Objective: To assess the safety and efficacy of diagnostic laparoscopy in patients with tuberculous peritonitis., Design: Retrospective clinical study., Setting: University hospital, Turkey., Subjects: 8 patients (2 women, 6 men; mean age 26 years) who presented with tuberculous peritonitis between January 1994 and January 1996., Intervention: Laparoscopy under local anaesthesia with sedation (the 4 who presented with ascites) and laparotomy (the 4 who presented with an acute abdomen)., Main Outcome Measures: Clinical and laboratory findings, biochemical and microbiological analysis of ascites, histopathological examination of specimens, morbidity, and mortality., Results: 4 patients presented with ascites, and 4 with adhesions. Ascites; adhesions between liver and diaphragm, liver and intestines, and intestines and the abdominal wall; miliary nodes on the peritoneal surface; and inflamed haemorrhagic areas on the peritoneum could all be seen at laparoscopy. One of the 8 patients who underwent laparotomy developed a spontaneous enterocutaneous fistula during the early postoperative period. Two of eight patients died, one of an early enterocutaneous fistula and the other of cor pulmonale 3 1/2 months later. The remaining 6 patients survived without complications after antituberculous medical treatment., Conclusions: Laparoscopy is a safe and accurate method of diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis.