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The main aim of this paper is to study the phenomenon of the coexistence of firms with illegal characteristics and firms showing legal behaviour in developed economies by using an evolutionary competition model known as the Lotka-Volterra equations. Enterprises in a ‘legal system’ obey the extant laws, particularly market rules, while enterprises in an ‘illegal system’ disregard them. Illegal enterprises have a competitive advantage over legal enterprises, yet they cannot survive if legal enterprises disappear completely. The numerical solution of the Lotka-Volterra equations are used to show how there can be a situation of coexistence between legal and illegal enterprises and how state intervention can help reduce illegality in an economic system. This paper outlines a new approach to address the problem of coexistence because it uses non-linear and evolutionary tools to define the competition between legal and illegal firms. The research gap presented in this paper is addressed using the predator-prey scheme to model the competition between legal and illegal firms, which is perceived as the competition between two populations with different fitness levels (survival probabilities). This competition gives rise to three different types of possible equilibrium outcomes: survival of only legal firms, survival of only illegal firms and coexistence of these two types of firms. An empirical analysis of an Italian case study confirms the results of this paper's theoretical model.

Corporate social performance (CSP) and corporate financial performance (CFP) have been studied widely in the last fifteen years. These major efforts in research and publication might have been expected to produce aligned results but is it not the case; this paper aims to study why there is no consensus among them. By using the bibliometric data obtained from Scopus, this paper looks at four bibliometric indicators (journals, authors, countries, areas) for published work. We look for papers between 1977 and 2018 and identify a total of 371. The findings reveal that there are at least five key journals publishing in CSP-CFP relationship. There is a lack of co-occurrence between authors, regarding areas, two distinct perspectives are detected: one based on sustainability and social responsibility and the other linked more closely to marketing, and both perspectives can be connected via stakeholder theory. It contributes using bibliometric approach, it shows a reason to align the results around the relationship between CSP-CFP and open the windows to create a theory. Finally, the findings of this paper provide insights to the researchers on the development of social responsibility. The disparity of results in this line enriches analysis but does not outcome in a single line of contribution to science, thus decreasing the potential for channelling studies into a single theory. This only seems possible if contributions can be focused on the nexus that unites them: stakeholder theory.

The aim of this paper is to relate innovation with the broadcasters' business model, by way of a bibliometric and review analysis. This comprises to study how they have incorporated the innovation and the effect of a disruptive innovation (as the Internet and other technologies) in their business model. To achieve these objectives a review of the scientific literature has been carried out, followed of an analysis in which obtained papers were classified according three dimensions: (i) Value Architecture Innovation, (ii) Value Offering Innovation and (iii) the Revenue Model Innovation. These dimensions are based on a reinterpretation of a previous classification which consider that business model innovation materialises with a change of the company that affects at least one out of the three mentioned dimensions. In this way, a classification of the reviewed documents has been established based on these dimensions, showing that broadcasters have adopted a sustained business model innovation, with 48%, 44% and only 8%, respectively, in each dimension. By means of a scientific mapping of the keywords of the documents reviewed, a series of main and secondary topics have been established within each dimension, which have been analysed in terms of their contents and temporal evolution. It discusses the difficulties faced by broadcasters in adapting to the new audiovisual ecosystem. This study also argues that the Internet is one of the most disruptive innovations they have had to face and, therefore, in order to survive, they must take on this type of innovation to transform their business model.

