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Lipid profiles of the lipids from female gonads (LFG) and male gonads (LMG) of abalones (Haliotis discus hannai) were evaluated based on the analysis of phospholipid (PL) molecular species, PL class composition, fatty acid (FA) composition, and lipid class composition. These results suggested that lipids from abalone gonads were abundant in omega‐3 polyunsaturated FA (n − 3 PUFA, 14.42%–18.27% of total FAs) and PLs including phosphatidylcholine (PC, 21.26–47.85 mg g−1) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE, 9.29–24.10 mg g−1). Furthermore, more than 60 molecular species of PC and PE were determined. Particularly, the molecular species containing n − 3 PUFA including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) constituted majority of PC and PE in LFG and LMG. By contrast, LFG contained more PC and PE species containing EPA. Considering the lipid profiles, abalone gonads are a potential source of PL‐form n − 3 PUFA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the global demand for lipid compounds on the rise, concerns are growing about the environmental and economic impact of traditional lipid sources. This concern is exacerbated by the ever‐increasing demand for plant‐based lipids, which is contributing to unsustainable production practices and competition for land and food. Considering this challenge, this work aimed at exploring the potential of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) as a low‐cost and ecofriendly source of lipid classes. A fractionation scheme consisting of a mixture of polar and nonpolar solvents at different ratios was employed to isolate the lipid classes from BSFL oil using silica gel column chromatography, which is a conventional method of chromatography. The fraction's separation efficiency was validated using thin‐layer chromatography and characterized with Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography flame ionization (GC‐FID). Triglycerides (30%) were found to be the most abundant component while cholesterols (0.6%) were the least abundant lipid fractions in the lipid mixture. GC‐FID in the various lipid fractions analyzed, lauric acid exhibited the highest percentage among the triglycerides (16.64%), diglycerides (19.10%), monoglycerides (22.70%), and free fatty acids (27.65%) fractions. The fractionation scheme proposed achieves high efficiency in separating and recovering different lipid classes extracted from the BSFL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste cooking oil (WCO) is a problematic waste product that contains free fatty acids (FFAs), preventing it from being valorized easily as biodiesel and poses an environmental hazard if incorrectly disposed. The use of WCO as a carbon source for Rhodosporidium toruloides (R. toruloides) using a two‐phase culture system is developed. The normal growth of R. toruloides when cultured in WCO (OD600 52) reveals its ability to use a hydrophobic substrate as the carbon source compared to glucose (OD600 51.9). Interestingly, the extracellular lipase activity when R. toruloides is grown on WCO is 14.4 U mL−1 compared to when grown on glucose (2.4 U mL−1). Additionally, FFA levels in WCO are reduced from 2% to 0.2% at end of fermentation, suggesting that R. toruloides can consume FFA. Furthermore, higher yield of beneficial products: β‐carotene (4.57 µg mL−1), torularhodin (4.2 µg mL−1), fatty acids (1 mg mL−1), and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) enzyme (0.12 µmol mg−1) are produced when WCO is the carbon source, compared to glucose (4.1 µg mL−1 β‐carotene, 3.0 µg mL−1 torularhodin, 1 mg mL−1 of fatty acids, and 0.096 µmol mg−1 PAL enzyme). This is a first study that shows R. toruloides can grow on hydrophobic carbon source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sea urchin Diadema setosum is edible and desirable as food by locals in central Vietnam and a promising target for potential fishing. The lipid profiles of the gonads of the sea urchin inhabiting the coastal area in Nha Trang Bay are studied for the first time. The determination of the content of the total lipids (TL), total phospholipids (PL), monoacylglycerols (MAG), diacylglycerols (DAG), triacylglycerols (TAG), cholesterol (Chol), sterol esters, and free fatty acids (FFA) is analyzed by high‐performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC); the phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and sphingomyelin (SM) are determined by high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC); and the fatty acid levels of TLs are identified using gas chromatography (GC). Non‐polar TAG, FFA, Chol, and DAG dominated. The content of total PL is significant. PC is abundant among PL fractions, followed by PE, PI, and PS. The TLs contain a high proportion of PUFA, mainly due to arachidonic fatty acid and eicosapentanoic fatty acid. The (n−6)/(n−3) ratio is 1.68, and the atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes of D. setosum are 1.13 and 0.73. The results can be used in the development of marine bioprospecting and methodological approaches for the creation of functional substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The removal of cholesterol from lipid obtained from Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cephalothorax using saponin in conjunction with celite under various conditions is investigated. Various lipid:saponin ratios (1:2, 1:4, and 1:6, W/W) with different lipid:solvent ratios (1:20, 1:40, and 1:80, W/V) are employed with a treatment time of 4 h. The highest cholesterol removal (88.77 ± 0.18%) is obtained with a lipid:saponin ratio of 1:6 and 20 volumes of 50% ethanol. As the treatment time is increased from 1 to 4 h, higher cholesterol removal is achieved. Lipid peroxides and conjugated dienes are higher in the lipid after cholesterol removal compared to untreated lipid, while thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, the ρ‐anisidine value and free fatty acids are reduced. However, the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content in the saponin‐treated lipid (18.06 ± 0.37 g/100 g−1) is higher than that of untreated lipid (15.80 ± 0.17 g/100 g−1). FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of hydroperoxides, with lower aldehyde, phospholipid and free fatty acid contents in the cholesterol‐removed lipid. The process developed employing saponin is able to produce crude shrimp lipid with a pronounced decrease in cholesterol, but augmented PUFAs, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Practical Applications: Shrimp lipid is a vital byproduct capable of extraction from cephalothorax. Due to the presence of astaxanthin, EPA and DHA, shrimp lipid is considered to be a highly useful nutraceutical product. However, the cholesterol content of shrimp lipid is a major constraint on its human consumption. The negative impact of cholesterol content can be overcome by lowering the cholesterol content. Saponin treatment of shrimp lipid is able to reduce the cholesterol level and increase the PUFA, thus solving the high cholesterol problem and also gaining augmented health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, fatty acid analysis and lipid nutrition assessment of five common cod products from fishery markets are performed by gas chromatography (GC). Meanwhile, a lipid‐based rapid identification method for cod products using thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) is established. GC analysis showed that 13, 11, 13, 13, and 6 types of fatty acids are identified in Atlantic cod, Pacific cod, sablefish, silver cod, and oilfish, respectively. The nutrition assessment shows that Atlantic cod, Pacific cod, sablefish, and silver cod have healthier atherogenicity index (AI) and thrombogenic index (TI), suggesting these four types of fish have higher nutritive value. In terms of the fatty acid, the five species of fish can be classified by systematic clustering and heat map analysis. The TLC‐rapid lipid identification method shows that sablefish and silver cod contain characteristic triglyceride, and oilfish contains characteristic wax ester, which are obviously different from the Atlantic cod and the Pacific cod. The oilfish could be distinguished from the high nutritive value of sablefish, silver cod, Atlantic cod, and Pacific cod by the rapid identification method in a few minutes. This study provides important nutritional information and a method for rapid identification of cod products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To better understand the health benefits of lipids in shrimp and evaluate their potential value, a comprehensive analysis of lipid profiles in by‐products (head and body carapace) and muscles of shrimps Penaeus monodon, Penaeus vannamei, and Penaeus chinensis is performed. Results show that freeze‐dried muscles of these shrimps contain 3.83%, 4.39%, and 2.93% of lipids, respectively, while the corresponding by‐products contain 4.69%, 5.89%, and 5.39% of lipids, respectively. The total lipids comprise glycerophospholipid (PL, 54.86–77.29%), cholesterol (12.67–18.79%), triacylglycerol (1.28–7.02%), diacylglycerol (0.27–1.58%), monoacylglycerol (0.32–3.04%), and free fatty acid (FFA, 2.84–20.58%). Further, PL contains cholineglycerophospholipid (PLCho, 49.75–66.99 mol%), ethanolamineglycerophospholipid (PLEtn, 14.02–28.16 mol%), serineglycerophospholipid (PLSer, 4.85–12.66 mol%), inositolglycerophospholipid (PLIns, 4.36–15.63 mol%), and cholinelysoglycerophospholipid (LPLCho, 2.07–6.35 mol%). Lipids are abundant in polyunsaturated FA (36.55–42.72% of total FA), among which eicosapentaenoic acid (6.38–11.59% of total FA), and docosahexaenoic acid (7.63–12.08% of total FA) are dominant. About 200 species of PL belonging to PLCho, PLEtn, PLIns, LPLCho, lysoglycerophosphoethanolamine (LPLEtn), and lysoglycerophosphoserine (LPLSer) are characterized. Moreover, the by‐products contain higher amounts of astaxanthin than the muscles. Considering high level of PUFA enriched PL, shrimp by‐products can serve as a source for nutritional lipids. Practical Applications: This study presented a comprehensive analysis of the lipid profiles in by‐products (head and body carapace) and muscles of shrimps Penaeus monodon, Penaeus vannamei, and Penaeus chinensis. The results obtained justified the use of by‐products in shrimp processing, indicating that by‐products can be used for commercial exploitation and production of value‐added products due to PUFA‐enriched PL, especially EPA and DHA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes an easy, quick, and efficient microwave method for the routine laboratory extraction of lipids from wet microalgae paste. A microwave synthesis instrument is used, and time and temperature are optimized using a central composite design. A chloroform/methanol mixture (2:1 v/v) is used as extractor solvent and the ideal condition is 1 min of microwave irradiation at 80 °C using power mode at 300 W. