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INTRODUCTION Nutritional treatment of patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) involves the restriction of phenylalanine (Phe), found in natural protein-containing foods, in combination with a protein replacement/substitute without Phe. Protein substitutes (PS) [...], BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Protein substitutes (PS) are an essential component in the dietary management of phenylketonuria (PKU). PS are available as phenylalanine-free amino-acid mixtures (AAM), glycomacropeptide-based PS (GMP) and large neutral amino acids (LNAA). There is a lack of information regarding their availability in different countries and comparison of their nutritional composition is limited. The objectives of this study were to identify the number of PS available in different European countries and Turkey and to compare their nutritional composition. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Members of the European Nutritionist Expert Panel on PKU (ENEP) (Portugal, Spain, Belgium, Italy, Germany, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Denmark and Turkey) provided data on PS available in each country. The nutritional composition of PS available in Portugal was analyzed. RESULTS: The number of PS available in each country varied from 30 (Turkey) to 105 (Germany), with a median of 64. GMP was available only in Portugal, whereas LNAA was an option in Portugal, Italy, Turkey and Denmark. Some PS were designed for weaning. Many PS did not contain added fat and fiber. GMP contained the highest carbohydrate (CHO) and energy content as well as higher LNAA content compared with AAM. Only one AAM contained added fructo-oligosaccharides and galacto-oligosaccharides. AAM designed for the first year of life had the highest CHO, fat and LNAA contribution. Liquid AAM had lower CHO and fat contents compared with powdered AAM, but contained higher LNAA. CONCLUSIONS: There was widely dissimilar numbers of PS available in different countries. Nutritional composition of different PS was variable and should be considered before prescription. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2016) 70, 785-789; doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.54; published online 27 April 2016