Purpose: This paper seeks evidence of which variables, directly or indirectly, have influence on the entrepreneurial intention of university students in order to adequately plan activities to reinforce such intention for Spanish universities. Specifically, we introduce the variable of environmental awareness to test whether it induces a greater entrepreneurial intention. Study design/methodology/approach: The target population of the study has been students at the University of Oviedo who were enrolled in an undergraduate degree or a master's degree during the 2018–2019 academic year. A questionnaire has been sent obtaining the following data: 1,337 valid questionnaires, 2.58% sampling error rate for 95% confidence level, p = = q = = 0,5. To contrast the proposed hypotheses we have used the methodology of structural equations (SEM model). Findings: Starting from the Ajzen´s Theory (TPB) we demonstrate that both the attitude towards the entrepreneurial behaviour (PA) and the perceived behavioural control (PBC) exert a significant influence on the entrepreneurial intention (EI) of university students. This is not the case of the third construct of the TPB, namely the social norms (SNs). We have verified that PA partially mediates the relationship between the PBC and the EI and PA totally mediates the relationship between the PBC and the EI. We have corroborated that a high degree of environmental awareness of university student's exerts influence in their PA. Finally, it has been corroborated that the SNs which are most proactive towards entrepreneurship mediate the relationship between the student's EnvA and the PA. Originality/value: This paper proposes a variation of the model of planned behaviour (Ajzen's TPB) incorporating with the addition of mediating relationships amongst the variables and the introduction of the environmental awareness variable applied to the entrepreneurial intention of university student. The usefulness of this paper is to provide scientific evidence to support the inclusion of ecological transition in Estrategia España Nación Emprendedora.

The automotive industry is undergoing a profound transformation in its transition to production of electric vehicles. This paper seeks to examine the main transformations taking place in global value chains in the automotive industry as a result of this transition. The analysis follows a multiple case study methodology based on a theoretical approach that seeks to address the research question and purpose.The main findings of this research focus on three dimensions of GVCs. First, this transition increases competition among assembly plants at the intra-group level for the awarding of new models. Second, it continues to reconfigure supply chains, threatening the viability of certain traditional providers of components and giving rise to new players – battery manufacturers – that may challenge the chain hierarchy. Third, the transition to electric vehicles has led to a reduction in employment volume in the chain as a whole. Because the transition is ongoing, it will continue to pose significant challenges for multiple actors involved in the automotive industry.

This paper investigates the effects of attitudes towards sustainable consumption and sustainable behaviours. Income as the control variable and gender, age, assets, and educational level as moderators were included. To achieve the aims of the study, a critical literature review, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modelling were performed. Data were obtained using the CAWI technique on a sample of 1200 adult consumers. The findings show that attitudes towards sustainable consumption are positively associated with sustainable behaviours, and that income significantly determines dimensions of attitudes towards sustainable consumption and sustainable behaviours. Additionally, the relationships between income, dimensions of attitude towards sustainable consumption, and particular sustainable behaviours in groups distinguished by gender, age, property ownership, and education level were confirmed.

This paper proposes a model to determine the direct and moderating effects of COVID-19 on the overall satisfaction of cultural tourists with the heritage destination visited. The hypotheses put forward in the model have been tested employing non-linear structural equation models (SEM), estimated with data from the Resident Travel Survey of the National Statistics Institute (NSI), on domestic demand for cultural tourism in Spain. The data analyzed covers both a pre-covid and pandemic period, from January 2019 to September 2021. The results confirm that COVID-19 significantly impacted the decrease in cultural tourists' satisfaction with the visit. It highlights the negative relationship between cultural tourists' socioeconomic profile and satisfaction. This research provides knowledge on the impact of COVID-19 on the behavior of cultural tourists, with practical implications for the design of tourism policies for the promotion and marketing of heritage destinations through differentiated marketing that increases satisfaction for this demand segment in crisis scenarios.

This paper aims to investigate the impact of Industry 4.0 and Circular Economy on Lean Leadership and Lean Culture, providing insights into how Lean Manufacturing companies can adapt their leadership and culture styles to succeed in the new business environment. We have conducted a systematic literature review focusing on the impact of Industry 4.0 and Circular Economy on Lean Leadership and Lean Culture, and our principal findings are that Implementing Industry 4.0 and Circular Economy requires changes in Lean Leadership and Culture styles to incorporate sustainability and digital transformation. This study identified ten Lean Culture characteristics classified in three groups values and principles (culture of respect, collectivism, power distance and authority distribution), customer centric (customer orientation and performance orientation) and operational excellence (receptiveness, working conditions, problem solving culture and continuous improvement and innovation) and nineteen Lean Leadership competences grouped in three categories customer oriented (customer focus, customer and supplier development and teamworking), personal development (personal stability, personal behavior, human centric, self-developing and learning, empowerment, self-transcendence and servant leadership), Lean principles (experimental, continuous improvement and innovation, zero-defects, process and lean expertise, problem solving and genchi genbutsu) and performance driven (targets settings, targets deployment and flow) that are necessary for successful implementation of Industry 4.0 and Circular Economy in Lean Manufacturing companies.

The paper investigates the moderating effect of patriarchal attitudes by country and year on the relationship between gender diversity on boards and firm performance. The international sample analyzed is composed of 1,103 listed firms from 18 European countries for the period of 2005–2019. Using a two-step system GMM approach, the analysis shows how the generally positive relationship between gender diversity and economic performance (proxied by return on assets and Tobin's Q) is offset and even surpassed by the negative moderating effect of patriarchal attitudes. Furthermore, our work tests critical mass theory and finds confirmation in line with the results obtained for gender diversity. The main contributions of this work include its use of new specific proxies for gender culture by country, namely, patriarchal attitudes and the finding of how they affect the relationship between women's board participation and firm performance in a negative and consistent way.

Life settlements (LSs) can be considered a novel and innovative financial asset in countries where they are not yet established. This paper aims to assess the attitude (ATT) of policyholders towards participating in LSs in such countries by evaluating various variables: performance expectancy (PE), expected easiness (EE), social influence (SI), perceived ethical problems (EP), and bad feelings (BF) that may arise from this type of transaction. To achieve this goal, a questionnaire was administered to 89 individuals in Spain who possessed extensive knowledge of financial and insurance matters. The data analysis employed fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) as the basis, supplemented by partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The fsQCA results enabled the identification of policyholder profiles associated with the acceptance or rejection of LSs. Meanwhile, PLS-SEM provided insights into the net strength and statistical significance of the impact of each variable on ATT. Methodologically, this study demonstrates that fsQCA is valuable in constructing a reliable and concise framework for subsequent PLS-SEM estimation. A significant practical implication of this research is the importance of the interaction between PE and SI in the successful development of LS markets. A positive perception of financial advisors regarding these agreements emerges as a crucial factor in market growth. Moreover, the study reveals that EP and BF may significantly influence resistance towards LSs.

The purpose of this study is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of socioemotional wealth research from the perspective of the family business. This analysis describes the current research trends and shows the future lines of research to guide future research in this field. A detailed and systematic analysis of the scientific production of 1026 articles on socioemotional wealth published in the Web of Science (WoS) between 1975 and 2012 has been carried out. This work shows the consolidation of socioemotional wealth as an area of research in family business, whose development has occurred since 2007. On the other hand, the most important articles, authors, countries and institutions in research on socioemotional wealth are pointed out. Finally, this paper concludes that the theoretical foundation of socioemotional wealth as an area of research is due to its connection with Family Business Theory.

In an era of constant changes, organizations need to promote innovative thinking that leads to intrapreneurial behaviors. The current study aims to explore how leadership style (transformational and transactional leadership), organizational support for entrepreneurship, and the intensity of competition relate to employee intrapreneurial behaviors. Two studies were conducted to answer the research questions. In the first study, a paper-based survey was distributed to 464 employees. Following the first study's result, 150 manager-employee dyads were examined. Employees were asked to evaluate their manager's leadership style and the amount of organizational support, while their managers evaluated the employee's intrapreneurial behaviors and the intensity of the competition in the organization's environment. The results show that both transformational leadership and transactional leadership are connected to intrapreneurial behaviors via the mediation of organizational support. However, in a highly intense competitive environment, transformational leadership exhibits a stronger relationship with organizational support, which mediates the connection of the former with intrapreneurial behaviors. The results of the current study extend previous findings suggesting that both transformational and transactional leadership have positive effects on employee intrapreneurial behaviors. However, to actualize intrapreneurial development, an organization must provide support and help allocate both tangible and intangible resources accordingly.