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows extensive cell damage leading to cracking, fragmentation, and large debris in a shorter treatment time. In addition, the fatty acids profile shows that microwave irradiation method has no degrading effect on the extracted fatty acids. The extraction by microwave achieves a significantly higher yield (33.6 ± 2.6%) with only 1 min of extraction time than conventional ultrasonic extraction (20 min, 25 °C, 28.51 ± 0.8% yield) from wet Nannochloropsis oculata biomass. Next, the efficiency of the extraction method in is evaluated in terms of species variation by applying it to the algal paste of Amphora coffeaeformis, Chaetoceros gracilis, and Isochrysis galbana. The lipid content obtained from A. coffeaeformis, C. gracilis, and I. galbana is 16.27 ± 1.5, 22.31 ± 2.5, and 19.87 ± 2.4%, respectively. Thus, the microwave method is successfully applied to algal paste. Practical Applications: The microalgal cell wall disruption is an important and complex stage and effective methods of disruption are fundamental to extracting lipids. This study shows an easy, quick, and efficient microwave method for application in routine laboratory extraction of lipids from wet microalgae pastes. A microwave compact instrument is used and the ideal condition is 1 min of microwave irradiation. The method proves to be robust against variation in mass achieved and significantly higher yield in a shorter time than ultrasonic extraction (conventional method). The microalgal cell disruption is an important and complex stage. The use of microwaves to induce cell disruption in wet biomass proves to be efficient for lipid extraction with only 1 min of extraction time. The method is applied successfully to wet microalgae pastes with different cell walls and the microwave radiation does not degrade the extracted fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids from cephalothorax of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) are obtained using solvent extraction and ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE). Among all solvents used, the mixture of hexane:isopropane (1:1) provided the highest yield (25.32% dry weight basis) and carotenoid content (1.97 mg g−1 lipid). When ultrasonication with different amplitudes (50–90%) is used for 25 min, the highest yield is obtained at 80% amplitude (p < 0.05). With the same ultrasonication time, UAE with continuous mode rendered the higher yield than pulse mode (p < 0.05). Lipid extracted with hexane:isopropanol mixture with UAE process has the yield of 49.81%. Phospholipids are major constituents of lipids extracted by solvent extraction. However, more free fatty acids, mono, and diglycerides are found in lipids extracted by UAE process, indicating increased hydrolysis. UAE process resulted in higher oxidation of lipids as evidenced by increased peroxide values (PVs) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Those alterations are more pronounced in lipids extracted using UAE with continuous mode than pulse mode as confirmed by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Overall, UAE process markedly increased the yield of lipids from shrimp cephalothorax, but oxidation and hydrolysis took place to some degree. Practical Applications: Cephalothorax of Pacific white shrimp contains high value products, especially lipids rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and astaxanthin. These value‐added products can serve as excellent source of nutrients as well as bioactive compounds with proven health benefits. The extraction yield of lipid and carotenoid are significantly higher when UAE was implemented, compared to the conventional solvent extraction method. The lipids extracted by UAE process are found to have high free fatty acids (FFAs). The lipids rich in FFAs can be used as alternative raw material for manufacturing of biodiesel or other marketable products. Lipids from cephalothorax of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) are obtained using solvent extraction and ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE). Different solvents are used to investigate for the highest yield and a mixture of hexane:isopropanol (1:1) provided the highest yield of 25.32% (db). Ultrasonication with different amplitudes (50–90%) is used for 25 min and the highest yield is obtained at 80% amplitude with continuous mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxidative stability of liquid eggs enriched with very long‐chain n‐3 fatty acids and liquid regular eggs stored under refrigerated temperature, is investigated. Oxidized lipids can alter both nutritional and sensorial properties of foods. The extent of lipid oxidation is evaluated by quantification of total lipids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and peroxide value (PV), but also by assessment of total tocopherols and γ‐tocopherol losses. Additionally, the development of fishy off‐flavor is evaluated. Results highlight significant differences between omega and regular liquid eggs stability. Although, the oxidative changes are observed in both types of liquid eggs, more susceptible to oxidation are omega liquid eggs. Practical Applications: Food enrichment with essential nutrients contributes to human health by providing the proper intake of essential nutrients. The results of this study suggest that fortification of eggs with highly unsaturated fatty acids should be in conjunction with the addition of natural antioxidants to retard undergoing oxidative changes. Liquid omega eggs are, unfortunately, more susceptible to oxidation than regular liquid eggs under simulated long time storage. The high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids improved their nutrition value but at the same time these products are less stable and unfavorable changes are more prominent. Therefore, the very long chain fatty acids in liquid omega eggs should be protected from undergoing deterioration. Although, the liquid omega eggs samples are stored at refrigerated temperature, significant changes are observed. The storage period led to a modification of the odor of liquid omega eggs, the increase in the fishy odor intensity is noticeable. And for the consumer, off‐flavor is generally the first factor which will make the product unacceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sterol‐CoA desaturase 1 (Scd1) plays a pivotal role in the synthesis and metabolism of fatty acids (FA). However, whether Scd1 contributes to lipid accumulation in dairy goat mammary epithelial cells (GMEC), and how it affects FA synthesis and metabolism remains unexplored. The aim of this study was to detect the effect of Scd1 on lipid droplets (LD) formation and uncover its regulatory mechanism in GMEC. In this study, a novel fluorescence reporter system was developed to confirm the expression of SCD1 protein in GMEC plasma. In addition, a mammalian expression vector (pCAG‐SCD1) and siRNA targeting Scd1 were constructed and confirmed to be efficient by qRT‐PCR. Notably, the amount and the size of LD varied with the alteration of Scd1. Furthermore, Scd1 induced the mRNA expression of genes involved in de novo FA synthesis, triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis, lipid droplets formation, and milk fat lipolysis. In particular, changes in Scd1 led to a consistent change in LD formation‐associated genes (tail‐interacting protein of 47 kDa (Tip47) and adipose differentiation‐related protein (Adrp)). Overall, the results suggest that Scd1 affects lipid accumulation by altering the FA metabolic profile in GMEC. Practical Applications: As is known, FA metabolism closely associates with human health. The results of our research firstly exposed the metabolic profile associated with SCD1 in GMEC. It will be helpful for our understanding about the regulatory role of Scd1 in FA metabolism in mammary gland of dairy goats. It also provides a reference for the studies on Scd1‐related FA metabolic pathways, which is of great significance for human health. Furthermore, this study lays the foundation for engineering the FA content via SCD1 in transgenic goat milk products. Sterol‐CoA desaturase 1 (Scd1) differentially activates signaling pathways associated with de novo fatty acid (FA) synthesis (Acaca and Fasn), TAG biosynthesis (Gpam, Agpat6, and Dgat1), lipid droplets (LD) formation (Tip47 and Adrp), and milk fat lipolysis (Atgl and Hsl) in GMEC; in particular, it contributes to the LD formation through transcriptional regulation of Tip47 and Adrp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment