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Urban expansion poses significant challenges to sustainability and undermines efforts for efficient spatial development. This study examines the relationship between regional planning regulations, interest groups and contextual factors affecting residential land take in Germany. The study employs a multi-level regression approach, analysing 4032 municipalities nested in 91 planning regions and utilizes a nationwide dataset on changes in residential and mixed land use. The overall goal of the study is to examine the effect of regional planning regulations and local interest groups, within varying contextual factors, on residential land take. Results show a dampening effect of regional regulatory intensity on residential land take at the local level. However, the effect becomes non-significant when considering local and regional covariates, revealing that regional planning alone may not be sufficient to reduce residential land take effectively. Findings underscore the complexity of regional planning and the importance of understanding its impacts on the local and regional level. As this study focuses on residential land take, further research is required to analyse the effectiveness of regional planning in managing land uses like trade, industry and infrastructure, concentrating urban development in central places, promoting transit-oriented development and supporting higher residential densities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]