Push and pull driving factors are important motivational antecedents of entrepreneurial intention. Perceptual variables, such as perceived risk in venture creation and opportunity recognition, also play a significant role in this question. However, the existing research has not analyzed all these factors in conjunction, which would enable better identification of entrepreneurial intention. This study advances the understanding of the relationship between push–pull factors and entrepreneurial intention through an analysis of the mediating effects of perceived risk and opportunity recognition. The results of a structural equation model (partial least squares, PLS) applied to a sample of 616 Spanish undergraduate students reveal that the influence of pull factors on entrepreneurial intention is positive, and partially mediated by opportunity recognition. However, the influence of push factors on entrepreneurial intention is indirect and negative. Push factors have a negative impact on entrepreneurial intention, increasing individuals’ perceptions of risk in venture creation and undermining their opportunity recognition. The paper extends the current knowledge on how entrepreneurial intention is formed, integrating the Push-Pull Theory into Krueger's 1993 Model of Entrepreneurial Intention, thus incorporating motivational and perceptual variables into a unified model. The results suggest practical implications for forming entrepreneurial intention in individuals from three perspectives: entrepreneurship education, public policy and practitioners. Specifically, these implications mainly focus on the importance of designing programs and policies aimed at favoring pull-related motivations (i.e., self-realization, independence), as well as helping develop perceptions that venture creation entails low risk and that an interesting high-value added business opportunity is recognized.

This paper contributes to a better understanding of the complex phenomenon of institutions and the moderation of the main antecedents of business customer experience. Following a combination of literature review and three fieldworks, the main antecedents of business customer experience have emerged: interfunctional coordination, customer engagement and participation in the co-design of services. The role of institutions (level of formalisation) has also been considered as a possible moderator. Consequently, a conceptual framework has been developed which includes seven research propositions. The first four research propositions are related to the main elements of the model and suggest new relationships among constructs. The other three research propositions are suggested and empirically examined using Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis to find causal configurations and to identify pathways that lead to business customer experience. Necessity and sufficiency of conditions that lead to a positive business customer experience are discussed for both scenarios of high and low formalisation of institutions.

Today, people live in the age of new diseases, such as stress and anxiety, and these diseases can affect users’ decision making regarding different products and services. Another important variable that can affect decision making is the use of mobile applications for marketing purposes. However, despite the importance of the aforementioned factors, relevant academic research on the impact of these variables on decision making has been scarce. The present study fills this gap in the literature using the technology acceptance model and integrating stress and anxiety variables. To this end, a sample of 672 customers of Spanish restaurants is analyzed. After carrying out a descriptive analysis of the sample and the variables, the structural equation model is used. In particular, the partial least squares model is used to test the hypotheses. The paper concludes with a discussion of how the results of the present study contribute to previous research on stress and anxiety, along with technology acceptance model variables, on decision making. In particular, the results have shown that there is no direct relationship between stress and perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use, and attitude towards using. Although the relationship between stress and anxiety, perceived usefulness and attitude towards using, perceived usefulness and stress, and other relationships raised in the hypotheses have been confirmed.

This paper addresses the study of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction of a company with its main supplier from different variables highlighted in the literature. Specifically, the objective is to analyse the effect of trust, commitment and switching costs on satisfaction, as well as the effect of this satisfaction on co-creation of value, continuity of the relationship and Information and Communication Technology coordination. To achieve this goal, a structural equation model was estimated with a sample of 256 tourist agencies. The results confirm the proposed relationships to explain the satisfaction process. The trust of the tourism company with its main supplier is the main antecedent of satisfaction with the relationship. The satisfaction of the tourism company with its supplier contributes to the co-creation of value and improves Information and Communication Technology coordination. Interesting theoretical implications and for management of relationships between companies are shown.

Nowadays, investors seek beyond the financial performance of their investments, including Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria in the decision-making process. To this effect, there are currently suppliers who offer different methodologies to evaluate the ESG factors that companies apply in their businesses. In 2016, Morningstar launched the Morningstar Sustainability Rating for mutual funds, which provides information on how well mutual funds incorporate sustainable assets. This rating is obtained from the Morningstar Portfolio Sustainability Score, the calculation system of which was modified and improved in 2018. However, an important drawback remains to be overcome because the score is only calculated if at least 67% of the portfolio assets have an ESG score and it does not take assets without an ESG score into account. This paper aims to provide a more reliable rating for investors because it proposes the inclusion of all the assets in the fund valuation, regardless of whether they have an ESG score, using fuzzy set theory and specifically triangular fuzzy numbers.