with three adsorbents led to reductions of PAHs in sesame oils, and activated carbons are more effective for removal of PAHs than activated clay under the experimental conditions. Fatty acid, triacylglycerol, and γ-tocopherol profiles of sesame oils are not significantly influenced by addition of any adsorbents. However, significant differences ( P < 0.05) are observed in the contents of other minor components, oxidation stability and free radical scavenging capacity between the crude and treated sesame oils. Polyphenol and phytosterol are good predictors of oxidative stability and antioxidant capacity of sesame oils, due to significant correlations are observed. Although adsorption process may bring disadvantage to sesame oils such as reductions of beneficial constituents related to storage stability, free radical scavenging capacity and other physiological functions, however, to eliminate the contamination of PAHs, treatment with activated carbon during sesame oil purification is highly recommended in order to reduce the risk of consumption and to assure the consumer health. Moreover, these results provide a useful guidance for sesame oil plant to improve the quality of the final oil product. Practical Applications: Results of this study can be applied to sesame oil plants and are transferable to other flavor edible oils for which lower the risk of consumption and bring economic and social advantages to manufacturers to guarantee the oil quality and consumer health. In this work, the contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, lipid characteristic, oxidative stability, and free radical scavenging capacity of sesame oil during adsorption process are investigated and compared. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed apparent distinctions between the crude and treated sesame oils, thus illustrated that adsorption is a double-edged sword to sesame oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids from Asian seabass visceral depot fat (SVDF) were extracted using different methods including heating in air, heating under vacuum, autoclave, and solvent extraction. Lipid extracted by heating under vacuum had the highest yield (67.33%) ( p < 0.05). All extracted lipids had triglyceride (TG) as the major component, followed by phospholipid (PL). Oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) constituted as the most abundant fatty acid in all lipids, followed by palmitic acid (C16:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6), regardless of extraction methods. Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3) accounted for 6.88-7.41 and 1.76-2.51%, respectively. During storage of 30 days at 30°C, lipids extracted by heating under vacuum or by solvent had the higher oxidative stability as indicated by the lower peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), conjugated diene (CD), and ρ-anisidine value (AnV). Lower increases in free fatty acid (FFA) content were also found in the samples obtained by those two methods. Extraction of lipid by heating under vacuum or solvent could lower the formation of volatile lipid oxidation products. Thus, extraction method had the profound impact on yield and storage stability of lipids from SVDF. Practical applications: Asian seabass visceral depot fat is considered as the byproduct during butchering process. This fatty tissue can serve as the potential raw material for lipid production. Several methods have been used for extraction of lipids, in which yield and chemical compositions can be varied. Therefore, the appropriate extraction method should be implemented to increase the efficacy of lipid extraction and to obtain lipid with high quality and oxidative stability. As a consequence, Asian seabass viscera can be better exploited and fish lipid rich in n-3 fatty acids can be produced and used as nutraceutical or supplement. Lipids from Asian seabass visceral depot fat are extracted using different methods including heating in air, heating under vacuum, autoclave, and solvent extraction. Extraction by heating under vacuum rendered the lipid with the highest yield and the oxidation occurred at the low extent. During storage of 30 days at 30°C, lipids extracted by heating under vacuum also have the high oxidative stability. Therefore, Asian seabass viscera could be the potential raw material of lipid rich in n-3 fatty acids, which can be extracted and used as nutraceutical or supplement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulation of lipid accumulation in Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 in response to different nitrogen sources was investigated in this study. Nitrogen sources had important effects on the cell growth, lipid accumulation, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) percentage in total fatty acids (TFAs). Compared with sole organic nitrogen source, the combination of yeast extract and monosodium glutamate (MSG) greatly enhanced the biomass, total lipids, and DHA percentage in TFAs, but inorganic nitrogen source addition decreased the biomass and total lipids. The results showed that lipids began to accumulate rapidly with the depletion of dissolved ammonia in broth, and the time required for nitrogen exhaustion was extended with increasing nitrogen source concentration. Furthermore, the analysis of isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) and malic enzyme (ME) activities during fermentation process provided insight for the revelation of regulation mechanism of lipid accumulation in Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 in response to nitrogen exhaustion in broth. Practical applications: DHA, an essential nutrient for human health, is widely used in infant formula and functional foods. DHA production by Schizochytrium sp. has recently received extensive attention as the commercial source of DHA to substitute marine fish oil. Nitrogen sources in the cultivation of Schizochytrium sp. have important effects on the cell growth, lipid accumulation, and DHA percentage in TFAs. This study provides valuable guidance for nitrogen source selection for efficient DHA-rich lipids production by Schizochytrium sp. The combination of yeast extract and MSG enhances the biomass, lipid yield, and DHA percentage in TFAs, but inorganic nitrogen source addition decreases the biomass and lipid yield. The results in this study have important significance in understanding lipid accumulation regulation in Schizochytrium sp. in response to nitrogen sources and providing guidance for DHA-rich lipid production enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acids are fundamental substrates required for energy storage, synthesis of membranes, generation of signaling molecules and lipid droplet formation in cancer cells. High levels of fatty acid metabolic activity are one of the most aberrant metabolic alterations in cancer cells. The de novo fatty acid synthesis pathway is the primary source of fatty acids in cancer cells, but cancer cells can also acquire fatty acids through the lipolytic pathway, which helps cells survive and maintain their invasiveness. Key enzymes, including ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), fatty acid synthase (FASN), acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase (ACC), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1(SCD1) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), which are involved in fatty acid synthesis and degradation, are overexpressed in cancer cells. The alterations in fatty acid metabolomics in different cancers, at different stages of cancer, and in different tissues are clinically significant. This review focuses on current research into fatty acid metabolism to explore new targets against the fatty acid metabolic pathways for anticancer therapy. Practical applications: High levels of fatty acid metabolic activity are one of the most aberrant metabolic alterations in cancer cells. Reprogramming in fatty acid metabolism plays an important role in energy storage, membrane proliferation, the generation of signaling molecules and lipid droplet formation in cancer cells. Understanding the mechanism of regulated the fatty acid metabolic pathways in cancer would reveal novel targeted therapy of cancer. To maintain the balance of the free fatty acid composition and thus promote cancer cell growth, survival, and progression, the levels of de novo fatty acid synthesis and degradation are elevated. Therefore, the targeted inhibition of key enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism, such as ACLY, ACC, FASN, MAGL, and SCD1, and the utilization of anticancer exogenous fatty acids might constitute effective cancer therapies. ATP, adenosine-triphosphate; DAG, diacylglycerol; IHBTIS, inhibitors; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; MAG, monoacylglycerol; TAG triacylglycerol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave (MW) heating of foods may cause the formation of cholesterol oxidation products (COPs). COPs formation depends on the conditions of MW heating and the composition of the food matrix. The aim of this work was to study the formation of major COPs from cholesterol incorporated into palm, extra virgin olive, soybean, or fish oils during MW heating, and to monitor changes in peroxide value and fatty acid (FA) profiles. Model systems composed of mixtures of cholesterol and oil (2.5 mg of cholesterol/g oil), were heated for 20 min in multimode (900 W), unimode MW (≈300 W) ovens, or convection oven at 180°C. Maximum total COPs contents largely varied (46.4-250.4 µg/g lipids), depending on the type of heating system and oil matrix. Multimode MW heating caused greater COPs formation than unimode MW. COPs formation trends in the conventional oven were similar to those of MW heating, except for fish oil. Results indicated that soybean oil, compared with the other oils tested, did not promote cholesterol oxidation during MW heating, while the opposite trend was observed for extra-virgin olive oil and palm oil. FA profile and natural antioxidants influenced cholesterol and surrounding media oxidation during MW heating. Practical applications: This work explores the formation of oxysterols by microwave heating in model systems. This will help assess the possible risks for formation of these compounds during industrial and home cooking practices. Microwave (MW) heating of foods may cause formation of cholesterol oxidation products (COPs). In this work, a model system consisting of four types of edible oils with added cholesterol was employed and heated with three different forms (unimodal and multimodal MW, and conventional heating) for different time periods. Generation of COPs in all the model systems was monitored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method based on normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography combined with evaporative light-scattering detector was developed to quantify major neutral lipids from microalgae. A binary gradient enabled a good resolution of hydrocarbons and major neutral lipids by classes in less than 13 min. A good linearity was observed from 0.9 to 30 μg. