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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the associations of colors of fruit and vegetable (FV) subgroups, with 3-year changes of cardiometabolic risk factors. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This longitudinal study was conducted in the framework of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, between 20062008 and 2009-2011, on 1272 adults. Total intake of FV and their subgroups have been assessed by a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire at baseline (2006-2008) and again at the second examination (2009-2011). Demographics, anthropometrics and biochemical measures were evaluated at baseline and 3 years later. The associations of anthropometric and lipid profile changes with FV subgroups were estimated. RESULTS: The mean age of men and women at baseline was 39.8 [+ or -] 12.7 and 37.3 [+ or -] 12.1 years, respectively. Mean total intake of FV, red/purple, yellow, green, orange and white FV was 706 [+ or -]337,185 [+ or -]95, 141 [+ or -]91, 152 [+ or -]77, 141 [+ or -]87 and 22 [+ or -] 18 g/day, respectively. In men, 3-year changes of weight ([beta] = -0.13, P = 0.01) and waist circumference ([beta] = -0.14, P = 0.01) were related to intake of red/ purple FV; the yellow group was inversely associated with 3-year changes of total cholesterol ([beta] = -0.09, P = 0.03) and High-density lipoprotein cholesterol ([beta] = -0.11, P = 0.03). Consumption of green and white FV was inversely related to abdominal fat gain, and atherogenic lipid parameters in men (P < 0.05). In women, higher intake of red/purple FV was associated to lower weight and abdominal fat gain, fasting serum glucose and total cholesterol (P < 0.05);yellow FV was also related to 3-year weight gain ([beta] = -0.11, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Various colors of FV subgroups had different effects on cardiometabolic risk factors;higher intake of red/purple FV may be related to lower weight and abdominal fat gain, and yellow, green and white FV may be related to lipid parameters. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2015) 69, 1215-1219; doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2015.49; published online 8 April 2015, INTRODUCTION Protective effects of regular consumption of fruits and vegetables (FV) against chronic disease development, especially cardiovascular disease, have been well documented. (1-3) Higher contents of dietary fiber and other [...]

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of substitution of red meat with legumes in the Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC) diet on cardiometabolic risk factors in type 2 diabetes patients based on dietary education. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study was a randomized, controlled, cross-over trial. Thirty-one participants (24 women and 7 men; age: 58.1 [+ or -]6.0 years) with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to consume a control diet (legume-free TLC diet) and legume-based TLC diet for 8 weeks. Legume-based TLC diet was the same as the control diet, but the legume-based TLC group was advised to replace two servings of red meat with legumes, 3 days per week. After the interventional period, a washout period was conducted for 4 weeks. The groups were then advised to follow the alternate treatment for 8 weeks. Cardiometabolic risk factors were measured. RESULTS: Compared with the legume-free TLC diet, the legume-based TLC diet significantly decreased fasting blood glucose (P = 0.04), fasting insulin (P = 0.04), triglyceride concentrations (P = 0.04) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.02). Total cholesterol concentrations decreased after consumption of both TLC diet and legume TLC diet; however, the data did not differ significantly between the two diets. body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressures did not change significantly after consumption of either the legume-free TLC diet or the legume-based TLC diet. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary advice given for substitution of red meat with legume intakes within a TLC diet-improved lipid profiles and glycemic control among diabetes patients, which were independent from BMI change. This trial was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (http://www.irct.ir) as IRCT201202251640N7. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2015) 69, 592-597; doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.228; published online 29 October 2014, INTRODUCTION Cardiometabolic risk factors are the most frequent problems among type 2 diabetes patients; (1) consequently, interventions that decrease these cardiometabolic risk factors are considered beneficial to health. In previous [...]

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The epidemiological association of phytochemical-rich foods with the risk of hypertension is unclear. This study aimed to determine the association of dietary phytochemical index (PI) with the occurrence of hypertension (HTN) after 3 years of follow-up in Tehranian adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This prospective study was conducted on 1546 nonhypertensive subjects, aged 20-70 years. Dietary intake was collected by validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Dietary PI was calculated as (dietary energy derived from phytochemical-rich foods (kcal)/total daily energy intake (kcal))x 100. Blood pressure was measured at baseline and after 3 years of follow-up and HTN was defined by Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure criteria. The odds of HTN after 3 years in each quartile category of dietary PI were estimated by logistic regression model and adjusted for potential variables. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 38.0 [+ or -] 12.0 years and 43% were male. The mean dietary PI was 29.1 [+ or -] 11.8. After 3 years of follow-up, 265 (17.1%) new cases of HTN were identified. No significant changes were observed in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure across quartile categories of dietary PI. After adjustment for confounders, the odds (95% confidence interval) of HTN across quartiles of dietary PI were 1.00, 0.97 (0.62-1.38), 0.69 (0.45-1.07) and 0.52 (0.32-0.84) (P for trend = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of phytochemical-rich foods may prevent the development of HTN. Further investigations are, however, recommended. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2015) 69, 392-398;doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.233; published online 12 November 2014, INTRODUCTION Hypertension (HTN), a chronic disease, is one of the underlying causes of cardiovascular disease and renal disease. (1) The global burden of HTN in adults was ~40% (1 billion) [...]

BACKGROUND: There are growing concern globally regarding fast food consumption and its related cardiometabolic outcomes. In this study we investigated whether fast food consumption could affect the occurrence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) after 3-years of follow-up in adults. METHODS: This longitudinal study was conducted in the framework of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study on 1476 adults, aged 19-70 y. The usual intakes of participants were measured using a validated semi- quantitative food frequency questionnaire at baseline. Biochemical and anthropometric measurements were assessed at baseline (2006-2008) and 3 years later (2009-2011). Multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate the occurrence of the MetS in each quartile of fast food consumption. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 37.8 ± 12.3 y, and mean BMI was 26.0 ± 4.5 kg/[m.sup.2] at baseline. Participants in the highest quartile of fast food consumption were younger (33.7 vs 43.4 years, P CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that higher consumption of fast foods had undesirable effects on metabolic syndrome after 3-years of follow-up in Iranian adults. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2013) 67, 1303-1309; doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.217; published online 6 November 2013 Keywords: metabolic syndrome; fast foods; abdominal obesity; insulin resistance; dyslipidemia; hypertension, INTRODUCTION Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a common multi-factorial disorder including insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension, all of which directly promote the development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. (1,2) [...]