This paper analyses how innovation affects the relationship between the digitalisation of the company and its economic and financial performance, reviewing the cause-effect situation of this relationship. As some scientific literature suggests, the impact of ICT technologies on business performance is not homogenous amongst firms. The answer to this issue is probably to be found in innovation. In order to further develop this statement, this study examines the role of innovation in the relationship between business performance and business digitalisation. This research framework has been built based on the Innovation Theory of Rogers. Companies from all over Spain have been surveyed and the data has been contrasted with Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation modelling (PLS-SEM) and Moderation Analysis. The results show that in effect, innovation acts as a moderator variable in the relationship between business digitalisation and performance. These results allow us to conclude that it is not only important to digitalise the company to improve its performance, but that this digitalisation should also be aligned with a clear innovation strategy that allows for improving the company´s performance. The aim of this study is to contribute with greater knowledge to how the digitalisation of the company affects its economic/financial performance and manifest the role innovation plays in this relationship.

This study examines the impact of international organizations on the institutional development of investment activity through the lens of foreign direct investment (FDI) flow asymmetry. The paper offers an approach to computing an integrated Financial Asymmetry Index, formalizing the degree and nature of financial imbalances, and presents the geostrategic matrix built by comparing the actual and hypothetical values of the FDI Attraction Efficiency Index. Using a linear regression model, a scenario-based forecast of FDI flows to 32 countries was generated for the years 2025 and 2030. As a result, it was unveiled that the majority of countries experienced a moderate financial imbalance, whilst developed and transition economies such as China and Singapore had a low degree of asymmetry in their financial systems. For less developed nations, one of the major preconditions of asymmetry was the administrative response taken by the government. The generated geostrategic matrix and FDI forecast may serve as FDI boosting tools. In this regard, investment policies of the world states should focus on promoting the efficiency of investment usage. The long-term predictions made suggest that countries will concentrate on improving and developing their investment potential. In turn, the solution offered in the study will help reduce financial asymmetries and balance available financial resources against investment needs.

This paper uses Korea's internal data on R&D programs to analyze how the receiving of R&D impacts the amount of subsequent external financing for technological innovation received by R&D firms. We address sample selection and endogeneity issues that arise when estimating the impact of R&D policy by utilizing a matching method using unique features of Korea's R&D grant programs. Our empirical results show that firms that receive R&D grants further receive 22%-32% less external financing compared to those who do not receive R&D grants, though there are some differences in the statistical significance of the results based on the specification of the regression model. This is consistent with the view that R&D grants reduce firms’ liquidity constraints, or that government support effectively crowds out funding from the financial market.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between brand and competitive advantage (through differentiation) and the mediating effect of positioning and market orientation in this relationship.An empirical study was developed using a quantitative methodological approach. The object of the study was Portuguese exporting companies in the footwear industry, to which a questionnaire survey was applied.The results show that (1) brand has a significant direct impact on positioning and market orientation and competitive advantage through differentiation, (2) competitive advantage through differentiation is directly impacted by positioning, (3) market orientation does not have a significant direct impact on competitive advantage through differentiation, and (4) positioning has a mediating effect on the relationship between brand and competitive advantage through differentiation, and market orientation does not have on it.

This paper analyses the influence of job discretion on employees’ subjective well-being (SWB) from a gender-based approach. Specifically, it explores whether the level of discretion given to employees in performing their jobs influences their SWB and whether this impact differs between women and men. Data from 20 European countries from Round 8 of the European Social Survey (ESS) are used to undertake an ordered probit analysis. Job discretion is approached through autonomy at work, supervision of other employees and influence on organisational policy decisions. Additionally, the individual's educational level is controlled to further explore gendered differences of job characteristics on SWB. The results show that job discretion does indeed affect SWB, and this effect is different for women and men. Moreover, the effect of job discretion on SWB is not homogeneous across different education levels.

In the literature on the firm-industry debate to explain organizational performance the firm effect has been more supported than the industry effect by empirical studies, mainly focused on manufacturing firms and long time periods. Unfortunately, little attention has been paid to the service sector. In this paper we study separately manufacturing and services in a broad sample of Spanish companies. We observe that in manufacturing the firm effect outweighs the industry effect while in services the opposite is the case in a ten-year period. However, when we split the time horizon into two five-year sub-periods, this behavior only remains in the second one, of moderate economic growth. In the first one, of strong economic growth, the firm effect prevails for both manufacturing and services. These findings underline the importance of the industry effect for services, suggesting that such effect may have been underestimated in the literature, as well as that of the level of economic growth specially for the decision-making of practitioners.