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) was from 3 to 64 ng depending on the analyte. The intra- and inter-run precision (% RSD) of analysis was found less than 10%. The method was successfully applied to microalgae lipid extracts from Botryococcus braunii, Chlorella vulgaris, Spirulina platensis, and Porphyridium cruentum. B. braunii was distinguished by the highest levels of lipids, triacylglycerol (TAGs), and diacylglycerol (DAGs) being the major compounds. Practical applications: Neutral lipids produced by the microalgae are an interesting way for the development of biofuel from renewable carbon. A simple quantification of these lipids is important in the implementation of oleaginous microalgae screening as well as in the bioprocess optimization of algal lipid production. Besides, determining quantitatively the major lipid classes provides information in the understanding of the biosynthetic pathways and the accumulation of these lipids in relation with algal culture conditions. Normal-phase HPLC conditions were studied to establish a method allowing a rapid separation of TAGs, DAGs, MAGs, and FFA but also HC by classes in a single run. Their quantification through evaporative light-scattering detector (ELSD) was performed. The developed method was applied on lipid extracts from the different algal cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper was to investigate the viscosity-temperature relationship of lipid-based materials (fatty alcohol, fatty acid, fatty ester and glycerides) amenable for spray congealing. The flow properties and viscosity--temperature relationship of cetyl alcohol, stearic acid, myristyl myristate, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl dibehenate, hydrogenated soybean oil, hydrogenated vegetable oil and hydrogenated cottonseed oil were investigated using continuous ramping and temperature ramping tests. The viscosity--temperature data obtained was fitted into two existing viscosity--temperature models as well as a series of mathematical functions. The peak melting points of the materials were established by differential scanning calorimetry. Morphology and size of the spray-congealed microparticles were analysed by scanning electron microscopy and laser diffractometry. Correlation analyses were conducted to explore the relationship between viscosity and microparticle median size. When molten, all eight lipid-based materials used were Newtonian liquids. Viscosity of these materials decreased in a biphasic manner with increasing temperature which fitted a simple biexponential equation. The viscosity--temperature curves showed distinct transition points, from which mathematical manipulations generated a new rheological parameter termed Tp. Compared to the conventionally used viscosity values at spraying temperature, the Tp values of materials showed a stronger correlation with the median size of spray-congealed microparticles produced. Practical applications: From this work, a new temperature-independent constant (Tp) unique to each lipid-based material was derived and found to have good correlation with the resultant spray-congealed microparticle median size. This work aims to introduce Tp as a viable parameter of the rheology of lipidbased materials for optimisation of formulation in spray congealation. Besides spray congealing, the application of Tp may be extended to other melt processes, such as melt granulation, melt extrusion and hot melt coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Baltic Sea is one of the world's most pollution-threatened brackish environments and limited direct consumption of fatty fish from the Baltic Sea is recommended. The use of decontaminated Baltic Sea fish raw materials as fish feed could be a strategy to recycle Baltic Sea nutrients back into food chain, while relieving pressure on aqua-feed in the growing aquaculture industry. In this study, defatted fishmeal and semi-purified fish oil from the Baltic Sea were used in fish feeds for Arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus L.). The effects of the Baltic Sea-sourced fish feeds on flesh lipid quality and fish metabolomics, compared with a standard commercial feed as a control, were determined. 1H NMR-based metabolomics studies indicated disturbances in energy metabolism and hepatic toxicity in fish fed both crude fishmeal and crude fish oil, associated with up-regulation (IGF-I, GHR-I, PPARα, PPARβ1A) and down-regulation (SREBP-1 and FAS) of hepatic genes expression. The content of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids was not affected by the decontamination process. Thus, this short-term study demonstrates that decontaminating Baltic Sea-sourced fishmeal and fish oil reduces adverse effects in Arctic char. Practical applications: Decontaminated fish materials from the Baltic Sea were shown to be promising feed ingredients for Arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus L.) compared with untreated Baltic Sea-sourced fish feed, which induced changes in fish physiology associated with energy metabolism and hepatotoxicity. Baltic Sea-sourced fish materials containing high levels of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are valuable feed ingredients. The Baltic Sea-sourced fishmeal (CFM and DFM) and fish oil (CFO and SPFO) were tested in fish feeds for Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus), compared with a commercial diet as a control. Flesh lipid quality, metabolic profile in liver and muscle and hepatic gene expression (IGF-I, GHR-I, SREBP-1, etc.) were evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixtures of low and high melting fats (fractions of palm fat, palm kernel fat, and milk fat) were characterized after solidification with respect to solid fat content (SFC), firmness, barrier properties against moisture transport, and fat crystal network structure (FCNS). The method of detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) was applied to quantify FCNS which was visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). A broad range of firmness of solidified fat mixtures could be observed for comparable SFC confirming the influence of FCNS. Smooth FCNS without dense crystals indicate firmer networks and vice versa. A correlation between the scaling exponent from DFA and firmness was found. Moisture barrier properties of the fat mixtures differed for similar SFC, too. In this case, FCNS with dense crystals and larger areas of interconnected liquid fat resulted in the best barrier effect. Smooth FCNS were found in fat blends possessing only low resistance against moisture transport. For SFC > 35% at 20°C, a linear correlation between scaling exponent and moisture barrier effect was detectable. Practical applications: These results can be used to optimize fat mixtures with respect to their performance and define the fat crystal network structures which are required to obtain either high mechanical firmness of the solidified mixture or an efficient prevention of moisture transfer. