ‘European solidarity’ was not a given, but that it had to be consciously constructed through mutually beneficial intra-European cooperation. He was guided by two central convictions: that the interdependence of European economies made their cooperation both necessary and desirable; and that Germany’s unique historical burden and geostrategic location meant that its foreign policy always had to be embedded in a wider European framework. As West German Chancellor from 1974 to 1982, Schmidt then sought to translate these convictions into practice, trying to avoid a relapse into 1930s protectionism whilst at the same time hoping to avoid perceptions of German dominance in economic matters. Yet, he remained highly sceptical of any attempts to transfigure West European integration into a greater ‘European identity’, believing that the Cold War context made any such attempts futile since true European solidarity could only be practised on a pan-European scale. Putting these views in a broader context, the article concludes that Schmidt’s thoughts offer valuable insights into the relationship between constructions of ‘European solidarity’ and notions of ‘crises’, and suggests that the analysis of his pragmatic approach adds to new, less teleological narratives of European integration that are now emerging in the historiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Imperial cooperation at the margins of Europe: the European Commission of the Danube, 1856–65.
- Author
-
Gatejel, Luminita
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL agencies ,CRIMEAN War, 1853-1856 ,SUPRANATIONALISM ,BUREAUCRACY ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article deals with the work of the European Commission of the Danube (ECD) during the first two decades of its activity in the aftermath of the Crimean War. It focuses on the early stage formation of international organizations in the mid-nineteenth century when river commissions were the first organizations that issued supranational regulations and had their own bureaucracies. In this context, I argue that the ECD became a testing ground for new types of inter-imperial cooperation. First, the ECD became a site where hydraulic expertise from all over Europe was gathered and analysed. As a consequence, this exchange among the representatives of different empires and of different sub-fields of expertise generated new technical knowledge and made the ECD a space for cross-imperial knowledge production. Second, in 1865, the ECD adopted a Public Act that codified navigation rules in the Danube Delta. These regulations were among the first upholding a supranational settlement. Furthermore, the document exemplifies how such a supranational agreement was implemented through a joint imperial intervention against the authority of the Ottoman Empire, the only territorial power. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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