This paper analyses whether the audience dynamics of one content provider can explain the audience dynamics of a different content provider, and the resulting network of connections among providers. The type of connections in this network determines whether the audience of one creator influences or is susceptible to other creators’ audience. Granger causality networks are applied to prestigious universities that provide online videos on YouTube and the structure of the Audience Dynamics Network is described. This network presents an unbalanced degree distribution and a core-periphery structure. The centrality of the universities in the network is discussed and universities with influential and susceptible roles are identified. We find that audience connection is determined by the differences in the online video impact between each pair of universities. Centrality in the network is associated with university prestige, but this relation is mediated by online video impact.

Innovation plays a vital role in the internationalization process of international new ventures (INVs). However, to date, there are insufficient empirical studies exploring the innovation decisions that enable these firms to grow once the internationalization process has started. In response to this research gap, this paper examines the impacts of the technological pattern adopted at the initial foreign entry and the decisions to improve it afterward. In general, while the original technological patterns contributed to the immediate growth of INVs (that is, 1 year after the market entry), the results of this study reveal that the changes that occurred in the patterns have more significance on the post-entry growth (that is, 4 years after the market entry). Therefore, this study is supported by earlier works that emphasize the role of innovation as a stimulus for internal change as well as resource adaptation as a means of achieving sustainable growth in the international markets.

The aim of this paper is to carry out a systematic literature review about the relationships between quality management, innovation, and performance. For that end, a search was carried out in the Web of Science and Scopus databases, and 172 articles were selected. Results show that there is a positive relationship between quality management, product and process innovation (incremental and radical), and operational and financial performance, and direct and indirect relationships. Based on these results, a set of direct and indirect relationships between these variables is proposed. The study supplements the few previous investigations on these joint relationships.

The COVID-19 outbreak changed dramatically and altered the attitudes, intentions and purchasing patterns of consumers. This global crisis was particularly notable because of globalization—the interconnection of markets and countries—and its unprecedented coverage by traditional and digital media.This research queried the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on consumers’ motivation and behavior. The present paper was based on the results of mixed methods —qualitative and quantitative analyses—conducted in more than 55 countries and collectively engaging 1,015 participants. The studies were performed by the end of March 2020, at which time the pandemic was at its first peak, allowing data to be collected in real time, recording the actual behaviors of consumers and not simply what they could recall after the fact.As a result of the COVID-19 crisis, many changes took place in consumer behavior related to products, channels, and motivations. These changes proved to be more related to consumers’ perceptions of the crisis than to its practical effects. Several managerial and theoretical implications are provided, as well as compelling future research avenues.

The emergence of Covid-19 has affected all aspects of human life across the globe. Lockdowns everywhere are having dramatic social and economic consequences. No therapy has yet been approved, and vaccines are a priority potential tool to control the pandemic and its impacts. Multiple vaccines are in the last stage of the development process, but part of the population is not willing to get vaccinated for Covid-19. Several studies have examined the percentage of the population willing to get vaccinated, but few have analyzed the reasons for their decision. In this context, researching the factors influencing individuals’ intention to use a potential Covid-19 vaccine will be important to public health strategies. This paper analyzes these factors with an adapted Cognitive-Affective-Normative (CAN) model. Perceived vaccine efficacy is used as a cognitive variable, fear of the vaccine and fear of Covid-19 are used as affective variables, and social influence is used as the normative variable. The proposed model strongly explains the intention to use the Covid-19 vaccine (R2 = 0.81). The results show that vaccine efficacy will be the most important determinant of Covid-19 vaccine acceptance, followed by social influence. The findings can be very helpful for public health policies aimed at achieving widespread vaccination, a must for vaccine success.