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images reveal very different fat crystal network structures of solidified fat blends possessing similar solid fat contents. Smooth structures on the left hand side result in blends with a high firmness, whereas structures with many dense crystals (black spots) and interconnected areas of liquid fat (light red regions) on the right hand side indicate networks with lower firmness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress (OS) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), especially by targeting the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Dietary habits with high consumption of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been reported to prevent the development and progression of AMD. Nevertheless, it is still unclear how DHA affects AMD, although the conversion of DHA into neuroprotective metabolites has been demonstrated to participate in this effect, at least experimentally. The present study aimed to investigate the involvement of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin complex (m-TOR)/p70S6K pathways in human RPE cells in response to OS, and then to assess the effect of DHA in the signaling pathways and protection against RPE cell death. For this purpose, we used ARPE-19 cells exposed to the prooxidant agent, tert-butyl hydroperoxide ( t-BHP). We found that exposing cells to t-BHP inhibited the activation of Akt and p70S6K. However, in cells enriched with DHA and then exposed to t-BHP, we demonstrated that Akt and p70S6K remained phosphorylated for a longer time after stress. In addition, DHA reduced the percentage of apoptotic cells induced by OS. This study suggests that: (i) PI3K/Akt and m-TOR/P70S6K pathways are involved in the response of RPE to OS; and that (ii) DHA protected RPE cells from apoptosis triggered by OS by enhancing the phosphorylation of Akt and P70S6K. Practical applications Oxidative stress plays a critical role in age-related macular degeneration. DHA has been reported to prevent the development and evolution of AMD. An understanding of the PI3K/Akt and m-TOR/P70S6K pathways involved in the response of RPE to OS may contribute to treatments involving the protection of RPE cells from apoptosis through enhancing the phosphorylation of Akt/P70S6K. Docosahexaenoic acid protected RPE cells from apoptosis triggered by oxidative stress by enhancing the phosphorylation of Akt and P70S6K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we present a workflow for in-depth analysis of milk lipids that combines gas chromatography (GC) for fatty acid (FA) profiling and a shotgun lipidomics routine termed MS/MSALL for structural characterization of molecular lipid species. To evaluate the performance of the workflow we performed a comparative lipid analysis of human milk, cow milk, and Lacprodan® PL-20, a phospholipid-enriched milk protein concentrate for infant formula. The GC analysis showed that human milk and Lacprodan have a similar FA profile with higher levels of unsaturated FAs as compared to cow milk. In-depth lipidomic analysis by MS/MSALL revealed that each type of milk sample comprised distinct composition of molecular lipid species. Lipid class composition showed that the human and cow milk contain a higher proportion of triacylglycerols (TAGs) as compared to Lacprodan. Notably, the MS/MSALL analysis demonstrated that the similar FA profile of human milk and Lacprodan determined by GC analysis is attributed to the composition of individual TAG species in human milk and glycerophospholipid species in Lacprodan. Moreover, the analysis of TAG molecules in Lacprodan and cow milk showed a high proportion of short-chain FAs that could not be monitored by GC analysis. The results presented here show that complementary GC and MS/MSALL analysis is a powerful approach for characterization of molecular lipid species in milk and milk products. Practical applications: Milk lipid analysis is routinely performed using gas chromatography. This method reports the total fatty acid composition of all milk lipids, but provides no structural or quantitative information about individual lipid molecules in milk or milk products. Here we present a workflow that integrates gas chromatography for fatty acid profiling and a shotgun lipidomics routine termed MS/MSALL for structural analysis and quantification of molecular lipid species. We demonstrate the efficacy of this complementary workflow by a comparative analysis of molecular lipid species in human milk, cow milk, and a milk-based supplement used for infant formula. A workflow for milk lipid analysis based on combined gas chromatography and high-resolution shotgun lipidomics. In-depth structural characterization and quantification of molecular lipid species in milk and milk products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we present a workflow for in-depth analysis of milk lipids that combines gas chromatography (GC) for fatty acid (FA) profiling and a shotgun lipidomics routine termed MS/MSALL for structural characterization of molecular lipid species. To evaluate the performance of the workflow we performed a comparative lipid analysis of human milk, cow milk, and Lacprodan® PL-20, a phospholipid-enriched milk protein concentrate for infant formula. The GC analysis showed that human milk and Lacprodan have a similar FA profile with higher levels of unsaturated FAs as compared to cow milk. In-depth lipidomic analysis by MS/MSALL revealed that each type of milk sample comprised distinct composition of molecular lipid species. Lipid class composition showed that the human and cow milk contain a higher proportion of triacylglycerols (TAGs) as compared to Lacprodan. Notably, the MS/MSALL analysis demonstrated that the similar FA profile of human milk and Lacprodan determined by GC analysis is attributed to the composition of individual TAG species in human milk and glycerophospholipid species in Lacprodan. Moreover, the analysis of TAG molecules in Lacprodan and cow milk showed a high proportion of short-chain FAs that could not be monitored by GC analysis. The results presented here show that complementary GC and MS/MSALL analysis is a powerful approach for characterization of molecular lipid species in milk and milk products. Practical applications: Milk lipid analysis is routinely performed using gas chromatography. This method reports the total fatty acid composition of all milk lipids, but provides no structural or quantitative information about individual lipid molecules in milk or milk products. Here we present a workflow that integrates gas chromatography for fatty acid profiling and a shotgun lipidomics routine termed MS/MSALL for structural analysis and quantification of molecular lipid species. We demonstrate the efficacy of this complementary workflow by a comparative analysis of molecular lipid species in human milk, cow milk, and a milk-based supplement used for infant formula. A workflow for milk lipid analysis based on combined gas chromatography and high-resolution shotgun lipidomics. In-depth structural characterization and quantification of molecular lipid species in milk and milk products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detailed changes in composition of fatty acids, as well as alterations in the content of triacylglycerols and tocopherols during the maturation of Kataloński hazelnuts grown in Jankowice, Poland were studied. Samples with different maturity levels were collected at weekly intervals between August and September 2013. Nineteen different fatty acids were identified. The amount of oleic acid ( n9) was the greatest in all samples, the amount of linoleic acid ( n6) acid was second greatest, while the amount of palmitic acid was third greatest in all samples, except during the very first stage of maturation. A decreasing trend in the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was observed from early developed to completely maturated hazelnuts (from 30.09 to 10.28 g 100 g−1 of oil). On the other hand, the amount of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in hazelnuts increased from early to harvest stage (from 22.03 to 79.17 g 100 g−1 of oil). Linoleic acid and oleic acid were the most abundant fatty acids located in sn-2 position of triacylglycerols. Different distributions of both acids were reported during maturation. Oleic acid reported a constant distribution in an internal position, whereas linoleic acid content in sn-2 position increased during maturation. Finally, the tocopherol content increased from early to harvest stage and the amount of α-tocopherol was observed to be the highest among tocols. Practical applications: The composition of hazelnuts changes during maturation. Harvest timing has a strong effect on both oil yield and quality factors, such as fatty acid composition and tocopherol content. The distinguishing features mentioned have a significant impact on the hazelnut's final oxidative stability, which is an important parameter from the grower's and distributor's practical perspective. The results obtained may be applied to the specific set up of harvesting time, when the nuts contain the highest amount of desired fatty acid. At the beginning of the maturation period, hazelnut kernels are an abundant source of both MUFA and PUFA (especially essential ones) and can be perceived as beneficial additive compounds to be applied in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. The composition of the hazelnuts' lipid fraction changes during maturation. This includes the tocopherol content, fatty acid composition and fatty acid distribution in TAG molecules. Upon the ripening of hazelnuts, the content of monounsaturated fatty acids was increased, the content of saturated fatty acids was constant and polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased significantly ( p < 0.05). The α-tocopherol concentration increased during the kernel growing season, while the content of γ- and β-homologues decreased significantly ( p < 0.05). Additionally, highly significant positive correlations were found between the amount of α-tocopherol and oleic acid and between the amount of γ-tocopherol and linoleic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil extracted from the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus contains the long chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and DHA in addition to stearidonic acid (18:4n-3). Unlike other marine lipids, the fatty acids in this oil are esterified with long chain fatty alcohols as wax esters. The aim of this study was to examine the fate of the wax esters in oil from C. finmarchicus when given as a 2% supplement in a high fat diet to C57BL/6J mice for 11 weeks. The study confirmed that feeding mice a high fat diet supplemented with a small amount of oil containing wax esters reduced the body weight gain. During digestion, wax esters were hydrolyzed and the fatty acids absorbed since the fatty acid composition of the adipose tissue and liver reflected the enrichment with the Calanus oil. The composition of the liver lipids demonstrated elongation and desaturation of the C18 omega-3 fatty acids from the feed and accumulation of longer chained omega-3 fatty acids. Elevated levels of FFA and FAOH in the feces suggest that the absorption process, not the hydrolysis, could be a rate limiting step in utilization of small amounts of wax esters included in high fat diets in mice. Practical applications: The limited amount of available fish oil has led to extensive search for alternative sources of long-chain PUFA. One suggestion is to harvest at lower trophic levels, like small crustaceans, which may be abundantly present in the oceans. In this investigation, we have studied the effects of including the astaxanthin-rich oil from the marine copepod C. finmarchicus in a high fat diet in mice. This oil is different from other marine oils since most of the fatty acids are esterified to long-chain fatty alcohols, not in TAG, and that stearidonic acid is the major omega-3 fatty acid present. The results provide knowledge and understanding of aspects related to digestion and possible physiological effects of including small amounts of marine wax esters in diets. The lipid class composition in the feces from mice fed a high fat diet or a high fat diet supplemented with a wax ester rich oil were similar except for the pronounced amount of fatty alcohols in feces of the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenolipids (AsL) of the type arsenic-containing fatty acids (AsFA) and hydrocarbons (AsHC) are known to occur in seafood and their identification is today a challenge due to the need of data for toxicological assessment. The aim of this investigation was to enhance the data concerning AsL in commercial canned cod liver. Therefore, the present study focuses on the quantification and identification of AsL by LC-ICP-MS combined with ESI-MS. The molecular structure of 17 AsL was elucidated on the basis of their exact mass and their product ion spectra and two new AsFA tentatively identified. The total arsenic concentration in four different canned cod liver analyzed by ICP-MS ranged from 2.6 to 5.5 mg As/kg with an extraction recovery of 98%. The AsL detected by RP-IPC-MS comprise 58-95% of the total arsenic content, indicating that AsL are a major class of arsenic in canned cod liver. Much of the AsL detected in the canned cod liver extracts are, however, not yet identified. Practical applications: The results obtained in the present research show the possibility to apply the current extraction and detection method in different biological samples for the determination of AsL. Additionally, this information can be used for further studies to assess the risk of AsL for consumer health. On the other hand, the MS/MS results could be used for the future identification of AsL without the ICP-MS detection and thus, low the cost of the analysis. Numerous arsenolipids (AsL) were detected and identified by HPLC hyphenated online with ICP-MS (element specific detection) and ESI-Q-TOF-MS (molecular structure detection) in commercial canned cod liver. ESI-MS and ESI-MS/MS spectra confirmed the proposed molecular structure of two new AsL of the type arsenic-containing fatty acid identified for the first time in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of temperature and time of freezing on lipid oxidation in anchovy during frozen storage. The fish were frozen at three different temperatures (−20, −40, and −80°C). During the freezing, temperature of the thermal center of fish was measured using a thermo couple and then time of freezing was calculated. Frozen fish were stored in a deep freezer at −18°C for 6 months. The highest freezing velocity and the shortest freezing time were observed for anchovies frozen at −80°C. Peroxide value (PV), thiobarbutiric acid (TBA), para-anisidine ( p-Av), conjugated diene (CD), and free fatty acid (FFA) values were significantly affected by freezing temperature. Low freezing temperature resulted in low oxidation level. Oxidation levels significantly increased during the storage. The lowest values were determined in the samples frozen at −80°C. The best freezing temperature in terms of delaying of lipid oxidation was found to be −80°C. During frozen storage, lipid oxidation is an important issue for fatty fish, anchovy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about several topics discussed at the 11th Euro Fed Lipid Congress held in Antalya, Turkey on October 27-30, 2013 is presented. Topics include the synthesis of functional polymers from plant oils, effects of biofuel policy on fats and oils industry and lipid crystallization. Issues regarding fatty acids issues in foods are also tackled.

Proximate, lipid, and fatty acid composition of farmed and wild meagre ( Argyrosomus regius) muscle, head, skin, and liver, were comparatively studied. Distinct differences were evident in the lipid and fatty acid composition among different tissues of farmed and wild meagre. Total lipid content of the farmed fish parts was significantly higher than that of the wild fish. Neutral lipids, mainly triglycerides, predominated in muscle, head, and skin for both fish. The fact that muscle fat was found significantly lower in triglycerides (TG) concentration than head and skin indicates that muscle consumption after head and skin removal may contribute to a healthy diet. Wild fish muscle, head, and skin fat was found to have significant contribution to the phosphatidylcholine daily intake in the human diet. A. regius liver was also found to be an excellent source of glycerophospholipids. Fatty acid patterns of muscle, head and skin of farmed fish were found to be affected by the feed. MUFA/saturated fatty acid (SFA), PUFA/SFA, and DHA/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratios were found significantly higher in muscle, head, and skin TL of wild fish compared to the farmed one. Farmed fish muscle could provide similar amount of EPA + DHA and significantly higher amount of ω-3 PUFA compared to wild fish muscle. Practical applications: Argyrosomus regius is considered a promising fish species for aquaculture due to its tasty meat and great market acceptance in the Mediterranean countries. Hence it is important to determine its lipid and fatty acid content of both farmed and wild fish edible parts (muscle, head, and skin) for nutritional purposes. Remaining parts (such as liver) could still be interesting to analyze for possible use in other food or nutraceutical applications. Here we compare the distribution pattern of lipids and fatty acids of muscles, heads, skin, and liver in wild and farmed A. regius, fed a commercial diet. Furthermore, the present study is a novel comparison between cultured and wild fish species A. regius in terms of their proximate and fatty acid composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many physical properties (e.g., hardness, texture, rheology, and spreadability) of lipid-based products largely depend on the extent of crystallization and transformation of lipids, and their network formation. Therefore, many studies have focused on controlling the crystallization of lipids in order to determine the functionality of lipid crystals. Both internal and external factors greatly affect the processes of lipid crystallization. The most important internal factors are polymorphism, which depends on variation in fatty acid moieties, and the composition or blending of different lipid materials. Important external factors are thermal treatment, additives, application of shear, sonication, and pressure. This paper briefly reviews recent advances in research on these external factors. We discuss the results by considering the relationships between external factors and thermodynamics, as well as kinetic properties of the crystallization and transformation of polymorphic forms of lipid crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) are colloidal lipid carriers widely employed as efficient drug delivery systems. In this report, SLN were produced by microemulsion technique, and the influence of lipid composition on the physical properties of SLN was evaluated. Lipids with different molecular structures in carbon number of the fatty acid residue and their polarity were selected (i.e., glyceryl trimyristate, glyceryl tripalmitate, glyceryl tristearate, stearic acid, and glyceryl monostearate). A warm oil-in-water microemulsion containing 7% lipid, 30% water, and 63% surfactant mixture (polysorbate 80:1-butanol 4:1) was prepared by simple mixing at 60°C, following its dilution in cold water at various ratios at constant stirring. The obtained SLN were analyzed for appearance, particle size, zeta potential, and sedimentation rate. The chemical structure of the selected lipids affected both the microemulsion formation and the physical characteristics of SLN. From the obtained results, a dilution ratio of 1:50 was selected for the production of SLN composed of glyceryl trimyristate as solid lipid matrix. The obtained particles were of 154.9 ± 0.7 nm mean particle size, with a polydispersity index (PI) of 0.274 and zeta potential of −7.46 ± 0.68 mV. Practical applications: The methodology presented here describes the application of microemulsion technique on processing different lipid compositions, to develop and produce an optimal SLN formulation using pseudoternary phase diagrams. Microemulsion technique is well-known for preparation SLN by adding a warm oil-in-water microemulsion, which can be spontaneously formed, when diluted in a large volume of cold water. The data presented in this paper show that the molecular structures of lipids influenced both the microemulsion formation and the physical characteristics of the resulting SLN. The optimal SLN formulation could be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid damage produced during Atlantic pomfret (Brama brama) chilled storage (up to 19 