Drawing on the literature on organizational change, technological change, and inertia, this paper explores how the moment that companies choose to initiate a technological change relative to other companies from the same regional and industrial context influences the company's performance. In particular, we test the excess inertia and excess momentum phenomena that refer to timely and untimely technological shifts in companies. A data set comprising about 1000 of the largest Russian companies, affiliated with 19 industries, located in most of the Russian regions, for 10 years starting from 2008, is used. Applying a multi-level approach of hierarchical linear modeling, we estimated the region environment effect and the industry effect on sales and productivity. The use of moderation effects of the correspondent technology adoption with the average lag or lead from the representative company in the industry or region, could help us demonstrate what digital technologies are probably associated with the excess inertia and the excess momentum phenomena on the industry and regional level. The results reveal that the industry effect is a major determinant of firm productivity, whereas sales are mainly influenced by the region effect. Our investigation also found that companies are more likely to exhibit excess inertia rather than excess momentum.

The purpose of this paper is to improve understanding of Tourism Innovation by using a Uses and Gratification Theory model to investigate tourist intention to visit a city after reading other users' valuations of the destination on Mobile Applications.The Uses and Gratification Theory (U&G) model was adapted to investigate the factors which influence tourist intention to visit a city. Satisfaction and Tourism Experience were added as external variables to the U&G model. The original Convenience construct for mobile tourism applications was changed to Mobile Convenience for this study.A survey was carried out to investigate the factors which influence tourist intention to visit a City. 261 users with different nationalities were asked about their experiences and feelings when using Runnin'City, which was the mobile tourism application used in this study. The results were analyzed with Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). All the relationships of U&G were supported, except for Information for Tourism Experience.Self-Expression was found to be especially relevant and was moderated by Entertainment, Information and Mobile Convenience which in turn influence Satisfaction, Tourism Experience and Intention to visit a City.The Gender and Running frequency variables were also investigated using multi-group analysis. The influence of Mobile Convenience on Satisfaction was seen to be moderated by Gender, and the relationships of Information and Entertainment on satisfaction are moderated by Running Frequency.The results obtained with the proposed changes in the U&G model will be very useful for academics and also for designers and developers of mobile tourism apps as they show the special role played by Self-Expression and Entertainment as relevant factors for the success of a mobile tourism app.

This paper analyzes the mediating role of employees’ emotional exhaustion between laissez-faire leadership and employees’ job attitudes (intrinsic satisfaction and turnover intention), and also the moderating role of influence at work, interactional justice and helping behaviors on employees’ feelings of emotional exhaustion. Structural equation modeling and multigroup analysis were used in a sample of 511 public healthcare professionals. The results show that emotional exhaustion partially mediates the relationships between laissez-faire leadership and both intrinsic satisfaction and turnover intention. Influence at work moderates the relationship between laissez-faire leadership and emotional exhaustion; interactional justice moderates the relationship between emotional exhaustion and intrinsic satisfaction; and extra-role behaviors moderate the relationship between emotional exhaustion and turnover intention. To date, there are few studies analyzing the mediating role of emotional exhaustion in public healthcare, and there are no studies analyzing how its negative effects can be moderated. The conclusions may help human resources managers design new strategies to prevent and mitigate emotional exhaustion and contribute healthcare employees to cope with its serious effects, encouraging a healthy environment that gives priority to workers’ well-being and service quality.

In this paper we argue that there is an extensive number of studies examining how firms obtain new products from their interactions with scientific agents, but other type of benefits has been overlooked. Specifically, we add to previous literature by considering not only product innovation, but also exploratory (long-term) and exploitative (short-term) results. We administer a tailored survey to firms collaborating with the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and data was completed with secondary sources. Results based on a sample of 756 firms suggest that firms consider all types of result as moderately important to them. Moreover, we observe that small firms report higher benefits in terms of product innovation and long-term results in contrast to large firms.

Many scholars underline the significance of clusters for knowledge spillovers and related benefits in terms of innovation and firm competitiveness. The Industry 4.0 technological scenario emphasizes dispersed technologically interconnected activities and distributed knowledge management opportunities, while clusters focus on proximity, which is why many question the attractiveness of the latter for firms. Bearing in mind the scarcity of studies on the relationship between digitalization and clusters, the paper discusses how clusters may be attractive for foreign subsidiaries in times of the fourth industrial revolution by referring to the case of the Aviation Valley in Poland as explanatory example supporting conceptual considerations proposed.