d) was studied. The formation of various lipid parameters, such as free fatty acid and conjugated dienes (CD), peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and fluorescent compounds was measured in 2 different white muscle zones (dorsal and ventral). The results were compared with the formation of volatile amines (total volatile base-nitrogen, TVB-N, trimethylamine-nitrogen, TMA-N). A gradual lipid hydrolysis was observed in both zones during the entire experiment. CD and peroxides formation was prominent during the experiment, whereas peroxides showed the highest value at day 15 in both zones followed by a peroxide breakdown at day 19. Interaction of oxidized lipids with nucleophilic compounds present in the fish muscle led to a gradual development of fluorescent material during storage in both zones. The mean value of the lipid content tended to be higher in the ventral zone than in the dorsal one, although significant differences could not be detected (p >0.05). Concerning the lipid damage, very small differences (p <0.05) could be assessed between both zones. TVB-N content showed no variation till day 15. At day 19, a sharp increase was observed for both muscle zones. In the case of TMA, a gradual increase was observed in both muscles during the 19-day storage. Higher mean values of TVB-N and TMA-N indices were obtained for the ventral than for the dorsal zone. This might be due to the fact that the ventral zone is close to the viscera, where microorganisms are known to concentrate. Of all the different indices tested for quality assessment, TMA-N and the formation of fluorescent compounds were strongest related to the duration of storage (r2≥0.87). These might therefore be the most accurate parameters to follow quality loss of chilled Atlantic pomfret. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yarrowia lipolytica, when cultivated on mixtures of free fatty acid substrates was found to remove C12:0, C14:0, Δ9C18:1, Δ9, 12C18:2 and Δ9, 12, 15C18:3 at significantly higher rates than C16:0 and C18:0, regardless of fatty acid composition of the initial substrate. C12:0, C14:0 and Δ9, 12, 15C18:3 were specifically and completely removed from the substrate, while Δ9C18:1 and Δ9, 12C18:2 concentrations decreased by 55-80 wt-% in comparison with initial concentrations. In contrast, concentration of C18:0 increased 2.1—3.5 fold in the substrate. Although C18:0 was removed slowly from the substrate, this fatty acid was selectively accumulated in the storage lipid. Inversely, only low quantities of Δ9C18:1 and Δ9, 12C18:2 and traces of C12:0, C14:0 and Δ9, 12, 15C18:3 were accumulated in the storage lipid. During storage lipid breakdown, cellular C16:0 and Δ9C18:1 were taken up more rapidly than C18:0. We concluded that the capability of Yarrowia lipolytica to selectively remove several fatty acids from the substrate and accumulate others could be used in modification of the composition of selected mixtures of fatty acids and probably of common fats, to produce “new” fats with a predetermined composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipases can be used to exchange fatty acids in the sn-1 position of glycerophospholipids and phospholipase A2 is useful for the corresponding exchange reaction in the sn-2 position. In both cases, the exchange can be done in a one-step acidolysis process or in a two-step process. In the latter case, the original fatty acid in the desired position is removed by enzymatic hydrolysis or alcoholysis and after isolation of the resulting lysophospholipid, the new fatty acid is introduced, using the same enzyme, in an esterification reaction. Several synthesis examples from the literature are reviewed. Incorporation of a new fatty acid into the sn-1 position is more favourable than incorporation into the sn-2 position because of the magnitudes of the equilibrium constants of the reactions and because lipases can be used at much lower water activity than phospholipase A2. With the consecutive use of both enzymes highly pure products with defined fatty acids in both positions can be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant oils provide a rich source of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and mostly lipophilic antioxidants. PUFAs are both in their free form and as components of glycerolipids preferred targets of free radical-induced oxidation, leading to the formation of highly atherogenic compounds. Thus, stabilization of polyunsaturated lipids by radical scavengers in the oils is important in order to avoid pathophysiological side effects of these essential components of our diet. To determine lipid oxidizability and its inhibition by endogenous antioxidants, we developed a simple fluorescence technique. It is based on solubilisation of the oils in aqueous buffer, labeling of the resulting emulsions with a suitable reporter fluorophore, which reflects lipid oxidation, and continuous monitoring of the decomposition process. Using this method, we found that oxidizability of the oils depended only to a limited extent on the content of lipophilic antioxidants. In addition, a smaller fraction of polar (phenolic) compounds showed comparable protective effects, especially in pumpkin seed oil, which is a non-refined product therefore containing antioxidative components that are removed from most other edible oils during processing. Therefore, the contribution of these “minor” compounds has to be taken into account when potential biological effects of plant oils are evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is capable of accumulating large amounts of fatty acids in the form of lipids which can serve as a platform polymer for a variety of applications. Additionally, through heterologous gene expression, Y. lipolytica is capable of producing carotenoids. Due to the observation that Y. lipolytica exhibits a high phenotypic inter‐strain variability, robotics and microwell scale cultivations are applied to examine 12 wild type strains of a Y. lipolytica collection. The strains are characterized with respect to their metabolic capabilities for fatty acid production as well as genetically manipulated to produce beta‐carotene. Furthermore, growth and production behavior of the strain collection at different temperatures as well as initial pH are assessed. A molecular discrimination between the strains is achieved by internal transcribed spacer (ITS)‐sequencing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based methods. The best performing strain with respect to lipid production produces ≈2% lipids per dry cell weight (DCW) and 8 mg g−1 beta‐carotenoids in yeast nitrogen base (YNB) media. All strains show robust growth from 28 to 34 °C. Practical Applications: Unlocking nature's potential by screening natural isolates shows that even on inter‐strain level sufficient phenotypic diversity may arise. Automated growth‐based characterization of beta‐carotene‐producing strains in terms of media composition, effect of initial pH, and temperature tolerance shows that with modern cultivation techniques, rapid characterization of strain collections is feasible. Combining results of beta‐carotene and lipid formation could help to balance both pathways to improve the storage of hydrophobic compounds in the lipid droplets. The generalized findings could be further transferred to improve the production of any valuable compound, derived from the mevalonate pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starmerella bombicola is known to produce sub‐terminally hydroxylated lactonic sophorolipids (SLs), while Candida kuoi synthesizes acidic open chain SLs with terminally hydroxylated fatty acids. Upon feeding glucose and fatty alcohols both strains form long‐chain nonionic SLs. According to structure elucidation the SLs consist of a hydroxylated fatty acid esterified with fatty alcohol and linked via a glycoside bond to the diacetylated sophorose unit. Palmityl, stearyl, and oleyl alcohols lead to products with lipid chain lengths of C32 or C36. Oleyl alcohol is the preferred substrate leading to 45 g L−1 of the double unsaturated C36 SL with S. bombicola and 20 g L−1 with C. kuoi. Scale up from shake flask to 1.5 L fermentations is possible and 65 g L−1 long‐chain SLs are obtained with S. bombicola within 7 days. Mixed feeding of oleic acid and a variety of fatty alcohols leads to new long‐chain SLs. In the presence of oleic acid the yeasts do not oxidize the fatty alcohol and thus the production of biosurfactants with tailored chain length is possible. The long‐chain SLs show good emulsification ability of water/paraffin oil mixtures at low energy input and reduced interfacial tension significantly. Practical Applications: Sophorolipids are produced by fermentation on industrial scale focusing on cleaning and detergent applications. Mainly lactonic or anionic open‐chain forms are used today. The new long‐chain SLs presented in this manuscript are accessible with existing production technology and can be produced with high titers from cost‐efficient renewable raw materials. In contrast to the commercial products the long‐chain SLs are more hydrophobic and exhibit a strong emulsification behavior. Therefore they have the potential to broaden the application range of SLs in future. They may be useful as novel emulsifiers for cosmetic creams and lotions, pharmaceutical ointments and food products or may find application in oil spill remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation of aroma during processing of boneless dry‐cured hams is investigated by evaluating neutral and acid lipases, phospholipase, lipoxygenase (LOX), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values, fatty acid composition, and volatile substances derived from lipid oxidation (VCDFLO). It is found that moisture content, acid lipase, and phospholipase decreases in the whole processing, but sodium chloride content and TBARS increase. Neutral lipase, LOX, and total fatty acids increase from raw ham to the end of resting and decrease subsequently. 15 VCDFLO containing six ketones, three aldehydes, three hydrocarbons, one alcohol, one carboxylic acid, and one furan are identified. The total peak area of VCDFLO increases during the entire processing and indicates 39.76–40.75% of total volatile compounds. Hexanal, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, octanal, and nonanal are the major characteristic volatiles of boneless dry‐cured hams. Therefore, VCDFLO formation is associated with lipid‐related enzymes and helpful for the aroma. Practical Applications: The pork that has high intramuscular fat content is usually selected to produce boneless dry‐cured hams, because intramuscular phospholipids, and triglycerides are important precursors to produce aroma compounds. Exploring the formation mechanism of flavor associated with lipid oxidation will be beneficial for improving the quality of hams. Therefore, this study demonstrates the relationship between lipolysis‐oxidation and the generation of flavor compounds during the processing of boneless dry‐cured hams. This study demonstrates that thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values can reveal the changed trend of volatile compounds derived from lipid oxidation (VCDFLO) very well, and that lipid‐related enzymes plays an important role in the development of VCDFLO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral/enteral nutrition supplements enriched with fish oil are widely used for the recovery of the nutritional status of hospitalized patients, due to the omega‐3 fatty acids content. However, they are targets of adulteration. This study evaluates the lipid quality of five brands of oral/enteral nutrition supplements incorporated with fish oil, available on the Brazilian market (Brazil, Holland, and Germany). The fatty acids are quantified by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection, and the lipid profile is acquired by direct electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry, to assess how fatty acids are present in those samples. The eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contents found ranged from 1.54 to 19.36% and 4.34 to 27.29%, respectively, in the form of triacylglycerols. However, brand 1 presents the lowest levels of EPA + DHA in its lipid composition, and in three brands, the addition of medium chain triglycerides is identified. The lipid quality assessment of these supplements allows an informed choice of appropriate supplements for the nutritional support of patients. Practical Applications: The study highlights and provides information of the lipid composition and fatty acids of oral/enteral nutrition supplements enriched with fish oil, indicated for malnourished patients. The findings allow health professionals to make a more informed choice of oral/enteral nutrition for the adequate treatment of patients. Fatty acids of five brands of oral/enteral nutrition supplements enriched with fish oil and available on the Brazilian market are quantified by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection, and the lipid profile is acquired by electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry. No lipid pattern among the samples is identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 1 million tons of waste cooking oils (WCO) are generated in European Union per year. Oftentimes, these oily wastes are discharged through public sewerage systems, increasing the water treatment costs in wastewater treatment plants. The oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica W29 is used to simultaneously degrade WCO and to produce lipase (market demand is increasing due to its application in the field of bioenergy). A statistical experimental design based on Taguchi method is employed to assess the effect of initial medium pH, WCO, and arabic gum concentration on lipase production. Initial medium pH is found to be the most significant parameter and the interaction between WCO and arabic gum concentration had the highest influence for lipase production. Additionally, the effect of oxygen mass transfer is studied in batch cultures in a stirred tank bioreactor and the maximum lipase activity (12 000 U · L−1) is obtained at kLa of 16 h−1. Simultaneously with lipase production, also lipid‐rich biomass (48% of lipids mass per dry cellular mass), enriched in unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acids) is obtained. Practical Applications: In this work it was demonstrated the possibility of replacing an expensive edible oil (olive oil) by a non‐edible oil waste (WCO) for lipase production. Moreover, no more wastes are produced, since whole cells of Yarrowia lipolytica W29 (lipid‐rich biomass), are a potential source for food supplements. Thus, the bioprocess described fulfill the requisites of circular economy: a low cost substrate is used as raw material, added‐value products (lipase and lipid‐rich biomass) are obtained and no further wastes are generated (take‐make‐dispose concept). Waste cooking oils (WCO) are generated from vegetable oils used at high temperatures in food frying. The biological degradation of WCO by the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica W29, with concomitant production of added‐value compounds (lipase and lipid‐rich biomass), allows the reduction of pollutant burden of these oily wastes. Waste cooking oils (WCO) are generated from vegetable oils used at high temperatures in food frying. The biological degradation of WCO by the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica W29, with concomitant production of added‐value compounds (lipase and lipid‐rich biomass), allows the reduction of pollutant burden of these oily wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency of the green extraction methods ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE), and conventional methods (Soxhlet and Bligh and Dyer), on lipid content and fatty acid profiles of six fish species (Mullus barbatus, red mullet; Upeneus moluccensis, goldband goatfish; Mullus surmuletus, surmullet; Anguilla anguilla, European eel; Pagellus erythrinus, common pandora, and Saurida undosquamis, brushtooth lizardfish) are evaluated. The results of lipid content of fish species show that the Bligh and Dyer method and UAE in general are more efficient than other methods. There are statistical differences in the fatty acid composition of fish oil by four extraction methods (p < 0.05). Saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents of fish species range from 29.51 mg 100 g−1 fish (Soxhlet)–1400 mg 100 g−1 (UAE), 15.52 mg 100 g−1 (UAE)–2237.18 mg 100 g−1 (Bligh and Dyer), and 14.36% (Soxhlet)–646 mg 100 g−1 (Bligh and Dyer), respectively. Generally, Bligh and Dyer give the higher values in surmullet, red mullett, and common pandora in terms of SFA, MUFA, PUFA, and the dominant fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, C16:1, C18:1n9, C18:1n7, C22:1n9, EPA, DHA), whereas MAE and UAE methods give better results in goldband goldfish and European eel, respectively. Thus, extraction methods affect the lipid yield and fatty acid profiles of extracted oil of different fish species. Practical Application: Total lipid content of seafood is an important parameter used in biochemical, physiological, and nutritional studies. Thus, reliable methods for the quantitative extraction of lipids from this type of food are of critical importance. The effects of green and conventional extraction methods on lipid yield and fatty acid profiles of fish species are compared in order to determine the most effective method for extracting lipid with high yield and high content of PUFA, especially EPA and DHA. The effects of green and conventional extraction methods on lipid yield and fatty acid profiles of fish species are evaluated. The extraction methods affect the lipid yield and fatty acid profiles of extracted oil of fish species. The Bligh and Dyer method and UAE in general are more efficient than other methods. In terms of SFA, MUFA, PUFA, EPA, and DHA; Bligh and Dyer gave the higher values in surmullet, redmullet, and common pandora whereas MAE and UAE methods gave better results in goldband goldfish and European eel, respectively. The effects of green and conventional extraction methods on lipid yield and fatty acid profiles of fish species are evaluated. The extraction methods affect the lipid yield and fatty acid profiles of extracted oil of fish species. The Bligh and Dyer method and UAE in general are more efficient than other methods. In terms of SFA, MUFA, PUFA, EPA, and DHA; Bligh and Dyer gave the higher values in surmullet, redmullet, and common pandora whereas MAE and UAE methods gave better results in goldband goldfish and European eel, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A table of contents for the Volume 117, September 2015 issue of the "European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology," is presented.

A table of contents for the issue is presented which include topics such as lipids, olive oils and fatty acid.

A table of contents for the December 2014 issue of the "European Journal of Lipid Science & Technology" is presented.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Practical methods to reduce impurities in gram-scale amounts of acidic sophorolipid biosurfactants" in the 2013 issue.

An introduction to the journal is presented in which the guest editors discuss the papers presented at the joint meeting of EuroFedLipid's Marine Lipid Division and the Nordic LipidForum that was held in Copenhagen, Denmark in November 2012.